Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New Jersey [u.a.]
World Scientific Publ.
2010
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 301 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9814277924 9789814277921 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering |c Vijay K. Varadan ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a New Jersey [u.a.] |b World Scientific Publ. |c 2010 | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804139402842079232 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering
Autor: Varadan, Vijay K.
Jahr: 2010
Contents
Preface v
About the Authors ix
1. Introduction 1
1.1 What is nanoscience and nanotechnology?.......................... 2
1.1.1 Natural and artificial nanoparticles........................... 3
1.1.2 Nanotechnology in ancient time.............................. 5
1.1.3 Feynman, Drexler and Taniguchi............................. 7
1.1.4 Moore s law................................................. 7
1.2 Effects of making into small........................................ 8
1.2.1 Size dependence of materials properties...................... 10
1.2.2 Special properties of nanomaterials........................... 11
1.2.2.1 Structural properties................................ 11
1.2.2.2 Thermal properties................................. 11
1.2.2.3 Chemical properties................................ 12
1.2.2.4 Mechanical properties.............................. 12
1.2.2.5 Magnetic properties................................ 13
1.2.2.6 Optical properties.................................. 13
1.2.2.7 Electronic properties............................... 13
1.2.2.8 Biological properties............................... 15
1.3 General themes and classification of nanotechnology................ 15
1.3.1 General themes of nanotechnology........................... 15
1.3.1.1 Characterization tools.............................. 16
1.3.1.2 Nanoscale science.................................. 16
1.3.1.3 Molecular level computation........................ 16
1.3.1.4 Fabrication and processing technology.............. 16
1.3.2 Classification of nanotechnology............................. 17
1.4 Challenges in nanoscience and nanotechnology..................... 17
1.4.1 Technological challenge...................................... 17
1.4.2 Societal and ethical challenge................................ 18
1.4.3 Business driven economy.................................... 20
1.4.4 Risk and uncertainty......................................... 21
1.4.5 Security and military implications............................ 22
1.4.6 Emerging concern from nanoparticles........................ 22
Xiii
xiv Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Engineering
2. Physical and Biological Aspects of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 27
2.1 Basics of quantum physics.......................................... 27
2.2 Fundamentals of nanophysics....................................... 28
2.2.1 Electron levels for atoms and solids.......................... 29
2.2.1.1 Atoms.............................................. 29
2.2.1.2 Solids.............................................. 31
2.2.2 Electron levels for nanostructures............................ 33
2.2.2.1 Free electron....................................... 34
2.2.2.2 Electron in a finite potential well................... 34
2.2.2.3 Electron in an infinite potential well................ 35
2.2.2.4 Schrodinger equations.............................. 35
2.2.3 Density of states and confinement............................ 37
2.2.3.1 Zero-dimensional solid............................. 38
2.2.3.2 One-dimensional quantum wire..................... 38
2.2.3.3 Two-dimensional thin film......................... 39
2.2.3.4 Particle in a three-dimensional box................. 40
2.3 Crystal structures and physical properties........................... 40
2.3.1 Cubic crystal lattice structures................................ 42
2.3.2 Symmetry in crystals......................................... 43
2.3.3 Bravais lattices and point/space groups....................... 45
2.3.4 Quasicrystals................................................. 45
2.3.5 Liquid crystals............................................... 45
2.4 Physical aspects of nanochemistry.................................. 47
2.4.1 Nomenclature and periodic table of elements................. 47
2.4.2 Surface energy of nanostructured materials................... 48
2.5 Bionanoscience and bionanotechnology............................. 51
2.5.1 Basic concepts............................................... 51
2.5.2 Lipids........................................................ 53
2.5.3 Proteins...................................................... 53
2.5.4 Biomimetic polypeptides..................................... 55
2.5.5 Viruses...................................................... 56
2.5.6 Deoxyribonucleic acid....................................... 56
2.5.6.1 Structures of DNA................................. 57
2.5.6.2 Nanoparticles and DNA............................ 59
2.5.6.3 DNA electronics ................................... 60
2.5.6.4 DNA computing.................................... 60
2.5.7 Biological neuronal networks ................................ 61
2.5.8 Artificial neuronal networks.................................. 63
2.5.8.1 Neural networks and conventional computers....... 63
2.5.8.2 Biological neuronal cells on silicon................. 65
2.5.9 Molecular biomimetics....................................... 65
Contents xv
3. Nanoscale Fabrication and Characterization 71
3.1 Nanoscale fabrication.............................................. 71
3.1.1 Bottom-up approach......................................... 72
3.1.1.1 Chemical synthesis................................. 72
3.1.1.2 Self-assembly...................................... 73
3.1.1.3 Positional assembly................................ 74
3.1.2 Top-down approach.......................................... 74
3.1.2.1 Photolithography................................... 75
3.1.2.2 Electron beam lithography.......................... 76
3.1.2.3 Focused ion beam lithography...................... 78
3.1.2.4 Dip-pen nanolithography........................... 80
3.1.2.5 Extreme ultraviolet lithography..................... 81
3.1.2.6 Nanoimprint lithography........................... 82
3.1.2.7 Contact lithography................................ 85
3.1.2.8 X-ray lithography.................................. 85
3.1.2.9 Lift-off lithography................................. 87
3.1.2.10 Soft lithography.................................... 88
3.2 Characterization of nanomaterials................................... 89
3.2.1 Atomic structure and chemical composition.................. 90
3.2.1.1 Vibrational spectroscopies.......................... 90
3.2.1.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance........................ 91
3.2.1.3 X-ray and UV spectroscopies....................... 91
3.2.1.4 X-ray and neutron diffraction....................... 93
3.2.2 Size, shape and surface area.................................. 94
3.2.2.1 Electron microscopy................................ 94
3.2.2.2 BET and pycnometry............................... 96
3.2.2.3 Epiphaniometer.................................... 97
3.2.2.4 Zeta potential analyzer............................. 97
3.2.2.5 Laser granulometry................................. 98
3.2.2.6 Elliptically polarized light scattering................ 98
3.2.2.7 Gas adsorption..................................... 99
3.2.2.8 Positron annihilation............................... 100
3.2.2.9 Mercury porosimetry............................... 101
3.2.3 Nanoparticles in biological systems.......................... 101
4. Carbon Nanomaterials 107
4.1 Carbon allotropes .................................................. 107
4.2 Fullerenes.......................................................... 109
4.2.1 Molecule structures.......................................... 109
4.2.2 Physical and chemical properties............................. Ill
4.2.3 Synthesis methods........................................... 113
xvi Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Engineering
4.2.3.1 Electric arc method................................. 113
4.2.3.2 Laser ablation method.............................. 113
4.2.3.3 Solar energy method................................ 114
4.2.4 Functionalization............................................. 114
4.2.5 Possible risks................................................. 115
4.3 Carbon nanotubes.................................................. 116
4.3.1 Why carbon nanotubes? ..................................... 116
4.3.2 Structure of carbon nanotubes................................ 117
4.3.3 Special properties of carbon nanotubes....................... 118
4.3.3.1 Chemical reactivity................................. 119
4.3.3.2 Electrical conductivity.............................. 119
4.3.3.3 Optical activity..................................... 120
4.3.3.4 Vibrational properties.............................. 120
4.3.3.5 Mechanical strength ............................... 120
4.3.3.6 Specific heat and thermal conductivity.............. 121
4.3.4 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes................................ 121
4.3.4.1 Arc discharge method.............................. 122
4.3.4.2 Laser ablation method.............................. 124
4.3.4.3 Chemical vapor deposition method................. 125
4.3.4.4 Catalyzed decomposition method................... 129
4.3.5 Purification of carbon nanotubes............................. 133
4.3.5.1 Oxidation.......................................... 133
4.3.5.2 Acid treatment..................................... 133
4.3.5.3 Annealing.......................................... 134
4.3.5.4 Ultrasonication..................................... 134
4.3.5.5 Magnetic purification............................... 134
4.3.5.6 Microfiltration..................................... 134
4.3.5.7 Cutting............................................. 135
4.3.5.8 Functionalization................................... 135
4.3.5.9 Chromatography................................... 135
4.3.6 Defects of carbon nanotubes.................................. 136
4.4 Carbon nanofoam.................................................. 136
4.4.1 Synthesis.................................................... 137
4.4.2 Properties.................................................... 137
4.5 Applications........................................................ 138
4.5.1 Fullerenes.................................................... 139
4.5.2 Carbon nanotubes............................................ 139
4.5.2.1 Energy storage..................................... 139
4.5.2.2 Hydrogen storage................................... 139
4.5.2.3 Lithium intercalation............................... 140
4.5.2.4 Electrochemical supercapacitors.................... 141
4.5.2.5 Molecular devices with CNTs...................... 141
Contents xvii
4.5.2.6 Nanoelectromechanical systems.................... 142
4.5.2.7 Composite materials................................ 145
4.5.2.8 Templates.......................................... 146
4.5.2.9 Neuron growth..................................... 146
4.5.3 Carbon nanofoam............................................ 147
5. Nanostructured Materials 153
5.1 Introduction........................................................ 153
5.1.1 Classifications of nanostructured materials................... 153
5.1.2 Top-down and bottom-up synthesis approaches............... 154
5.2 Nanopowders...................................................... 157
5.2.1 Properties of nanopowders................................... 157
5.2.2 Synthesis of nanopowders.................................... 158
5.2.2.1 Metal nanopowders................................. 158
5.2.2.2 Metal oxide nanopowders.......................... 159
5.3 Nanoporous materials.............................................. 161
5.3.1 Properties of nanoporous materials........................... 161
5.3.2 Synthesis of nanoporous materials............................ 162
5.3.2.1 Silica............................................... 163
5.3.2.2 Transition metal oxides............................. 164
5.3.2.3 Metal sulfides...................................... 164
5.3.2.4 Aluminum phosphates.............................. 165
5.2.3.5 Silicon nitrides..................................... 165
5.3.2.6 Anodic aluminum oxides........................... 165
5.3.2.7 Metals ............................................. 166
5.4 Nanodusts.......................................................... 166
5.4.1 Nanodusts in nature.......................................... 166
5.4.2 Synthesis of nanodusts....................................... 167
5.5 Nanowires......................................................... 168
5.5.1 Classifications of nanowires.................................. 168
5.5.2 Synthesis of nanowires....................................... 169
5.6 Nanotubes.......................................................... 171
5.6.1 Classification of nanotubes................................... 172
5.6.2 Synthesis of inorganic nanotubes............................. 172
5.7 Zinc oxide nanostructures.......................................... 174
5.8 Applications........................................................ 176
5.8.1 Nanopowders................................................ 176
5.8.2 Nanoporous materials........................................ 178
5.8.3 Nanodusts................................................... 179
5.8.3.1 Energy............................................. 179
5.8.3.2 Pollution control................................... 180
xviii Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Engineering
5.8.3.3 Nuclear protection.................................. 180
5.8.3.4 Composite reinforcement........................... 180
5.8.4 Nanowires................................................... 181
5.8.5 Inorganic nanotubes.......................................... 181
5.8.5.1 Control of bio-interactions.......................... 183
5.8.5.2 Growth of neuron cells............................. 184
5.8.6 ZnO nanostructures.......................................... 185
6. Polymer Nanotechnology 191
6.1 Electroactive polymers............................................. 191
6.1.1 Polypyrrole.................................................. 191
6.1.2 Nafion....................................................... 192
6.2 Fabrication of polymer nanowires.................................. 192
6.2.1 Electrochemical polymerization.............................. 193
6.2.2 Critical point drying.......................................... 193
6.3 Fabrication of polymer nanotubes................................... 197
6.3.1 Blank polymer nanotubes.................................... 198
6.3.2 Metal nanowires encapsulated in polymer nanotubes..........203
6.4 Fabrication of 3D polymer microstructures..........................205
6.4.1 Microstereolithography......................................205
6.4.2 Two-photon microstereolithography..........................207
7. Nanocomposites 215
7.1 Nanoscale reinforcements..........................................216
7.1.1 Nanoscale carbons...........................................216
7.1.2 Nano clays...................................................217
7.1.3 Equi-axed nanoparticles......................................218
7.2 Ceramic matrix nanocomposites....................................219
7.2.1 Synthesis methods...........................................220
7.2.1.1 Sol-gel processing..................................221
7.2.1.2 Chemical vapor deposition.........................221
7.2.1.3 Mechanical alloying................................221
7.2.1.4 Thermal spraying...................................222
7.2.2 CNT reinforced CNCs.......................................223
7.2.3 Thin film nanocomposites....................................224
7.2.3.1 Granular films......................................224
7.2.3.2 Multi-layer films...................................225
7.3 Metal matrix nanocomposites.......................................225
7.4 Magnetic nanocomposites..........................................227
7.4.1 Particle-dispersed magnetic nanocomposites..................227
7.4.2 Magnetic multi-layer films...................................227
Contents xix
7.5 Polymeric nanocomposites.........................................228
7.5.1 Synthesis of polymeric nanocomposites......................230
7.5.1.1 Melt mixing method................................230
7.5.1.2 Solution mixing....................................230
7.5.1.3 In-situ polymerization..............................231
7.5.1.4 In-situ particle processing..........................231
7.5.1.5 Thermal spray method..............................231
7.5.1.6 Template method...................................231
7.5.2 Typical properties of polymeric nanocomposites..............232
7.5.2.1 Mechanical properties..............................232
7.5.2.2 Glass transition and relaxation behavior.............232
7.5.2.3 Abrasion and wear resistance.......................233
7.5.2.4 Permeability........................................233
7.5.2.5 Dimensional stability...............................234
7.5.2.6 Thermal stability and flammability..................234
7.5.2.7 Resistivity, permittivity and breakdown strength....235
7.5.2.8 Optical clarity......................................235
7.5.3 Clay reinforced PNCs........................................236
7.5.4 CNT reinforced PNCs........................................237
7.5.5 Rubber matrix nanocomposites...............................237
7.5.6 Stealth PNCs.................................................238
7.6 Nano-bio-composites...............................................239
7.6.1 Botanically synthesized nanoparticles........................240
7.6.2 Biologically synthesized nanostructures......................240
7.7 Smart and intelligent nanocomposites...............................241
8. Organic Electronics 245
8.1 Introduction........................................................245
8.2 Morphology of pentacene thin film.................................248
8.3 OTFT fabrication...................................................250
8.4 Typical organic sensors.............................................255
8.5 Strain sensors......................................................257
8.5.1 Carbon nanotube synthesis...................................257
8.5.1.1 Apparatus..........................................257
8.5.1.2 Catalyst preparation................................258
8.5.1.3 Microwave CVD synthesis and purification.........259
8.5.1.4 Electron microscope observation....................259
8.5.2 Organic strain sensor fabrication.............................260
8.5.3 Sensor measurement.........................................262
8.6 Poly-3-hexylthiophene based ISFET sensors........................264
8.6.1 Biomedical applications......................................265
xx Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Engineering
8.6.2 Poly-3-hexylthiophene as a semiconducting polymer.........265
8.6.3 Tantalum oxide as gate dielectric.............................266
8.6.4 Enzyme immobilization......................................267
8.6.5 Methodology.................................................268
8.6.6 Results.......................................................269
Glossary 275
Index 293
|
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| id | DE-604.BV035691286 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:43:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9814277924 9789814277921 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XX, 301 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
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| spelling | Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering Vijay K. Varadan ... New Jersey [u.a.] World Scientific Publ. 2010 XX, 301 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd rswk-swf Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 s DE-604 Varadan, Vijay K. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017745361&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4327470-5 |
| title | Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering |
| title_auth | Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering |
| title_exact_search | Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering |
| title_full | Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering Vijay K. Varadan ... |
| title_fullStr | Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering Vijay K. Varadan ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering Vijay K. Varadan ... |
| title_short | Nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering |
| title_sort | nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering |
| topic | Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nanotechnologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017745361&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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