EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Alphen aan den Rijn
Kluwer Law Internat.
2011
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| Edition: | 5. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXV, 1368 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789041131171 |
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IMAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION V
ABOUT THE AUTHORS VII
1. INTRODUCTION - THE EU TRADE DEFENCE LAWS IN PERSPECTIVE 1
§1.1. SCOPE OF THIS WORK 1
(1) ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES 1
(2) COUNTERVAILING MEASURES 1
(3) SAFEGUARD MEASURES 2
(4) MEASURES UNDER THE 'TRADE BARRIERS REGULATION' 2
INSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND 2
§1.2. GENERAL 2
§ 1.3. TFEU: COMMON COMMERCIAL POLICY 3
§1.4. TFEU: UNION INSTITUTIONS 4
(1) THE COMMISSION 4
(2) THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS 5
(3) THE COMMITTEE 8
(4) THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 9
(5) THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 10
OVERVIEW OF PRACTICE 15
§1.5. ANTI-DUMPING PROCEEDINGS 15
§ 1.6. ANTI-SUBSIDY PROCEEDINGS 15
§ 1.7. SAFEGUARD PROCEEDINGS 15
§1.8. TRADE BARRIER REGULATION 16
§ 1.9. GENERAL COMMENTS 16
PARTI ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES
2. INTRODUCTION 19
§2.1. GENERAL POSITION 19
THE UNION FRAMEWORK 20
§2.2. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY 20
§2.3. SCOPE OF THE REGULATION 25
§2.4. THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA 25
(1) 'UNION ACQUIS' 26
(2) ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION 27
§2.5. CUSTOMS UNION WITH TURKEY 28
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EU ANTI-DUMPING AND OTHER TRADE DEFENCE INSTRUMENTS
(1) THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT .28
(2) THE DECISION IMPLEMENTING THE FINAL PHASE OF THE CUSTOMS UNION . 29
3.SUBSTANTIVE ELEMENTS I: DUMPING 31
§3.1. INTRODUCTION 31
NORMAL VALUE 33
§3.2. INTRODUCTION 33
(1) THE NOTION OF 'EXPORTING COUNTRY' 35
(2) TRADING COMPANIES 36
(3) NORMAL VALUE COMPUTED ON A MONTHLY, QUARTERLY OR SIX-MONTHLY BASIS
37
(4) CALCULATION OF THE NORMAL VALUE IN CASES WHERE TWO OR MORE RELATED
EXPORTING PRODUCERS MANUFACTURE PRODUCTS ORIGINATING IN THE SAME
INVESTIGATED COUNTRY 39
(5) TYPE-BY-TYPE ANALYSIS: THE NOTION OF 'PRODUCT CONTROL NUMBER'
("PCN") 39
§3.3. NORMAL VALUE DETERMINATIONS FOR PRODUCTS ORIGINATING IN MARKET
ECONOMY COUNTRIES OR MANUFACTURED BY EXPORTING PRODUCERS LOCATED IN
NON-MARKET ECONOMY COUNTRIES WHO WERE GRANTED MARKET ECONOMY TREATMENT
41
§3.4. DOMESTIC MARKET PRICES 42
§3.5. GROUNDS FOR DISREGARDING DOMESTIC MARKET PRICES 45
(1) NO OR INSUFFICIENT SALES OF THE LIKE PRODUCT 45
(2) NO SALES IN THE ORDINARY COURSE OF TRADE 47
(3) SALES NOT PERMITTING A PROPER COMPARISON 56
§3.6. FIRST ALTERNATIVE NORMAL VALUE: NORMAL VALUE ESTABLISHED ON THE
BASIS OF PRICES OF OTHER SELLERS OR PRODUCERS 57
§3.7. SECOND ALTERNATIVE NORMAL VALUE: CONSTRUCTED VALUE 59
§3.8. CONSTRUCTED VALUE: RULES CONCERNING THE DETERMINATION OF COSTS 60
(1) USE OF THE PARTY'S RECORDS AND COSTS NOT REASONABLY REFLECTED IN THE
RECORDS OF THE PARTY CONCERNED 60
(2) COST ALLOCATIONS 63
(3) START-UP OPERATIONS 64
§3.9. THE ELEMENTS OF CONSTRUCTED VALUE 66
(1) COST OF PRODUCTION 66
(2) SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES (SGA) 70
(3) REASONABLE PROFITS 79
§3.10. THIRD ALTERNATIVE NORMAL VALUE: EXPORT PRICE TO A THIRD COUNTRY
82 EXPORT PRICE .84
§3.11. NOTION OF EXPORT PRICE 34
(1) VOLUME OF TRANSACTIONS INVESTIGATED 84
(2) IMPORTS UNDER INWARD PROCESSING RELIEF ARRANGEMENTS 88
(3) SAMPLE SALES 39
IMAGE 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
§3.12. THE ACTUAL EXPORT PRICE 90
(1) SALES THROUGH UNRELATED INTERMEDIARIES 90
(2) OEM SALES 91
§3.13. CONSTRUCTED EXPORT PRICE 92
(1) CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THE EXPORT PRICE MAY BE CONSTRUCTED . . 92
(2) CONSTRUCTION OF THE EXPORT PRICE 94
COMPARISON BETWEEN NORMAL VALUE AND EXPORT PRICE 104 §3.14. INTRODUCTION
104
§3.15. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 104
(1) COMPARISON AT THE SAME TIME 105
(2) NON-EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF PERMISSIBLE ADJUSTMENTS 105
(3) NO DUPLICATION 106
(4) BURDEN OF PROOF 107
§3.16. SPECIFIC RULES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE PERMISSIBLE
ADJUSTMENTS . . . 108 (1) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 109
(2) IMPORT CHARGES AND INDIRECT TAXES I LL
(3) DISCOUNTS, REBATES AND QUANTITIES 113
(4) LEVEL OF TRADE 114
(5) TRANSPORT, INSURANCE, HANDLING, LOADING AND ANCILLARY COSTS 117 (6)
PACKING 117
(7) CREDIT 118
(8) AFTER-SALES COSTS 119
(9) COMMISSIONS 120
(10) CURRENCY CONVERSIONS 122
(11) OTHER FACTORS 125
DUMPING MARGIN 128
§3.17. INTRODUCTION 128
§3.18. WEIGHTED AVERAGE OR INDIVIDUAL NORMAL VALUE/EXPORT PRICES 128 (1)
THE UNION INSTITUTIONS' PAST PRACTICE 128
(2) THE RULES INTRODUCED IN THE REGULATION 130
(3) INDIVIDUAL OR GENERAL DUMPING MARGIN 139
NON-MARKET ECONOMY COUNTRIES 140
§3.19. INTRODUCTION 140
(1) BACKGROUND 140
(2) SPECIFIC UNION RULES APPLICABLE TO NON-MARKET ECONOMY COUNTRIES 141
§3.20. THE NOTION OF NON-MARKET ECONOMY COUNTRIES 144
§3.21. NORMAL VALUE DETERMINATIONS FOR IMPORTS FROM TRADITIONAL
NON-MARKET ECONOMY COUNTRIES 145
(1) THE SELECTION OF THE 'ANALOGUE COUNTRY' 145
(2) METHODS TO DETERMINE NORMAL VALUE 156
(3) ADJUSTMENTS 159
§3.22. NORMAL VALUE DETERMINATIONS FOR IMPORTS FROM 'SPECIAL NON-MARKET
ECONOMY' COUNTRIES 163
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EU ANTI-DUMPING AND OTHER TRADE DEFENCE INSTRUMENTS
(1) FIRST CRITERION: THERE MUST BE FREEDOM TO TAKE DECISIONS WITHOUT
SIGNIFICANT STATE INTERFERENCE 1 66
(2) SECOND CRITERION: ACCOUNTING RECORDS MUST BE IN LINE WITH
INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 176
(3) THIRD CRITERION: PRODUCTION COSTS AND FINANCIAL SITUATION MUST NOT
BE AFFECTED BY SIGNIFICANT DISTORTIONS 182
(4) FOURTH CRITERION: BANKRUPTCY AND PROPERTY LAWS MUST BE APPLICABLE
186 (5) FIFTH CRITERION: EXCHANGE RATE CONVERSIONS MUST BE CARRIED OUT
AT THE MARKET RATE 187
§3.23. INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT I 88
(1) INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT UNDER ARTICLE 9(5) OF THE REGULATION 188
(2) INCONSISTENCY OF ARTICLE 9(5) WITH "WTO RULES 188
(3) INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT: THE COMMISSION'S PRACTICE SO FAR 190 §3.24.
THE PROCEDURE IN CASES INVOLVING NON-MARKET ECONOMY COUNTRIES 196 §3.25.
SAMPLING IN CASES INVOLVING NON-MARKET ECONOMY COUNTRIES 201
4. SUBSTANTIVE ELEMENTS II: INJURY 207
§4.1. INTRODUCTION 207
LIKE PRODUCT 208
§4.2. THE 'PRODUCT CONCERNED' DETERMINATION 209
(1) FACTORS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN THE ' PRODUCT CONCERNED' DETERMINATION
211
(2) OVERVIEW OF CASES DISCUSSING THE 'PRODUCT CONCERNED' DETERMINATION
221
(3) MARKET SEGMENTATION 229
(4) INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS 232
(5) MODIFICATIONS OF THE SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION 236
(6) THE PRODUCT DETERMINATION AND THE PASSING OF TIME 237
§4.3. LIKE PRODUCT DEFINITION 238
(1) BASIC PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND/OR TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BASIC
USE 239
(2) QUALITY DIFFERENCES 242
(3) OTHER CRITERIA 243
(4) INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS 244
(5) NO PRODUCTION BY THE UNION INDUSTRY 244
UNION INDUSTRY .244
§4.4. NOTION OF UNION INDUSTRY 244
§4.5. THE DETERMINATION OF THE UNION PRODUCTION 246
§4.6. THE PRODUCTS 246
§4.7. THE PRODUCERS 247
(1) EXCEPTION 1: PRODUCERS RELATED TO EXPORTERS OR IMPORTERS 249 (2)
EXCEPTION 2: PRODUCERS IMPORTING PRODUCTS UNDER INVESTIGATION . 254 (3)
EXCEPTION 3: REGIONAL INDUSTRY 263
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII
(4) NO SEPARATE IDENTIFICATION OF THE UNION PRODUCTION OF THE LIKE
PRODUCT 266
§4.8. THE DETERMINATION OF THE UNION INDUSTRY 267
(1) THE REQUIREMENTS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE UNION INDUSTRY 268 (2)
STANDING 270
MATERIAL INJURY 273
§4.9. NOTION OF 'MATERIAL INJURY' 273
§4.10. ACTUAL MATERIAL INJURY 273
§4.11. VOLUME OF DUMPED IMPORTS 277
(1) STATISTICS ON IMPORTS 277
(2) VOLUME OF IMPORTS IN ABSOLUTE TERMS 279
(3) VOLUME OF IMPORTS IN MARKET SHARE 281
§4.12. PRICE OF DUMPED IMPORTS 288
(1) PRICE UNDERCUTTING 289
(2) PRICE DEPRESSION AND PRICE SUPPRESSION 295
(3) ABSENCE OF DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS 297
§4.13. IMPACT ON THE UNION INDUSTRY 297
(1) PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF CAPACITY 301
(2) STOCKS 304
(3) SALES, MARKET SHARE AND GROWTH 306
(4) PRICES 309
(5) PROFITS, RETURN ON INVESTMENT, CASH FLOW, INVESTMENTS AND ABILITY TO
RAISE CAPITAL 311
(6) EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 317
(7) MAGNITUDE OF THE DUMPING MARGIN 318
(8) OTHER FACTORS 319
§4.14. THREAT OF MATERIAL INJURY 320
§4.15. MATERIAL RETARDATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNION INDUSTRY 323
INJURY IN REVIEW INVESTIGATIONS 323
§4.16. INJURY ASSESSMENT IN EXPIRY REVIEW INVESTIGATIONS 324
§4.17. INJURY ASSESSMENT IN INTERIM REVIEW INVESTIGATIONS 329
CAUSALITY 331
§4.18. BASIC PRINCIPLES 331
§4.19. CUMULATION 332
(1) GENERAL 332
(2) SCOPE 333
§4.20. THE UNION INSTITUTIONS' PRACTICE REGARDING THE POSITIVE TEST 335
§4.21. THE MAIN ISSUES TACKLED IN CONNECTION WITH THE POSITIVE TEST 338
(1) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRODUCTS 338
(2) PRICE SENSITIVE MARKETS 339
(3) STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNION INDUSTRY 339
(4) ROLE OF MARKET LEADER BY THE EXPORTING PRODUCERS) 340 (5) RELEVANCE
OF PREVIOUS ANTI-DUMPING ACTIONS 340
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EU ANTI-DUMPING AND OTHER TRADE DEFENCE INSTRUMENTS
(6) SIMILAR CUSTOMERS AND SALES CHANNELS IN THE UNION MARKET 341 §4.22,
THE UNION INSTITUTIONS' PRACTICE REGARDING THE NEGATIVE TEST 342 (1)
IMPORTS FROM THIRD COUNTRIES 343
(2) IMPORTS BY THE UNION INDUSTRY 347
(3) PERFORMANCE BY THE UNION INDUSTRY 349
(4) RELOCATION OF UNION PRODUCTION 362
(5) MARKET CONDITIONS 363
§4.23. OTHER FACTORS BEHIND FINDINGS OF NO-INJURY 374
5. SUBSTANTIVE ELEMENTS III: UNION INTEREST 377
§5.1. INTRODUCTION 377
§5.2. ASSESSMENT OF UNION INTEREST: THE EXISTING RULES 377
§5.3. THE ASSESSMENT OF THE UNION INTEREST REQUIREMENT 379
(1) GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 379
(2) INTERESTS OF THE UNION INDUSTRY (AND ITS UPSTREAM INDUSTRIES) 380
(3) INTERESTS OF CONSUMERS 384
(4) INTERESTS OF USERS/PROCESSORS 386
(5) INTERESTS OF IMPORTERS/DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS 389
(6) COMPETITION WITHIN THE UNION 391
§5.4. AN ENHANCED ROLE FOR THE UNION INTEREST REQUIREMENT 395
(1) THE RISE AND FALL OF THE COMMISSION'S GREEN PAPER 395
(2) THE FUTURE OF UNION INTEREST 395
§5.5. 'PUBLIC INTEREST' IN THE WTO ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT 396
6. RELIEF 399
§6.1. INTRODUCTION 399
ANTI-DUMPING DUTIES 399
§6.2. RULES AND PRACTICE GOVERNING THE IMPOSITION OF DUTIES 399
§6.3. LEGAL FORM OF THE IMPOSITION OF DUTIES 400
§6.4. AMOUNT OF DUTY 401
(1) INJURY MARGIN 402
(2) DE MINIMIS DUMPING MARGINS 406
(3) PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION 406
(4) IMPOSITION OF THE ANTI-DUMPING DUTY IN THE APPROPRIATE AMOUNTS. 408
§6.5. APPLICATION OF DUTY 408
(1) GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE 408
(2) ENTRY INTO FORCE 409
(3) RETROACTIVITY 409
(4) RESIDUAL DUTY 410
(5) SPECIAL MONITORING MEASURES 411
(6) COMBINATION OF ANTI-DUMPING AND OTHER PROTECTIVE MEASURES . . .412
(7) COLLECTION OF DUTY 413
(8) SUSPENSION OF DUTY 413
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
§6.6. DEFINITION OF PRODUCT 415
§6.7. INDICATION OF ORIGIN 415
§6.8. FORM OF DUTY 416
§6.9. INDIVIDUAL OR GENERAL DUTIES 419
UNDERTAKINGS 420
§6.10. INTRODUCTION 420
§6.11. CONDITIONS FOR ACCEPTING AN UNDERTAKING 422
§6.12. TYPICAL CONTENTS OF UNDERTAKINGS 428
§6.13. SPECIAL ENLARGEMENT UNDERTAKINGS 432
§6.14. ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS OF UNDERTAKINGS 433
§6.15. ANTITRUST ASPECTS OF UNDERTAKINGS 433
§6.16. EXPIRY, WITHDRAWAL OR VIOLATION OF UNDERTAKINGS 434
(1) AUTOMATIC LAPSE 435
(2) WITHDRAWAL OR VIOLATION OF UNDERTAKINGS 435
7. PROCEDURE 441
§7.1. INTRODUCTION 441
THE LODGING OF COMPLAINTS 441
§7.2. REQUIREMENTS REGARDING THE COMPLAINANT 441
§7.3. REQUIREMENTS REGARDING THE CONTENTS OF THE COMPLAINT 443 §7.4.
REQUIREMENTS REGARDING THE FORM OF THE COMPLAINT 446
§7.5. EXAMINATION PRIOR TO THE FORMAL SUBMISSION OF THE COMPLAINT 446
§7.6. FORMAL SUBMISSION OF THE COMPLAINT 449
§7.7. REJECTION OR WITHDRAWAL OF THE COMPLAINT 450
§7.8. INITIATION IN THE ABSENCE OF A COMPLAINT BY THE UNION INDUSTRY 451
§7.9. CONSEQUENCES OF AN INITIATION ON THE BASIS OF AN INVALID COMPLAINT
OR ONE WHICH INFRINGES PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS 452
INITIATION OF PROCEEDINGS 454
§7.10. PUBLICATION AND INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS 454
§7.11. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROCEEDINGS AND INVESTIGATIONS 457
INVESTIGATION 459
§7.12. IN GENERAL 459
§7.13. DURATION OF THE INVESTIGATION 462
§7.14. REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION 463
§7.15. TIME-LIMITS FOR RESPONDING 467
§7.16. ADVANTAGES OF COOPERATION 472
(1) COMPLETE ABSENCE OF COOPERATION 472
(2) NON-COOPERATION IN THE FORM OF SUBMISSION OF FALSE AND/OR MISLEADING
INFORMATION 480
(3) PARTIAL NON-COOPERATION 482
(4) REQUIREMENTS REGARDING DEFICIENT RESPONSES AND THE USE OF FACTS
AVAILABLE 482
§7.17. ON-THE-SPOT VERIFICATIONS 485
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EU ANTI-DUMPING AND OTHER TRADE DEFENCE INSTRUMENTS
(1) SUPPORTING EVIDENCE USUALLY REQUESTED BY COMMISSION OFFICIALS. 488
§7.18. SAMPLING 4 90
RIGHTS OF INTERESTED PARTIES 496
§7.19. GREEN PAPER 4 96
§7.20. ACCESS TO THE FILE AND CONFIDENTIALITY 497
§7.21. HEARING 5 03
§7.22. THE HEARING OFFICER 504
§7.23. DISCLOSURE 506
IMPOSITION OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES DURING THE INVESTIGATION 510
§7.24. PROVISIONAL DUTIES 510
§7.25. REGISTRATION OF IMPORTS 513
OUTCOME OF THE INVESTIGATION 515
§7.26. TERMINATION OF THE INVESTIGATION WITHOUT THE ADOPTION OF
PROTECTIVE MEASURES 515
§7.27. DEFINITIVE ANTI-DUMPING DUTIES AND RETROACTIVE COLLECTION OF
PROVISIONAL DUTIES 520
§7.28. RETROACTIVE IMPOSITION OF DEFINITIVE DUTIES 523
§7.29. ACCEPTANCE OF UNDERTAKINGS 524
§7.30. IMPOSITION OF DUTIES IN CASE OF WITHDRAWAL OR VIOLATION OF
UNDERTAKINGS . 526 CONSULTATION AND PUBLICATION REQUIREMENTS 530 §7.31.
CONSULTATION 530
(1) COMMITTEE 530
(2) AGREEMENTS WITH THIRD COUNTRIES 531
§7.32. PUBLICATION 534
PERIOD OF APPLICATION OF DEFINITIVE MEASURES 537 §7.33. EXPIRY OF
DEFINITIVE MEASURES 537
§7.34. REPEAL OR ANNULMENT OF DEFINITIVE MEASURES 538
§7.35. SUSPENSION OF DEFINITIVE ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES 542
AMENDMENTS TO ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES 543
REVIEWS 546
§7.36. INTRODUCTION 546
(1) IN GENERAL 546
(2) DUMPING MARGIN DETERMINATION 548
(3) INJURY DETERMINATION IN EXPIRY REVIEWS AND GENERAL INTERIM REVIEWS
549
(4) RECURRENCE OF DUMPING AND INJURY IN EXPIRY REVIEWS AND INTERIM
REVIEWS (INCLUDING PARTIAL INTERIM REVIEWS LIMITED TO DUMPING) 549
§7.37. EXPIRY REVIEWS 550
(1) IN GENERAL 550
(2) LODGING OF A REQUEST FOR AN EXPIRY REVIEW 552
(3) CONTENTS OF THE REQUEST 552
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII
(4) INITIATION 553
(5) OUTCOME OF THE EXPIRY REVIEW 554
§7.38. INTERIM REVIEWS 562
(1) IN GENERAL 562
(2) LODGING A REQUEST FOR A REVIEW 564
(3) CONTENTS OF THE REQUEST 565
(4) INITIATION 566
(5) OUTCOME OF AN INTERIM REVIEW 566
§7.39 COMBINED INTERIM AND EXPIRY REVIEW INVESTIGATIONS 570
§7.40. NEW EXPORTER REVIEWS 572
(1) IN GENERAL 572
(2) CONTENTS OF THE REQUEST 572
(3) INITIATION 573
(4) OUTCOME OF A NEW EXPORTER REVIEW 575
§7.41. REVIEWS PURSUANT TO A WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEEDING 576 (1)
IN GENERAL 576
(2) THE 'WTO ENABLING REGULATION' 577
(3) THE EC-BED LINEN CASE 578
§7.42. ANTI-ABSORPTION REVIEWS 581
(1) IN GENERAL 581
(2) CONTENTS OF THE REQUESTS 581
(3) INITIATION 582
(4) OUTCOME OF AN ANTI-ABSORPTION INVESTIGATION 584
REFUND INVESTIGATIONS 585
§7.43. IN GENERAL 585
(1) PURPOSE OF REFUND INVESTIGATIONS 585
(2) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REFUND AND REVIEW INVESTIGATIONS 586 §7.44.
SUBMISSION OF A REFUND APPLICATION 587
§7.45. CONTENTS OF AREFUND APPLICATION 588
§7.46. INVESTIGATION 589
(1) EVIDENCE 589
(2) METHODOLOGY 591
(3) TREATMENT OF RELATED IMPORTERS 592
(4) DURATION 594
§7.47. OUTCOME OF A REFUND APPLICATION 595
JUDICIAL REVIEW 597
§7.48. INTRODUCTION 597
§7.49. THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE GENERAL COURT 597
§7.50. ACTIONS BEFORE THE GENERAL COURT AND THE COURT OF JUSTICE 598 (1)
DIRECT ACTIONS 598
(2) PRELIMINARY RULINGS 602
(3) APPEALS 603
§7.51. ACTS REVIEWABLE UNDER ARTICLE 263 TFEU 604
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§7.52. STANDING UNDER ARTICLE 263 TFEU 606
(1) INTRODUCTION 6 06
(2) COMPLAINANTS 607
(3) EXPORTERS AND RELATED IMPORTERS 608
(4) UNRELATED IMPORTERS AND TRADERS 608
(5) OEM CUSTOMERS 612
(6) CONSUMER ORGANIZATIONS 612
(7) MEMBER STATES AND UNION INSTITUTIONS 612
(8) INTERVENTION 613
§7.53. GROUNDS FOR REVIEW UNDER ARTICLE 263 TFEU 613
§7.54. STANDARD APPLIED BY THE EUROPEAN COURTS 615
§7.55. TIME-LIMITS 619
(1) ACTION FOR ANNULMENT 619
(2) ACTION FOR FAILURE TO ACT 620
(3) ACTION FOR DAMAGES 620
§7.56. PROCEDURE 620
(1) DIRECT ACTIONS AND APPEALS BEFORE THE COURT OF JUSTICE 620
(2) PRELIMINARY RULINGS 622
§7.57. INTERIM MEASURES 622
§7.58 RECOVERABLE COSTS 624
8. CIRCUMVENTION 629
§8.1. INTRODUCTION 629
GENERAL RULE 2(A) 630
§8.2. 'COMPLETE OR FINISHED ARTICLES' 630
THE ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION PROVISIONS OF THE ANTI-DUMPING REGULATION 633
§8.3. ARTICLE 13(1): CIRCUMVENTION DENNED 633
(1) CHANGE IN THE PATTERN OF TRADE 633
(2) INSUFFICIENT DUE CAUSE OR ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION 635
(3) EVIDENCE OF UNDERMINING THE REMEDIAL EFFECTS OF THE ANTI- DUMPING
DUTY 638
(4) EVIDENCE OF DUMPING 638
(5) SCOPE OF ARTICLE 13(1) 639
§8.4. ARTICLE 13(2): CIRCUMVENTION IN THE FORM OF ASSEMBLY OPERATIONS IN
THE IMPORTING COUNTRY OR A THIRD COUNTRY 640
(1) ARTICLE 13(2)(A): START OR SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE OF OPERATIONS 641
(2) ARTICLE 13(2)(B): CRITERIA OF 60 PER CENT AND 25 PER CENT 641
(3) ARTICLE 13(2)(C): UNDERMINING THE REMEDIAL EFFECTS OF THE DUTY AND
EVIDENCE OF DUMPING 645
§8.5. ARTICLE 13: PROCEDURAL ASPECTS 645
(1) REGISTRATION - EXEMPTION CERTIFICATE 646
(2) EXTENSION OF MEASURES - REVIEW 649
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX
CIRCUMVENTION UNDER WTO RULES 650
§8.6. CIRCUMVENTION UNDER WTO RULES 650
RULES OF ORIGIN 652
§8.7. INTRODUCTION 652
§8.8. SUBSTANTIVE RULES 652
(1) THE BASIC ORIGIN RULES UNDER REGULATION 2913/92 652
(2) THE ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION PROVISION OF THE UNION CUSTOMS CODE . . .656
(3) PRODUCT-SPECIFIC ORIGIN RULES 657
§8.9. PROCEDURE 657
(1) ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE 658
(2) INFORMAL SETTLEMENT OF ORIGIN RULES 658
(3) FORMAL SETTLEMENT OF ORIGIN RULES 659
(4) JUDICIAL PROCEDURE 659
(5) THE EUROPEAN ANTI-FRAUD OFFICE 660
§8.10. WTO AGREEMENT ON RULES OF ORIGIN 661
(1) SCOPE OF NON-PREFERENTIAL ORIGIN RULES 661
(2) REQUIREMENTS 661
(3) HARMONIZATION OF ORIGIN RULES 662
PART II SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES
9. INTRODUCTION 667
§9.1. IN GENERAL 667
10. SUBSTANTIVE ELEMENTS 669
§10.1. INTRODUCTION 669
§10.2. COUNTRY OF EXPORT 669
COUNTERVAILABLE SUBSIDY 670
§10.3. IN GENERAL 670
§10.4. SUBSIDY 670
(1) FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION BY THE GOVERNMENT 670
(2) INCOME OR PRICE SUPPORT 673
(3) BENEFIT 673
§10.5. COUNTERVAILABLE SUBSIDIES - THE NOTION OF SPECIFICITY 676
(1) THE NOTION OF SPECIFICITY 676
(2) THE PRACTICE OF THE UNION INSTITUTIONS 680
§10.6. VALUATION OF THE AMOUNT OF THE SUBSIDY 682
(1) GENERAL PRINCIPLE 682
(2) THE INVESTIGATION PERIOD 684
(3) CALCULATION OF THE BENEFIT TO THE RECIPIENT 684
(4) THE CALCULATION OF THE SUBSIDY AMOUNT 694
(5) WTO CASE-LAW ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE SUBSIDY AMOUNT 698
IMAGE 12
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EU ANTI-DUMPING AND OTHER TRADE DEFENCE INSTRUMENTS
INJURY 7 0
§ 10.7. DETERMINATION OF INJURY 700
(1) PAST SUBSIDIZATION OR DUMPING 700
(2) EXTENT OF COUNTERVAILABLE SUBSIDIZATION 701
(3) DUTY OF CARE IN IMPOSING COUNTERVAILING MEASURES IN THE CASE OF
THREAT OF INJURY 701
(4) DE MINIMIS SUBSIDIES 701
(5) INJURY UNDER WTO LAW 702
UNION INTEREST 702
§ 10.8. UNION INTEREST IDENTIFIED 702
11. RELIEF 703
§11.1. INTRODUCTION 703
COUNTERVAILING DUTIES 703
§11.2. IN GENERAL 703
(1) DOMESTIC PRODUCTION SUBSIDIES 705
(2) EXPORT SUBSIDIES 705
§ 11.3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COUNTERVAILING DUTIES AND MULTILATERAL
REMEDIES . . 705 UNDERTAKINGS 706
§ 11.4. IN GENERAL 706
§11.5. UNION PRACTICE 707
12. PROCEDURE 709
§12.1. PROCEDURE 709
§12.2. COMPLAINT 709
§12.3. INITIATION OF PROCEEDINGS 710
§12.4. INVESTIGATIONS 711
§12.5. SUBSIDY SCHEMES WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION 711
§12.6. PROVISIONAL MEASURES 712
§12.7. REVIEWS AND REFUNDS 712
(1) INTERIM REVIEWS 713
(2) NEW EXPORTER REVIEWS 713
(3) REFUNDS 714
§12.8. CIRCUMVENTION 714
PART III SAFEGUARD MEASURES
13. SUBSTANTIVE ELEMENTS 717
§13.1. INTRODUCTION NYN
§13.2. SUBSTANTIVE RULES CONCERNING SAFEGUARD MEASURES 718
§13.3. PREREQUISITES FOR THE ADOPTION OF SAFEGUARD MEASURES 719
IMAGE 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI
INJURY 720
§13.4. THE INJURY TEST 720
§13.5. LIKE OR DIRECTLY COMPETING PRODUCTS 722
§13.6. SERIOUS INJURY 724
§13.7. ACTUAL SERIOUS INJURY 724
(1) VOLUME OF IMPORTS 725
(2) PRICE OF IMPORTS 727
(3) IMPACT UPON UNION PRODUCERS 728
§13.8. THREAT OF SERIOUS INJURY 731
§13.9. CAUSALITY 731
UNION INTERESTS 735
§13.10. CONCEPT OF 'UNION INTERESTS' 735
§13.11. COMMISSION'S APPROACH 735
14. RELIEF 737
§ 14.1. INTRODUCTION 737
§14.2. SPECIAL RULE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 738
QUOTAS 739
§14.3. PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF QUOTAS 739
§ 14.4. LEVEL OF A QUOTA 741
§14.5. ALLOCATION OF A QUANTITATIVE QUOTA AMONG SUPPLIER COUNTRIES 741 §
14.6. TERRITORIAL COVERAGE OF A QUOTA 742
§ 14.7. PRODUCTS ON THEIR WAY TO THE UNION 743
§14.8. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTERING QUANTITATIVE QUOTAS 743 (1)
METHOD BASED ON TRADITIONAL TRADE FLOWS 743
(2) METHOD BASED ON THE ORDER IN WHICH THE APPLICATIONS ARE SUBMITTED
744
(3) METHOD ALLOCATING QUOTAS IN PROPORTION TO THE QUANTITIES REQUESTED
744 §14.9. ADMINISTRATION OF QUANTITATIVE QUOTAS: APPLICATION FOR
LICENCES 745 § 14.10. ADMINISTRATION OF QUANTITATIVE QUOTAS: ISSUANCE OF
LICENCES FOR IMPORT. . 746 §14.11. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTERING
TARIFF QUOTAS 747
TRANSITIONAL PRODUCT-SPECIFIC SAFEGUARD MECHANISM 748 SURVEILLANCE
MEASURES 751
§14.12. BASIS FOR SURVEILLANCE MEASURES 751
§14.13. THE POWER TO ADOPT SURVEILLANCE MEASURES 753
§14.14. IMPORT DOCUMENTS 753
§14.15. INFORMATION ON PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO SURVEILLANCE MEASURES 754
§14.16. DURATION OF SURVEILLANCE MEASURES 754
15. PROCEDURE 755
§15.1. IN GENERAL 755
UNION INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION PROCEDURE 755 §15.2. THE COMMITTEE
755
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XXU
EU ANTI-DUMPING AND OTHER TRADE DEFENCE INSTRUMENTS
§15.3. INFORMATION OBLIGATION 755
§15.4. CONSULTATIONS 7 55
UNION INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 756
§15.5. INTRODUCTION 7 56
§15.6. INITIATION OF A PROCEEDING 757
§ 15.7. INVESTIGATION 757
(1) POWERS OF INVESTIGATION 757
(2) HEARING OF INTERESTED PARTIES 758
(3) INVESTIGATION REPORT 759
(4) CONFIDENTIALITY 759
§15.8. TERMINATION OF A PROCEEDING 759
IMPOSITION OF SAFEGUARD MEASURES 760
§15.9. IN GENERAL 760
§15.10. PROVISIONAL SAFEGUARD MEASURES 761
§15.11. DURATION OF SAFEGUARD MEASURES 761
§15.12. REVIEW OF SAFEGUARD MEASURES 762
§15.13. RE-IMPOSITION OF SAFEGUARD MEASURES 762
REVIEWS 763
§15.14. ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW 763
§15.15. JUDICIAL REVIEW 763
ADDITIONAL NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS IMPOSED BY THE WTO 764 §15.16.
NOTIFICATIONS TO THE WTO COMMITTEE ON SAFEGUARDS 764
PART IV THE TRADE BARRIER REGULATION
16. INTRODUCTION 767
§16.1. IN GENERAL 767
§ 16.2. SCOPE AND PURPOSE 767
§16.3. PRACTICE 768
17. SUBSTANTIVE ELEMENTS 771
§17.1. INTRODUCTION 771
OBSTACLES TO TRADE '. . .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.771
§17.2. DEFINITION 77 J
§17.3. INTERNATIONAL TRADE RULES 772
§ 17.4. THIRD COUNTRY -7-74
§17.5. TRADE PRACTICES LIKELY TO CONSTITUTE OBSTACLES TO TRADE 774
(1) BREACHES OF THE GATT 1994 '.'.'.175
(2) BREACHES OF WTO AGREEMENTS WHICH FURTHER DEVELOP THE LEGAL
PRINCIPLES EMBODIED IN THE GATT 1994 780
(3) BREACHES OF OTHER WTO AGREEMENTS RELATING TO SPECIFIC SECTORS . 784
IMAGE 15
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIII
INJURY 787
§17.6. INTRODUCTION 787
§17.7. MATERIAL INJURY 787
§17.8. THREAT OF INJURY 789
§17.9. UNION INDUSTRY 789
(1) UNION INDUSTRY DENNED 789
(2) SPECIAL CASES: RELATED PRODUCERS OR PROVIDERS AND REGIONAL
INDUSTRY790 §17.10. CAUSALITY 791
ADVERSE TRADE EFFECTS 791
§17.11. SUBSTANTIVE CONCEPT 791
§17.12. ADVERSE TRADE EFFECTS 792
§17.13. THREAT OF ADVERSE TRADE EFFECTS 796
§17.14. MATERIAL IMPACT 797
§17.15. CAUSAL LINK 798
§17.16. UNION ENTERPRISE 798
UNION INTERESTS 798
§17.17. CONCEPT OF 'UNION INTERESTS' 798
§17.18. FORMS OF 'UNION INTERESTS' 799
(1) COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL TRADE RULES 799
(2) EXTENT OF THE IMPACT ON THE CONCERNED UNION INDUSTRY 800 (3)
IMPORTANCE OF THE SECTOR AFFECTED BY THE ALLEGED OBSTACLES TO TRADE 801
(4) STATE OF THE AFFECTED INDUSTRY 802
(5) POLICY CONSIDERATION 802
(6) ADVERSE IMPACT OF THE MEASURES ON OTHER UNION INDUSTRIES 802
18. RELIEF 805
§18.1. INTRODUCTION 805
§ 18.2. INITIATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONSULTATION OR DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
PROCEDURES. 805 §18.3. UNILATERAL UNDERTAKINGS BY THIRD COUNTRIES 808
§18.4. CONCLUSION OF AN AGREEMENT WITH THIRD COUNTRIES 810
§18.5. COMMERCIAL POLICY MEASURES 811
19. PROCEDURE 813
§19.1. INTRODUCTION 813
§19.2. CONSULTATION PROCEDURE 813
RIGHT OF PETITION 814
§19.3. IN GENERAL 814
§19.4. COMPLAINT BY A UNION INDUSTRY 814
§19.5. COMPLAINT BY UNION ENTERPRISES 815
§19.6. REFERRAL BY A MEMBER STATE 817
§19.7. TIME-LIMITS 817
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 818
§19.8. INITIATION OF PROCEDURE 818
IMAGE 16
XXIV
EU ANTI-DUMPING AND OTHER TRADE DEFENCE INSTRUMENTS
§19.9. INVESTIGATION 8 18
§ 19.10. RIGHTS OF INTERESTED PARTIES 8 2
(1) HEARING 8 20
(2) CONFRONTATION MEETING 820
(3) INSPECTION OF THE FILE 8 20
(4) DISCLOSURE 821
(5) CONFIDENTIALITY 821
§ 19.11. EXAMINATION REPORT 821
OUTCOME OF THE PROCEDURE 822
§19.12. IN GENERAL 822
§19.13. DECISION-MAKING PROCEDURE 822
(1) PROCEDURE UNDER WHICH THE DECISION IS MADE BY THE COMMISSION SUBJECT
TO A RIGHT OF APPEAL TO THE COUNCIL 822 (2) PROCEDURE UNDER FOR THE
ADOPTION OF MEASURES OF COMMERCIAL POLICY 823
§ 19.14. CONCLUSION OF THE PROCEEDING 823
(1) THE PROCEEDING IS TERMINATED BECAUSE IT IS FOUND, AS A RESULT OF THE
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE, THAT THE INTERESTS OF THE UNION DO NOT REQUIRE
ANY ACTION TO BE TAKEN 823
(2) THE PROCEEDING IS SUSPENDED BECAUSE, AFTER THE EXAMINATION
PROCEDURE, THE THIRD COUNTRY/COUNTRIES CONCERNED TAKE MEASURES WHICH ARE
CONSIDERED SATISFACTORY 824
(3) THE PROCEEDING IS SUSPENDED BECAUSE IT APPEARS THAT THE MOST
APPROPRIATE MEANS TO RESOLVE THE DISPUTE IS THE CONCLUSION OF AN
AGREEMENT WITH THE THIRD COUNTRY CONCERNED 825
(4) OTHER COURSE OF ACTION 825
JUDICIAL REVIEW 825
§19.15. JUDICIAL REVIEW 825
PARTV APPENDICES
ANNEX 1. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) NO 1225/2009 833
ANNEX 2. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) NO 597/2009 877
ANNEX 3. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) NO 260/2009 935
ANNEX 4. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) NO 625/2009 961
ANNEX 5. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) NO 3286/94 983
ANNEX 6. EXCERPTS FROM THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE 1 9 9
4 . . 997 ANNEX 7. AGREEMENT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE VI OF THE
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE 1994 1005
ANNEX 8. AGREEMENT ON SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES 1033 ANNEX
9. AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS 1081
ANNEX 10. AGREEMENT ON RULES OF ORIGIN 1091
IMAGE 17
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV
ANNEX 11. UNDERSTANDING ON RULES AND PROCEDURES GOVERNING THE SETTLEMENT
OF DISPUTES 1103
TABLE I. ANTI-DUMPING INVESTIGATIONS IN THE UNION FROM JANUARY 1995
UNTIL 1 JANUARY 2011 1133
TABLE ILA. WTO ANTI-DUMPING DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DECISIONS UNTIL 1 JANUARY
2011 1273
TABLE LIB. GATT ANTI-DUMPING DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DECISIONS 1282 TABLE
III. ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION INVESTIGATIONS IN THE UNION FROM 1 JANUARY 2000
UNTIL 1 JANUARY 2011 1285
TABLE IV. ANTI-SUBSIDY INVESTIGATIONS IN THE UNION FROM JANUARY 1995
UNTIL 1 JANUARY 2011 1291
TABLE VA. WTO SUBSIDIES DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DECISIONS UNTIL 1 JANUARY
2011 1315
TABLE VB. GATT DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DECISIONS 1324
TABLE VI. SAFEGUARD PROCEEDINGS IN THE UNION FROM 1 JANUARY 1982 UNTIL 1
JANUARY 2011 1329
TABLE VILA. WTO SAFEGUARD DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DECISIONS UNTIL 1 JANUARY
2011 1337
TABLE VLLB. GATT SAFEGUARD DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DECISIONS 1340
TABLE OF CASES 1341
INDEX 1357 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Van Bael, Ivo Bellis, Jean-François |
| author_facet | Van Bael, Ivo Bellis, Jean-François |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Van Bael, Ivo |
| author_variant | b i v bi biv j f b jfb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035698540 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)712516058 (DE-599)BVBBV035698540 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035698540 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:28:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789041131171 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Van Bael, Ivo Verfasser aut EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments Van Bael & Bellis 5. ed. Alphen aan den Rijn Kluwer Law Internat. 2011 XXV, 1368 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 gnd rswk-swf Dumpingverbot (DE-588)4150862-2 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 s Dumpingverbot (DE-588)4150862-2 s 1\p DE-604 Bellis, Jean-François Verfasser aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017752502&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Van Bael, Ivo Bellis, Jean-François EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 gnd Dumpingverbot (DE-588)4150862-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4137393-5 (DE-588)4150862-2 |
| title | EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments |
| title_auth | EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments |
| title_exact_search | EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments |
| title_full | EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments Van Bael & Bellis |
| title_fullStr | EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments Van Bael & Bellis |
| title_full_unstemmed | EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments Van Bael & Bellis |
| title_short | EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments |
| title_sort | eu anti dumping and other trade defence instruments |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 gnd Dumpingverbot (DE-588)4150862-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Außenhandelsrecht Dumpingverbot |
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