Case based reasoning research and development: 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings
Saved in:
| Format: | Conference Proceeding Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York, NY
Springer
2009
|
| Series: | Lecture notes in computer science
5650 : Lecture notes in artificial intelligence |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 526 S. graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783642029974 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV035640509 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20090806 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 090722s2009 xx d||| |||| 10||| eng d | ||
| 015 | |a 09,N26,0022 |2 dnb | ||
| 015 | |a 09,A30,0025 |2 dnb | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 994680368 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 9783642029974 |c kart. : EUR 69.50 (freier Pr.), sfr 101.00 (freier Pr.) |9 978-3-642-02997-4 | ||
| 024 | 3 | |a 9783642029974 | |
| 028 | 5 | 2 | |a 12717316 |
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)427321485 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)DNB994680368 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-706 |a DE-91G |a DE-83 |a DE-11 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a QA76.76.E95 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 006.333 |2 22/ger | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 006.333 |2 22//ger | |
| 084 | |a 004 |2 sdnb | ||
| 084 | |a DAT 706f |2 stub | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Case based reasoning research and development |b 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings |c Lorraine McGinty ... (ed.) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York, NY |b Springer |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 526 S. |b graph. Darst. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Lecture notes in computer science |v 5650 : Lecture notes in artificial intelligence | |
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Fallbasiertes Schließen - Kongress - Seattle <Wash., 2009> | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Künstliche Intelligenz | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Artificial intelligence |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Case-based reasoning |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Expert systems (Computer science) |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Fallbasiertes Schließen |0 (DE-588)4363288-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)1071861417 |a Konferenzschrift |y 2009 |z Seattle Wash. |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Fallbasiertes Schließen |0 (DE-588)4363288-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a McGinty, Lorraine |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 711 | 2 | |a International Conference on Case Based Reasoning |n 8 |d 2009 |c Seattle, Wash. |j Sonstige |0 (DE-588)16014494-2 |4 oth | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Lecture notes in computer science |v 5650 : Lecture notes in artificial intelligence |w (DE-604)BV000000607 |9 5650 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017695307&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017695307 | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1820875135456903168 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
TABLE OF CONTENTS INVITED TALKS WE'RE WISER TOGETHER 1 SUSAN CRAW BLACK
SWANS, GRAY CYGNETS AND OTHER RARE BIRDS 6 EDWINA L. RISSLAND
THEORETICAL/METHODOLOGICAL RESEARCH PAPERS CASE RETRIEVAL REUSE NET
(CR2N): AN ARCHITECTURE FOR REUSE OF TEXTUAL SOLUTIONS 14 IBRAHIM
ADEYANJU, NIRMALIE WIRATUNGA, ROBERT LOTHIAN, SOMAYAJULU SRIPADA, AND
LUC LAMONTAGNE CASE-BASED REASONING IN TRANSFER LEARNING 29 DAVID W.
AHA, MATTHEW MOLINEAUX, AND GITA SUKTHANKAR TOWARD MODELING AND TEACHING
LEGAL CASE-BASED ADAPTATION WITH EXPERT EXAMPLES 45 KEVIN ASHLEY, COLLIN
LYNCH, NIELS PINKWART, AND VINCENT ALEVEN OPPORTUNISTIC ADAPTATION
KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY 60 FADI BADRA, AMELIE CORDIER, AND JEAN LIEBER
IMPROVING REINFORCEMENT LEARNING BY USING CASE BASED HEURISTICS 75
REINALDO A.C. BIANCHI, RAQUEL ROS, AND RAMON LOPEZ DE MANTARAS
DIMENSIONS OF CASE-BASED REASONER QUALITY MANAGEMENT 90 ANNETT BIERER
AND MARCUS HOFMANN BELIEF MERGING-BASED CASE COMBINATION 105 JULIEN
COJAN AND JEAN LIEBER MAINTENANCE BY A COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS: THE MACE
APPROACH TO CASE-BASE MAINTENANCE 120 LISA CUMMINS AND DEREK BRIDGE THE
GOOD, THE BAD AND THE INCORRECTLY CLASSIFIED: PROFILING CASES FOR
CASE-BASE EDITING 135 SARAH BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/994680368 DIGITALISIERT DURCH XII TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOUR HEADS ARE BETTER THAN ONE: COMBINING SUGGESTIONS FOR CASE
ADAPTATION 165 DAVID LEAKE AND JOSEPH KENDALL-MORWICK ADAPTATION VERSUS
RETRIEVAL TRADE-OFF REVISITED: AN ANALYSIS OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 180
STEPHEN LEE-URBAN AND HECTOR MUNOZ-AVILA BOOSTING CBR AGENTS WITH
GENETIC ALGORITHMS 195 BEATRIZ LOPEZ, CARLES POUS, ALBERT PIA, AND PABLO
GAY USING META-REASONING TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF CASE-BASED
PLANNING 210 MANISH MEHTA, SANTIAGO ONTANON, AND ASHWIN RAM MULTI-LEVEL
ABSTRACTIONS AND MULTI-DIMENSIONAL RETRIEVAL OF CASES WITH TIME SERIES
FEATURES 225 STEFANIA MONTANI, ALESSIO BOTTRIGHI, GIORGIO LEONARDI,
LUIGI PORTINALE, AND PAOLO TERENZIANI ON SIMILARITY MEASURES BASED ON A
REFINEMENT LATTICE 240 SANTIAGO ONTANON AND ENRIC PLAZA AN OVERVIEW OF
THE DETERMINISTIC DYNAMIC ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY (DDAM) MODEL FOR CASE
REPRESENTATION AND RETRIEVAL 256 STEFAN PANTAZI ROBUST MEASURES OF
COMPLEXITY IN TCBR 270 M.A. RAGHUNANDAN, SUTANU CHAKRABORTI, AND DEEPAK
KHEMANI S-LEARNING: A MODEL-FREE, CASE-BASED ALGORITHM FOR ROBOT
LEARNING AND CONTROL 285 BRANDON ROHRER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT BASED ON
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING AND FEATURE WEIGHTING FOR A CRITIQUING-BASED
RECOMMENDER 298 MARIA TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII CONSTRAINT-BASED CASE-BASED
PLANNING USING WEIGHTED MAX-SAT 374 HANKUI ZHUO, QIANG YANG, AND LEI LI
APPLIED RESEARCH PAPERS A VALUE SUPPLEMENTATION METHOD FOR CASE BASES
WITH INCOMPLETE INFORMATION 389 KERSTIN BACH, MEIKE REICHLE, AND
KLAUS-DIETER ALTHOFF EFFICIENTLY IMPLEMENTING EPISODIC MEMORY 403 NATE
DERBINSKY AND JOHN E. LAIRD INTEGRATION OF A METHODOLOGY FOR
CLUSTER-BASED RETRIEVAL IN JCOLIBRI. 418 ALBERT FORNELLS, JUAN
ANTONIO REDO-GARCIA, BELEN DIAZ-AGUDO, ELISABET GOLOBARDES, AND EDUARD
FORNELLS CASE-BASED COLLECTIVE INFERENCE FOR MARITIME OBJECT
CLASSIFICATION 434 KALYAN MOY GUPTA, DAVID W. AHA, AND PHILIP MOORE
CASE-BASED REASONING FOR SITUATION-AWARE AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE: A
HOSPITAL WARD EVALUATION STUDY 450 ANDERS KOFOD-PETERSEN AND AGNAR
AAMODT SPATIAL EVENT PREDICTION BY COMBINING VALUE FUNCTION
APPROXIMATION AND CASE-BASED REASONING 465 HUA LI, HECTOR MUNOZ-AVILA,
DIANE BRAMSEN, CHAD HOGG, AND RAFAEL ALONSO CASE-BASED SUPPORT FOR
FORESTRY DECISIONS: HOW TO SEE THE WOOD FROM THE TREES 479 CONOR NUGENT,
DEREK BRIDGE, GLEN MURPHY, AND BERNT-HAVARD 0YEN A CASE-BASED
PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL WEB SEARCH 494 BARRY SMYTH, PETER BRIGGS, MAURICE
COYLE, AND MICHAEL P. O'MAHONY DETERMININ |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035640509 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QA76 |
| callnumber-raw | QA76.76.E95 |
| callnumber-search | QA76.76.E95 |
| callnumber-sort | QA 276.76 E95 |
| callnumber-subject | QA - Mathematics |
| classification_rvk | SS 4800 |
| classification_tum | DAT 706f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)427321485 (DE-599)DNB994680368 |
| dewey-full | 006.333 |
| dewey-hundreds | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| dewey-ones | 006 - Special computer methods |
| dewey-raw | 006.333 |
| dewey-search | 006.333 |
| dewey-sort | 16.333 |
| dewey-tens | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| discipline | Informatik |
| format | Conference Proceeding Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV035640509</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20090806</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">090722s2009 xx d||| |||| 10||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="015" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">09,N26,0022</subfield><subfield code="2">dnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="015" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">09,A30,0025</subfield><subfield code="2">dnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="016" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">994680368</subfield><subfield code="2">DE-101</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783642029974</subfield><subfield code="c">kart. : EUR 69.50 (freier Pr.), sfr 101.00 (freier Pr.)</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-642-02997-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783642029974</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="028" ind1="5" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">12717316</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)427321485</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)DNB994680368</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-706</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-91G</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">QA76.76.E95</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">006.333</subfield><subfield code="2">22/ger</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">006.333</subfield><subfield code="2">22//ger</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">004</subfield><subfield code="2">sdnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DAT 706f</subfield><subfield code="2">stub</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Case based reasoning research and development</subfield><subfield code="b">8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings</subfield><subfield code="c">Lorraine McGinty ... (ed.)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York, NY</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer</subfield><subfield code="c">2009</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XIII, 526 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">graph. Darst.</subfield><subfield code="c">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Lecture notes in computer science</subfield><subfield code="v">5650 : Lecture notes in artificial intelligence</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Literaturangaben</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Fallbasiertes Schließen - Kongress - Seattle <Wash., 2009></subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Künstliche Intelligenz</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Artificial intelligence</subfield><subfield code="v">Congresses</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Case-based reasoning</subfield><subfield code="v">Congresses</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Expert systems (Computer science)</subfield><subfield code="v">Congresses</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Fallbasiertes Schließen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4363288-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1071861417</subfield><subfield code="a">Konferenzschrift</subfield><subfield code="y">2009</subfield><subfield code="z">Seattle Wash.</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Fallbasiertes Schließen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4363288-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">McGinty, Lorraine</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="711" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">International Conference on Case Based Reasoning</subfield><subfield code="n">8</subfield><subfield code="d">2009</subfield><subfield code="c">Seattle, Wash.</subfield><subfield code="j">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)16014494-2</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Lecture notes in computer science</subfield><subfield code="v">5650 : Lecture notes in artificial intelligence</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV000000607</subfield><subfield code="9">5650</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">DNB Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017695307&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017695307</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2009 Seattle Wash. gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2009 Seattle Wash. |
| id | DE-604.BV035640509 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-10T15:10:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)16014494-2 |
| isbn | 9783642029974 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017695307 |
| oclc_num | 427321485 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-706 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-83 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-706 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-83 DE-11 |
| physical | XIII, 526 S. graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Lecture notes in computer science |
| series2 | Lecture notes in computer science |
| spelling | Case based reasoning research and development 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings Lorraine McGinty ... (ed.) Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York, NY Springer 2009 XIII, 526 S. graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Lecture notes in computer science 5650 : Lecture notes in artificial intelligence Literaturangaben Fallbasiertes Schließen - Kongress - Seattle <Wash., 2009> Künstliche Intelligenz Artificial intelligence Congresses Case-based reasoning Congresses Expert systems (Computer science) Congresses Fallbasiertes Schließen (DE-588)4363288-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2009 Seattle Wash. gnd-content Fallbasiertes Schließen (DE-588)4363288-9 s DE-604 McGinty, Lorraine Sonstige oth International Conference on Case Based Reasoning 8 2009 Seattle, Wash. Sonstige (DE-588)16014494-2 oth Lecture notes in computer science 5650 : Lecture notes in artificial intelligence (DE-604)BV000000607 5650 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017695307&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Case based reasoning research and development 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings Lecture notes in computer science Fallbasiertes Schließen - Kongress - Seattle <Wash., 2009> Künstliche Intelligenz Artificial intelligence Congresses Case-based reasoning Congresses Expert systems (Computer science) Congresses Fallbasiertes Schließen (DE-588)4363288-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4363288-9 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Case based reasoning research and development 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings |
| title_auth | Case based reasoning research and development 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings |
| title_exact_search | Case based reasoning research and development 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings |
| title_full | Case based reasoning research and development 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings Lorraine McGinty ... (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Case based reasoning research and development 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings Lorraine McGinty ... (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Case based reasoning research and development 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings Lorraine McGinty ... (ed.) |
| title_short | Case based reasoning research and development |
| title_sort | case based reasoning research and development 8th international conference on case based reasoning iccbr 2009 seattle wa usa july 20 23 2009 proceedings |
| title_sub | 8th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2009 Seattle, WA, USA, July 20 - 23, 2009 ; proceedings |
| topic | Fallbasiertes Schließen - Kongress - Seattle <Wash., 2009> Künstliche Intelligenz Artificial intelligence Congresses Case-based reasoning Congresses Expert systems (Computer science) Congresses Fallbasiertes Schließen (DE-588)4363288-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fallbasiertes Schließen - Kongress - Seattle <Wash., 2009> Künstliche Intelligenz Artificial intelligence Congresses Case-based reasoning Congresses Expert systems (Computer science) Congresses Fallbasiertes Schließen Konferenzschrift 2009 Seattle Wash. |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017695307&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000000607 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mcgintylorraine casebasedreasoningresearchanddevelopment8thinternationalconferenceoncasebasedreasoningiccbr2009seattlewausajuly20232009proceedings AT internationalconferenceoncasebasedreasoningseattlewash casebasedreasoningresearchanddevelopment8thinternationalconferenceoncasebasedreasoningiccbr2009seattlewausajuly20232009proceedings |