Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise: the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines
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| Format: | Book |
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London [u.a.]
Routledge
2008
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| Online Access: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 218 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise |b the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines |c ed. by Carl Payton ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Routledge |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 218 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Movement |x physiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biometry |x methods | |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
List of tables and figures vii
Notes on contributors xiii
1 Introduction 1
ROGER M. BARTLETT
2 Motion analysis using video 8
CARL J. PAYTON
3 Motion analysis using on-line systems 33
CLARE E. MILNER
4 Force and pressure measurement 53
ADRIAN LEES AND MARK LAKE
5 Surface electromyography 77
ADRIAN BURDEN
6 Isokinetic dynamometry 103
VASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS
7 Data processing and error estimation 129
JOHN H. CHALLIS
8 Research methods: sample size and variability effects on
statistical power 153
DAVID R. MULLINEAUX
9 Computer simulation modelling in sport 176
MAURICE R. YEADON AND MARK A. KING
vi CONTENTS
Appendix 1: The British Association of Sport and Exercise
Sciences-code of conduct 207
Appendix 2: On-line motion analysis system manufacturers and
their websites 213
Index 215
TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLES
5.1 Summary of amplifier characteristics for commercially
available electromyography systems 81
5.2 Summary of sensor characteristics for commercially
available electromyography systems 84
6.1 Summary of the range or limits of angular velocities and
moments under concentric and eccentric modes for the
most popular commercially available isokinetic
dynamometers, including manufacturer website
information 118
7.1 Ten measures of a reference length measured by a motion
analysis system throughout the calibrated volume 131
8.1 Research design, statistics and data factors affecting
statistical power 155
8.2 Statistical analyses available for quantifying variability and,
consequently coordination, in two or more trials, across
the entire cycle or as an overall measure for the entire
cycle. The examples relate to three trials of a healthy, male
participant running at 3 ms 1 (see Figures 8.1 to 8.7) 170
FIGURES
2.1 (a) High-speed video camera (Photron Fastcam Ultima
APX) capable of frame rates up to 2000 Hz at full
resolution (1024 x 1024 pixels); (b) Camera Processor unit 12
2.2 Apparent discrepancy in the lengths of two identical rods
when recorded using a camera-to-subject distance of 3 m
(image a) and 20 m (image b). Note that the rods are being
held shoulder width apart 19
viii TABLES AND FIGURES
2.3 Distortion of angles when movement occurs outside the
plane of motion. The true value of angles A and B is 90°
(image a). In image b, angle A appears to be greater than
90° (A ) and angle B appears to be less than 90° (B ), as
the frame is no longer in the plane of motion 20
2.4 The effect of camera frame rate on the recording of a
football kick. At 50 Hz (top row) the foot is only seen in
contact with the ball for one image; at 250 Hz (middle
row) the foot remains in contact for four images; at
1000 Hz (bottom row) the foot is in contact for sixteen
images (not all shown) 23
2.5 Calibration frame (1.60m x 1.91 m x 2.23m) with 24
control points (Peak Performance Technologies Inc.) 25
2.6 Calibration frame (1.0m x 1.5m x 4.5 m) with 92 control
points (courtesy of Ross Sanders) 25
3.1 (a) The L-frame used in the static calibration of a motion
capture system and its relationship to the laboratory
reference frame; (b) The wand used in the dynamic
calibration 39
3.2 Marker sets used in on-line motion analysis: (a) Standard
clinical gait analysis marker set; (b) Cluster-based
marker set 43
3.3 Different ways of presenting the same multiple-trial
time-normalised kinematic data: (a) mean curve; (b) mean
± 1 standard deviation curves; (c) all individual curves.
The example shown is rear-foot motion during running 49
4.1 Force (or free body diagram) illustrating some of the forces
(contact, C, gravity, G and air resistance, AR) acting on
the runner 54
4.2 The force platform measurement variables 55
4.3 The three component load cells embedded at each corner
of the force platform 56
4.4 Typical force data for Fx, Fy, Fz, Ax, Az and My for a
running stride 63
4.5 Typical graphical representation of force variables (Fx, Fy,
Fz, Ax and Az). Note that My is not represented in this
format 65
4.6 Free body diagram of a person performing a vertical jump 67
4.7 Derived acceleration, velocity and displacement data for the
vertical jump. Units: force (N); acceleration (ms 2) x 70;
velocity (ms 1) x 700; displacement (m) x 1000 68
4.8 Plantar pressure distribution measurements inside two
soccer boots during landing from a maximal jump in the
same participant. Higher pressures under the ball of the
forefoot (towards the top of each pressure contour map),
where studs are located, are experienced while using
boot A 70
TABLES AND FIGURES ix
5.1 An EMG signal formed by adding (superimposing) 25
mathematically generated motor unit action potential
trains (from Basmajian and De Luca, 1985) 78
5.2 The influence of electrode location on EMG amplitude.
(a) Eight electrodes arranged in an array, with a 10 mm
spacing between each electrode. The lines (numbered 1
to 8) above the array indicate the different combinations of
electrodes that were used to make bi-polar recordings.
Inter-electrode distances are 10 mm for pairs 1, 2 and 3;
20 mm for pairs 4 and 5; 30 mm for pair 6; 40 mm for
pair 8; and 50 mm for pair 7. (b) EMGs recorded using the
array shown in (a) when placed on the skin overlying the
biceps brachii at 70 per cent of MVC (adapted by Enoka,
2002 from Merletti et al., 2001) 85
5.3 (Top) EMG signal amplitude and force during an
attempted constant-force contraction of the first dorsal
interosseus muscle. (Bottom) Power spectrum density of
the EMG signal at the beginning (a) and at the end (b) of
the constant force segment of the contraction (from
Basmajian and De Luca, 1985) 96
6.1 The application of a muscle force F (N) around the axis of
rotation (transmitted via the patellar tendon in this
example) with a position vector r relative to the origin.
This generates a muscle moment M (N m) that is equal to
the cross product (shown by the symbol x) of the two
vectors (r and F). The shortest distance between the force
line of action and the axis of rotation is the moment arm
d(m). $ is the angle between r and F. M is also a vector
that is perpendicular to the plane formed by F and r
(coming out of the paper) and so it is depicted by a
circular arrow 104
6.2 Schematic simplified diagram of the main components of
an isokinetic dynamometer 106
6.3 Schematic simplified diagram of the feedback loop for the
control of the angular velocity by adjusting the resistive
moment applied by the braking mechanism of the
dynamometer. The resistive moment exerted against the
limb depends on whether the actual angular velocity of the
input arm is higher or lower compared to the user selected
target (pre-set) angular velocity 106
6.4 Free body diagrams of the dynamometer input arm (left)
and the segment (right) for a knee extension test. Muscle
strength is assessed by estimating the joint moment Mj
from the dynamometer measured moment Mp 107
6.5 The definition of a moment (bending moment). Force
vector and moment are perpendicular to the long
structural axis 109
x TABLES AND FIGURES
6.6 The definition of a torque (twisting moment) and the
twisting effect. The axis of rotation is aligned with the long
structural axis and the force pair is causing the torque. The
torque vector is in line with the long structural axis and
the axis of rotation 110
6.7 Moment and angular velocity during a knee extension test
with the pre-set target velocity set at 5.23 rads 1
(300degs-1). Notice that the maximum moment was
recorded when the angular velocity was just under
4rads-1 during the deceleration (non-isokinetic)
period 111
6.8 Gravitational moment due to the weight of the segment
(Fgs) acting with a moment arm cIq around the axis of
rotation of the joint. Since the gravitational force Fs is
constant, the gravitational moment will depend on 1q and
will be maximum at full extension and zero with the
segment in the vertical position (90° of knee flexion in this
example) 113
6.9 Effects of misalignment of axes of rotation. The axes of
rotation of the segment and dynamometer input arm are
not aligned and, in this case, the long axes of the segment
and input arm are not parallel either. Because the segment
attachment pad rotates freely and is rigidly attached to the
segment, the force applied by the segment (Fs) is
perpendicular to its long axis but not perpendicular to the
dynamometer input arm. As a result, only a component
(Fsx) of the applied force Fs is producing a moment
around the axis of rotation of the dynamometer 114
6.10 An example of dynamometer and joint axis of rotation
misalignment. In this case, the long axes of the segment
and input arm are parallel (coincide in 2D) so the force
applied by the segment Fs is perpendicular to the input
arm but the moment arms of the forces Fs and Fr relative
to the dynamometer (rj = 0.28 m) and joint (rs = 0.3 m)
axis of rotation, respectively, are different. As a result, the
joint moment (Mj) and the dynamometer recorded moment
(Md) are also different 115
6.11 At high target velocities the isokinetic (constant angular
velocity) movement is very limited or non-existent. In this
test with the target velocity preset at 5.23 rads 1
(300degs~1), the isokinetic phase lasts only approximately
0.075 s, and is only about 15 per cent of the total
extension movement. Moment data outside this interval
should be discarded because they do not occur in isokinetic
(constant angular velocity) conditions and the actual
angular velocity of movement is always slower than the
required pre-set velocity 124
TABLES AND FIGURES xi
7.1 Three possible permutations for accuracy and precision,
illustrated for shots at the centre of target, (a) High
accuracy and high precision, (b) Low accuracy and high
precision, (c) Low accuracy and low precision 132
7.2 Illustration of the influence of sample rate on reconstructed
signal, where o indicates a sampled data point 134
7.3 A signal with frequency components up to 3 Hz is sampled
at two different rates, and then interpolated to a greater
temporal density 135
7.4 The performance of two filtering and differentiating
techniques, autocorrelation procedure (ABP) and
generalised cross-validated quintic spline (GCVQS), for
estimating acceleration data from noisy displacement data
using criterion acceleration data of Dowling, 1985 141
7.5 Example of quantisation error, where the resolution only
permits resolution to 1 volt 147
7.6 Graph showing the rectangular parallelepiped which
encompasses all possible error combinations in variables x,
y and z 149
8.1 Angles for knee (solid lines) and hip (dashed lines) for
three trials of a healthy, male participant running at
3ms 1. In the anatomical standing position, the knee is at
180° (flexion positive) and the hip is at 0° (thigh segment
to the vertical; flexion positive; hyper-extension negative).
Key events are right foot contact at 0% and 100%, and
right foot off at 40% 166
8.2 Ratio of the hip to the knee angles for three trials of a
healthy, male participant running at 3 ms 1 (left axis), and
using the mean score as the criterion the RMSD of these
three trials (right axis). First 40% is right foot stance
phase 166
8.3 Knee-hip angle-angle diagram for three trials of a healthy,
male participant running at 3 ms 1. Heel strike (?), toe
off (•) and direction (arrow) indicated 167
8.4 Coefficient of correspondence (r) determined using vector
coding (Tepavac and Field-Fote, 2001) of three trials of the
knee-hip angle-angle data for a healthy, male participant
running at 3 ms 1. The coefficient ranges from maximal
variability (r = 0) to no variability (r = 1). First 40% is
right foot stance phase 167
8.5 Phase-plane of the knee (solid lines) and hip (dashed lines)
angles for three trials of a healthy, male participant
running at 3 ms 1. Angular velocity is normalised to the
maximum value across trials (hence 0 represents zero
angular velocity), and angle is normalised to the range
within trials (i.e. -1 represents minimum, and +1
represents maximum value) 168
xii TABLES AND FIGURES
8.6 Continuous relative phase between the hip and knee angles
of three trials of a healthy, male participant running at
3 ms 1. Phase-plane angle ( p) used in the range of
0° p 180°. First 40% is right foot stance phase 168
8.7 Continuous relative phase standard deviation (CRP-sd) in
the three CRP angles between the hip and knee angles for
three trials of a healthy, male participant running at
3 ms 1. First 40% is right foot stance phase 169
8.8 Quantification of variability in hip and knee angles for
three trials of a healthy, male participant running at
3ms 1 using vector coding (•), RMSD (?) and continuous
relative phase standard deviation (no symbol) for, when in
the anatomical standing position, the hip is 0° (solid lines)
and hip is 180° (dashed lines). Note, vector coding does
not change with the hip angle definition. First 40% of time
is the right foot stance phase 171
9.1 Free body diagram of a two-segment model of a gymnast
swinging around a high bar 183
9.2 Comparison of performance and simulation graphics for
the tumbling model of Yeadon and King, 2002 189
9.3 Free body diagram for a four-segment model of a
handstand 192
9.4 Four-segment model of a handstand 194
9.5 Joint torque obtained by inverse dynamics using six
equation system and nine equation over-determined system.
(Reproduced from Yeadon, M.R. and Trewartha, G.,
2003. Control strategy for a hand balance. Motor
Control 7, p. 418 by kind permission of Human Kinetics) 195
9.6 Knee joint torque calculated using pseudo inverse dynamics
and constrained forward dynamics 196
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| spelling | Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines ed. by Carl Payton ... London [u.a.] Routledge 2008 XIV, 218 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Human mechanics Exercise Physiological aspects Sports Physiological aspects Movement physiology Biometry methods Exercise physiology Models, Statistical Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 s DE-604 Payton, Carl J. Sonstige oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007020521.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017759758&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines Human mechanics Exercise Physiological aspects Sports Physiological aspects Movement physiology Biometry methods Exercise physiology Models, Statistical Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006880-8 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines |
| title_auth | Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines |
| title_exact_search | Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines |
| title_full | Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines ed. by Carl Payton ... |
| title_fullStr | Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines ed. by Carl Payton ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines ed. by Carl Payton ... |
| title_short | Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise |
| title_sort | biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise the british association of sport and exercise sciences guidelines |
| title_sub | the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines |
| topic | Human mechanics Exercise Physiological aspects Sports Physiological aspects Movement physiology Biometry methods Exercise physiology Models, Statistical Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Human mechanics Exercise Physiological aspects Sports Physiological aspects Movement physiology Biometry methods Exercise physiology Models, Statistical Biomechanik Aufsatzsammlung |
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