Etos dziewiętnastowiecznych zesłańców:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Wrocław
Polskiego Tow. Ludoznawczego
2008
|
| Series: | Biblioteka zesłańca
21 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Ethos of exiles from 19th century |
| Physical Description: | 265 S. |
| ISBN: | 9788387266622 |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Ethos of exiles from 19th century | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.......................................... 7
Rozdział
1 ·
Etos romantyków i socjalistów
-
w konspiracji, w areszcie i na
zesłaniu
......................................... 19
1.
Inicjacja spiskowa
............................... 19
2.
Wwiezieniu
.................................. 25
3.
Romantycy na zesłaniu
............................ 40
4.
Niepokorni socjaliści
............................. 70
Rozdział
2 ·
Duchowy portret zesłańca
...................... 81
1.
Ewolucja wygnańczej psychiki
........................ 81
2.
Terapeutyczna rola syberyjskiej przyrody
.................. 109
3.
Ocalić od zapomnienia
............................ 120
4.
Wpływ Syberii na wenę twórczą
....................... 125
Rozdział
3 ·
Dwie mitologie zesłańców
...................... 140
I. Romantyczny mit zesłańca i jego miejsce w literaturze dziewiętnasto¬
wiecznej
....................................... 140
II.
Zesłańcze legendy, czyli mitologia na własny użytek
.............. 169
1.
Piotr Wysocki-bohater jednego czynu i aż dwóch legend
........ 169
2.
Tak umierali męczennicy i święci... Rzecz o Janie Sierocińskim
...... 173
3.
Miłość i poświęcenie dotąd w idealnych tylko romansach znane. Legenda
Migurskich
................................... 185
4.
Z przekonania... O postawie księcia Romana Sanguszki
.......... 191
5.
Rollison nie umarł w więzieniu..., czyli o dalszych losach Jana Mol-
lesona
...................................... 195
6.
Batyr, Mag Litwor i jedyny prawdziwy Wallenrod..., czyli tajemnica Jana
Witkiewicza
................................... 201
Legendy a etos zesłańca
-
podsumowanie
..................... 226
Bibliografia
....................................... 230
I. Dokumenty osobiste
............................. 230
II.
Świadectwa literackie
............................. 240
III. Opracowania
................................. 244
Summary
........................................ 253
Indeks nazwisk
..................................... 258
Ethos of
exiles
from 19th century
Summary
lhe
Polish exiles to Siberia had a key role in repressions of tsar s system towards
the nation under the annexed Polish territory on the turn of the 19th century. The year
1795
initiated the time of
123
years of political slavery. It was also the time of constantly
conspiratorial activity
-
some small and big plots that had to be an occasion to evoking
the all-national insurrection (and sometimes they evoked) and liberate the motherland.
Then
-
the times of the socialists Underground activity took place All of them in the
end were ended in prisons.
Ever since the
Kościuszko
Insurrection
(1794)
the participants were exiled to
Siberia, and
Józef Kopeć
was one of them. Two years later some members of Union
of Patriots in Lithuania shared their situation
(1796) -
the priest Faustyn Ciecierski,
then the legionaries fighting together with Napoleon and were defeated in
1812
by the
Russian Army. In
1824
the
Filomats, Filarets
and some young people from Gymnasium
in Lithuania were exiled
(Tomasz Zan, Onufry
Pietraszkiewicz, Jan Czeczot, Jan Wit-
kiewicz,
Jan Molleson,
Adam Suzin, Cyprian Daszkiewicz and others). After the fall of
insurrection of November
(1831)
thousands of Poles migrated to east
(Piotr Wysocki,
Adolf
Januszkiewicz, Antoni Pawsza,
Roman
Sanguszko, Jan Henryk Sierociński, Ta¬
deusz Lada Zabłocki,
and others). Two years later the participants of the unsuccessful
Józef
Zaleski s partisan were exiled
(Gustaw Zieliński, Ignacy Orpiszewski, Wincenty
Migurski and others). In 1839th the Association of Polish People was unmasked, the
charismatic leader
Szymon Konarski
was executed by firing sqad, and some of the par¬
ticipants were exiled to Siberia:
Gustaw
Ehrenberg,
Karol Baliński, Ewa Felińska, An¬
toni
Beaupré,
Gaspar
Maszkowski, Justynian Ruciński, Julian Sabiński, Franciszek Sa-
wicz,
tragically died poet
Władysław Strzelnicki, Władysłw Rabcewicz and Aleksander
Bieliński.
For the participation in others conspiracy also were exiled Rufin Piotrowski
(1844),
Henryk Kamieński, Piotr
Sciegienny,
Franciszek Pantoczek, Szymon Tokarzew-
ski
(1846),
Agaton
Giller.
Some patriotic activities in Warsaw before the January s
Insurrection
(1861)
conducted to Siberia next generation of Poles.
The defeat of insurrection 1864th (exiled:
Benedykt Dybowski, Jan Czerski, Ale¬
ksander
Czekanowski, Marian
Dubiecki, Szymon Tokarzewski
as a recidivist, Edward
Czapski,
Aleksander Sochaczewski,
archbishop
Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński, Stanisław
Witkiewicz, Władysław Daniłowski)
ended the epoch of romantic exiles, but didn t
closed the history of secrets unions and another exiles. With the end of
70
some social¬
ists· were exiled to Siberia. They were fighting for equality of every man, social justice
(liberation of Poland receded in the background).
After
1878
on Siberia were also
Wacław
Sìeroszewski,
Adam
Szymański, Wacław
Swięcicki, Bolesław Wysłuch.
With the activity of the Great Proletariat in
80
were re-
alted the exiles
Ludwik
Janowicz (he committed suicide in
Jakucja), Feliks
Kon,
Maria
Bohuszewiczówna
(she died during the transportation, didn t reached Siberia). Soon
254 ·
Summary
(in
1887)
two brothers Piisudski s were exiled
-
Józef
and
Bronisław.
The bloody harvest
was the result of the revolution of 1905th. Until
1914
the terror towards the political
prisoners was constant.
The fall of the tsarism and revolution of February 1917th released many exiled
Poles. Another revolution (October s) and the victory of Bolsheviks began even worse,
new and more mass form of the exile to Siberia
-
to Soviet s gulag.
As we can see, the repressive under the
120
year of the slavery Polish exiles were
much differentiated and numerous group. Many of them documented their vicissitudes
in diaries and letters, some of them consolidated their experiences in literary form
(Gustaw
Ehrenberg,
Karol Baliński, Gustaw Zieliński, Adam Szymański, Wacław Sie-
roszewski
and others). Also some great Polish poets of Romanticism, who had never
been in Siberia (Adam
Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński)
created in
their works a kind of Pole-exile vision and a picture of Siberia, that definitely influ¬
enced on the imagination of the nation. That makes the description of the ethos of the
19th century exiles rather difficult. The questions are about the versatile observation
and honest opinion about the people represented different generations, coming from
different social classes, old and young, poor and reach, who experienced their exile in
many ways. The ethos means also the life style of Sibiracks, their moral and custom s
values, attitudes, relations with other people (criminals, Russian administration s work¬
ers, aborigines), and the emotions
-
a spiritual envision.
In respect of the generation s differences in 19th century we can distinguish two
big groups of exiles
-
socialists and romantics. The fundaments of their ethos were
created still at liberty during their conspiratorial activity. The young romantics grew
up in big poetry, in conviction of unlimited commitment for motherland and they
even could pay the highest price of life for it. Average plot was bound to insurrection
that would motivate nation to the fight. Young people were dreaming of the roles of
great heroes
-
they took the examples from literature
(Kordián,
Konrad Wallenrod).
The nation supported their activity, also helped during the January s and November s
insurrections. When the romantics were arrested and spent some time in prisons, most
of themgave way to despair. During the interrogatory of the Investigation Commission
they betrayed friends, secrets of the conspiracy. They weren t resistant for persecutions,
they were young, inexperienced, immature. Only some of them put up their fate with
dignity. After the proclamation of sentence they were exiled to Siberia.
The young socialists grew up in the atmosphere of ideas of positivism (organic
work, assimilation of small nations), they formed their points of view under the influ¬
ence of western philosophy (Karl Marx), but also under the news from East (Russian
Organization
-
Narodnaja
Wola).
They couldn t count on the nation s support; because
were atheists they weren t popular and didn t have the support of the youths. So they
fight alone
-
with no hope for quick betterment of social relations, equality, liquidation
of poverty. They believed their watchwords win one day, in the future. In prisons many
of them stood brave in spite of brutal treatment: they were beaten, tortured, betrayed
by the agents, sometimes by the friends. After the proclamation of sentence they were
exiled to Siberia.
The attitude of the romantics and socialists on Siberia is different. Romantics exiled
to Siberia at the beginning of the 19th century took care about the morale of the single
man and the all group. The best example was given by konarszczyk s. They created their
own constitution
-
they excluded from the society for drunkenness, gambling, and also
for mixed marriages (with Sibiracks women; they were afraid that Poles would convert
Summary
· 255
to Orthodox Church). They also found other ways of helping
-
common funds, and
many more. So-called Polish Houses were very important support (i.e.
Antoni Beau-
pré s).
They also cultivated social relations, meeting, celebrated name-days, national
and religious celebrations, Catholicism.
Ifit
was possible, they were in good relations
with Russian administration, were open for the criminals, who declared reformation.
They were friendly for autochthons, different folks dwelled the vast territory of Sibe¬
ria. Thank to them the name of Pole was respected. Of course, the environment of
Polish Diaspora at the beginning of the 19th century wasn t perfect (some contestations
also occurred during the distribution of gifts from country, some immoral attitudes
of many simply soldiers from Caucasus s Corps), but the main picture of Poles was
rather positive.
What was the most important in process of forming the exiles ethos? The majority
of the romantics came from nobleman s families, who took pride in patriotic tradition.
They took good manners, refinement and kindness from home. Besides, most of them
were well educated, talented
-
the elite of Polish society.
After the January s insurrection s defeat more people from lower class were exiled
to Siberia. They fought together with townspeople, workmen, peasants for liberated
Poland. Those social differences made the morale of the exiles even lower. Some divi¬
sion and quarrels took place. The better was the situation of the rich exiles, who didn t
have to work and even hired a servants. The poor people suffered from extreme poverty,
couldn t win with difficult life conditions. The quarrels were also the result of different
political attitudes (a conflict between the members of the white and red parts of the
political establishment) and place of birth (they divided into Royals, Lithuanians and
Russians). Some accidents of alcoholism also occurred. But usually the society took
care about good opinion. Some exiles expanded their own economical activity
-
they
learned new jobs, founded small factories, workshops, shops, confectionery, even ho¬
tels. They imported from Poland some new kinds of fruits, vegetables, flowers, brought
to Siberia and its people a culture and knowledge. Poles that lived on Siberia at the end
of 19th century increased Siberian civilization. The great services for science were the
result of activity of
Jan Czerski, Benedykt Dybowski, Aleksander Czekanowski and
others. They covered Poland with glory.
The turn of 19th century was the time, when the Poles ethos got worse. To Siberia
more socialists were exiled, but there were definitely less exiles from nobleman s fami¬
lies, educated and well behaved. There were more simple, crudeness people. Socialists
became intolerant, ticklish, fanatic and doctrinaire; they hated criminals and showed
them it. They disrespected the older generation of Poles, didn t continue the traditional
values. They also didn t care about the relations with autochthons and Russian admin¬
istration. Especially after the defeat of the revolution 1905th the situation got worse.
To Siberia were exiled a simple criminals. The drunkenness, robberies, hooliganism
and denunciating became plagues. It was the one of the picture of exiles in that time.
But there is also a second one, more positive. Still some people cultivated the patriotic
values, helped the other Poles, and were good for natives. They kept taking care about
the economy and science on Siberia.
The ethos of the exiled Pole also comprised of his psyche
-
its evolution, different
stages. Generally the most important was homesickness that became a kind of Paradise
Lost. It was the anxious about the family
-
parents, children. Many of the exiles were
infected by the spiritual sickness that started from the consciousness of aimless of
existence. That aimless leaded to resignation. Striped of the hope and dreams they
suf-
256 ·
Summary
fered from depression, testiness. They failed into apathy, indifference. Some of them
went mad or committed suicide.
How did they fight with negative emotions? They were consciousness of the na¬
tional mission that took place on Siberia, fought for keeping the Polish traditions. The
central idea about the return to Poland helped them to survive. They chase a different
ways of intellectual activity
-
reading books, writing letters, some of them were writ¬
ing poetry, discussing with companions. Solidarity and unity in the adversity helped
them to keep a peace, internal balance and even cheerfulness. The therapeutic role in
the exiles life played the nature: some of the exiles were enchanted by the Baikal; the
steppes were the metaphor of freedom. They were fascinated with northern lights.
Many of Poles were afraid of oblivion, death in Siberia, far away from family. Some
of them became the guardians of collective memory
-
collected the names of exiles,
information, keepsakes, took care about the graves (i.e.
Agaton
Giller,
Jakub Gieysztor,
August
Kręćki).
Siberia also influenced on the authors and poets moods. Some of them were over¬
powered
(Gustaw
Ehrenberg,
Karol Baliński),
but some were also inspired (the best
works of
Gustaw Zieliński
became from his exile s time; a poet in Caucasus
-
Tadeusz
Lada Zabłocki;
with the end of 19th century
-
Adam
Szymański
and
Wacław Sierosze-
wski).
The legends, myths that created the attitudes of Poles, formed heroes and pat¬
terns, had also a great influence on the ethos of Polish exiles. The legend of exiles and
Siberia had two faces. In country the myth of exile was created by the great romantic
poetry
(Mickiewicz
-
Dziady, Słowacki
- Anheilt,
Krasiński
-
Ostatni),
Those people
had never been on Siberia, but they works strongly influenced on the forming the
collective imagination. They created the martyrdom s model of exile. Siberia had to
be a land of eternal snow and cold, suffering, pain and extreme poverty. The attributes
of the exiles were the chains, wheel-barrows, handcuffs and knout. The literary exile
was a convict sentenced to hard labour in mines, in rags. The truth was different
-
the
political exiles usually didn t have to work hard, being educated people they worked in
administration or were private teachers. They were men of resource, well organized. Of
course, some individual cases could be different. Some of them were poor an lived in
extreme natural conditions, working hard for small money but others lived in wormer
parts of Siberia and reached even a property. Usually life on Siberia wasn t so horrible
like the romantic literature shows. But the romantic model of exile became very strong
and vital. After the great amnesty in
1856
many Sibiracks returned to Poland. The next
amnesties released another waves of exiles. They wrote many diaries and relations that
showed the real picture of Siberian life. In spite of this the martyrdom s model survived
through the Romanticism, Positivism and period of Young Poland. It was later repeated
by novelists (Konopnicka,
Rodziewiczówna, Turczyński, Zapolska),
painters
(Grottger,
Malczewski).
That myth was expected by the nation under the annexation. It invigor¬
ated the Polish patriotism.
But among the exiles a new mythology arose
-
their heroes were the remarkable
Poles.
Piotr Wysocki
became the legend thank to his brave attempt of escape and suf¬
ferings on the exile; priest
Jan Henryk Sierociński,
killed with few companions. He was
suspected to be a leader of Omsk s conspiracy and clubbed with
6
thousands clubs.
Albina
and
Wincenty
Migurscy were famous thank to spectacular attempt of escape
and death of the woman. Prince Roman Sanguszko, a great aristocrat walked on foot
and in handcuffs to Siberia;
Jan Molleson,
pictured by
Mickiewicz
in
Dziady
Part III
Summary
· 257
(as Rollison). And Jan Witkiewicz, a genius young man and great leader who tried to
push Russia to fatal war with England, and he almost did it.
As we can see, during their every-day life the exiles formed the ethos of Poles on
Siberia, but their also dreamt about the heroic ethos, creating the legends about the
remarkable Poles.
Translated by
Stefania Skowron-Markowska
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Chrostek, Mariusz |
| author_facet | Chrostek, Mariusz |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Chrostek, Mariusz |
| author_variant | m c mc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035653528 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK4349 |
| callnumber-raw | DK4349.3 |
| callnumber-search | DK4349.3 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 44349.3 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)456668525 (DE-599)BVBBV035653528 |
| era | Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1800-1900 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800-1900 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen Russland |
| geographic_facet | Polen Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV035653528 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:42:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788387266622 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017708068 |
| oclc_num | 456668525 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 265 S. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Polskiego Tow. Ludoznawczego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Biblioteka zesłańca |
| series2 | Biblioteka zesłańca |
| spelling | Chrostek, Mariusz Verfasser aut Etos dziewiętnastowiecznych zesłańców Mariusz Chrostek Wrocław Polskiego Tow. Ludoznawczego 2008 265 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka zesłańca 21 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Ethos of exiles from 19th century Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1800-1900 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Politischer Gefangener Exiles Russia (Federation) Siberia History 19th century Polish people Russia History 19th century Political prisoners Poland History 19th century Sozialcharakter (DE-588)4055691-8 gnd rswk-swf Verbannter (DE-588)4708761-4 gnd rswk-swf Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen Russland Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Verbannter (DE-588)4708761-4 s Sozialcharakter (DE-588)4055691-8 s Geschichte 1800-1900 z DE-604 Biblioteka zesłańca 21 (DE-604)BV005530455 21 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017708068&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017708068&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Chrostek, Mariusz Etos dziewiętnastowiecznych zesłańców Biblioteka zesłańca Geschichte Politischer Gefangener Exiles Russia (Federation) Siberia History 19th century Polish people Russia History 19th century Political prisoners Poland History 19th century Sozialcharakter (DE-588)4055691-8 gnd Verbannter (DE-588)4708761-4 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055691-8 (DE-588)4708761-4 (DE-588)4046497-0 |
| title | Etos dziewiętnastowiecznych zesłańców |
| title_auth | Etos dziewiętnastowiecznych zesłańców |
| title_exact_search | Etos dziewiętnastowiecznych zesłańców |
| title_full | Etos dziewiętnastowiecznych zesłańców Mariusz Chrostek |
| title_fullStr | Etos dziewiętnastowiecznych zesłańców Mariusz Chrostek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Etos dziewiętnastowiecznych zesłańców Mariusz Chrostek |
| title_short | Etos dziewiętnastowiecznych zesłańców |
| title_sort | etos dziewietnastowiecznych zeslancow |
| topic | Geschichte Politischer Gefangener Exiles Russia (Federation) Siberia History 19th century Polish people Russia History 19th century Political prisoners Poland History 19th century Sozialcharakter (DE-588)4055691-8 gnd Verbannter (DE-588)4708761-4 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Politischer Gefangener Exiles Russia (Federation) Siberia History 19th century Polish people Russia History 19th century Political prisoners Poland History 19th century Sozialcharakter Verbannter Polen Volk Polen Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017708068&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017708068&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV005530455 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chrostekmariusz etosdziewietnastowiecznychzesłancow |