Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem: wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Poznań
Wydawn. Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk
2008
|
| Series: | Prace Komisji Archeologicznej
25 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | PST: Early mediaeval settlements in Markowice near Poznań. - Literaturverz. S. 277 - [294]. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 299 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9788370635565 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Pawlak, Ewa |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1212865634 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem |b wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego |c Ewa Pawlak ; Paweł Pawlak |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Early mediaeval settlements in Markowice near Poznań |
| 264 | 1 | |a Poznań |b Wydawn. Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 299 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Prace Komisji Archeologicznej |v 25 | |
| 500 | |a PST: Early mediaeval settlements in Markowice near Poznań. - Literaturverz. S. 277 - [294]. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 500-1300 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Funde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Antiquities, Prehistoric |z Poland |z Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archaeology, Medieval |z Poland |z Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) |z Poland |z Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Polen | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie, Poland) |x Antiquities | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Markowice |g Powiat Poznański |0 (DE-588)7683368-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Siedlung |0 (DE-588)4054858-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 500-1300 |A z |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Pawlak, Paweł |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1212866223 |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
................................................................ 7
Część
I.
Starsze fazy wczesnego średniowiecza
(VII-VIII
w.)
1.
Pozostałości zabudowy, rozplanowanie osady
.................................. 11
2.
Źródła ruchome
...................................................... 27
2.1.
Naczynia gliniane
.................................................. 27
2.2.Inne wyroby z gliny
................................................ 64
2.3.
Przedmioty z kości i poroża
........................................... 66
2.4.
Przedmioty metalowe
............................................... 69
2.5.
Przedmioty kamienne
............................................... 70
2.6.
Wytwory z drewna
................................................. 70
2.7.Inne
........................................................... 71
3.
Chronologia osady w świetle analiz archeologicznych, dendrologicznych i radiowęglowych oraz
uwagi ogólne
....................................................... 72
4.
Osada markowicka na tle osadnictwa z najwcześniejszych faz wczesnego średniowiecza w central¬
nej Wielkopolsce
..................................................... 77
Aneks
1.
Wyniki badań dendrochronologicznych {Marek Krąpiec)
...................... 79
Aneks
2.
Raport z wykonania datowań C-14 oprawki rogowej (inw. 269/2000/W) z obiektu
A3
z Mar¬
kowie, stanowisko
26
w Poznańskim Laboratorium Radiowęglowym (Tomasz
Goslar)....... 81
Aneks
3.
Analiza zwierzęcych szczątków kostnych (Piotr Pachulski)
.................... 82
Aneks
4.
Odciski tkanin na dnach naczyń (Andrzej Sikorski)
......................... 88
Część
II.
Młodsze fazy wczesnego średniowiecza
(ΧΙΙ-ΧΠ/ΧΙΙΙ
w.)
1.
Pozostałości osadnicze z młodszych faz wczesnego średniowiecza
.................... 141
2.
Zabytki ruchome
..................................................... 145
2.1.Naczynia gliniane
.................................................. 145
2.2.Irme wyroby z gliny
................................................ 155
2.3.
Przedmioty kamienne
............................................... 156
2.4.
Przedmioty metalowe
................................................ 156
3.
Chronologia
........................................................ 158
Część III. Pozostałości osadnictwa pradziejowego, późnośredniowiecznego i nowożytnego
1.
Osadnictwo ludności kultury pucharów lejkowatych z fazy wczesnowióreckiej (Danuta Prinke)
179
1.1
Źródła nieruchome kultury pucharów lejkowatych
............................ 179
1.2.
Dane ilościowe i rozprzestrzenienie źródeł ceramicznych kultury pucharów lejkowatych
... 179
1.3.
Analiza ceramiki kultury pucharów lejkowatych
.............................. 182
1.4.
Podsumowanie
.................................................... 187
2.
Pozostałości osadnictwa ludności kultury łużyckiej i pomorskiej
....., . . ,......... .
1
88
2.1.
Obiekty mieszkalne
................................................. 188
2.2.Obiekty gospodarcze
................................................ 190
2.3.
Uwagi ogólne
.................................................... 192
2.4.Ceramika
....................................................... 192
2.5.
Pozostałe źródła
................................................... 208
2.6.Datowanie osadnictwa i uwagi końcowe
................................... 209
3.
Materiały krzemienne (Jacek Kabaciński)
.................................... 210
4.
Materiały z późnego średniowiecza i nowożytności
.............................. 211
4.1.
Obiekty
........................................................ 211
4.2.Ceramika
....................................................... 212
Katalog obiektów
........................................................ 251
Bibliografía
............................................................ 277
Summary .............................................................
295
EARLY MEDIAEVAL SETTLEMENTS IN MARKOWICE NEAR
POZNAŃ
including the remains of primaeval settlement
Ewa Pawlak, Paweł Pawlak
Stand
26
in Markowice was discovered and thoroughly studied in connection with the construction of A
-2
highway. It is located
about
20
km east of
Poznań,
700
m
west of the road leading from Markowice to
Węgierskie
and
Kostrzyn,
in the nearest vicinity
of an unnamed stream, constituting the axis of a valley, poorly
discernable
in the landscape. The stand is located in the area be¬
tween the said stream and an upland slightly advancing into it. During the studies conducted by
Pracownia
Archeologiczno-Konserwatorska (Archeological and Conservation Center) from
Poznań,
385
objects were recorded, which form
the remains of settlements from the Neolithic Age, Bronze Age, early Iron Age and the early Middle Ages.
CHAPTER I
—
EARLIER PHASES OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (7TH-8TH C.)
1.
Remains of buildings and layout of the settlement
Archeological studies led to the discovery of a southern part of the settlement from an earlier phase of the early Middle Ages,
whose expanse can be linked to site
26 —
its larger
(?),
northern part was located in the zone between the investment area and a
small watercourse, approximately
200
m
away from the site (fig.
1).
The eastern part of the same settlement was included for ex¬
cavations as part of site
21,
conducted by
Ośrodek Naukowo-Konserwatorski
PKZ-Research and Conservatory Center
(D. Jankowska, E.
Krause,
D.
Żychliński,
P. Pachulski
2006).
In the course of excavations,
173
objects were unearthed (on sites
21-114),
namely few post-pillar holes,
3
wells and usually shallow dens of different dimensions, falling within the range of
0.44-
-29
m2, scattered quite evenly over the entire area where the excavations were conducted
(2.49
ha). The greater majority of ob¬
jects in vertical section were shaped like a shallow trough, with horizontally shaped bottom, with a filled pit in the form of dark
brown or black-brown humus, containing charcoal and burnt-out stones. They have been interpreted as hollows, placed below the
useful level, indicating, at least in some of the cases, the location of the building, however, not being able to provide enough infor¬
mation for reconstruction of the dimensions and shapes of the residential spaces. Only a small part of the dens
—
due to their
very small dimensions and irregular or visibly trough-like horizontal section
—
were excluded from the group of objects possi¬
bly serving a residential function. More than
94%
of the total number of objects are the ones whose surface area does not exceed
13
m
,
although the vast majority range between
1
and
8.9
m2; an average depth was about
0.22
m, and, taking into account the
thickness of humus
—
no less than
0.7
m. The comparison of the area of unearthed relics enabled researchers to isolate the
groups of the greatest
(1.1-8
m2), average
(8.1-13
m2) and the lowest frequency
(0.1-1
and
13.1-29
m2), however, in our opinion,
this cannot determine the arbitrary definition of the function of particular structures. Undoubtedly, the homesteads B2, B4/5 and
B20/9 occupied an exceptional place in the structure of the settlement in
Markowice,
as they formed a dominating complex, at
least with regard to dimensions. Apparently, both with regard to their dimensions and a varied residential space, they are unlike
standard structures considered as residential ones, which, in combination with their central location may be a basis for presuming
that the residents of those houses could have played an exceptional role. The concentration of stones was noted only in several ob¬
jects, which indicates an original placement of a hearth (A135,
В
128,
BUO);
in the remaining dens, in which the burnt-out stones
constituted an important element of a filled pit
(A3,
A60,
В
102,
В
103,
Bl
15),
and which, due to their dimensions and depression
may not be considered as the so-called free-standing hearths, we are most likely dealing with elongated heating structures. In the
case of residential structures, apart from the simplest hut-like wall structures, we can adopt the occurrence of pillar and grille-like
construction, the use of which has been confirmed by the presence of the wells unearthed on the site.
Three wells were discovered in the settlement of Markowice:
В
172,
В
170
and E3. Archaeologist uncovered a wooden struc¬
ture of one of them
—
its lower part, dendrologically dated from
685
AD, had a box-like construction, whereas the upper one,
which subsequently underwent repairs
—
in
703
AD, a grille-like construction. The two wells
(522
and
519)
on site
21
lacked
295
any structure at all, two
(171
and
520)
were constructed as vertical frame structures (composed of vertical posts and horizontal
bars) and one
(525)
as a box-like structure (D. Jankowska, E.
Krause,
D.
Żychliński,
P. Pachulski
2006).
The remains of metallur¬
gical activity of the inhabitants of the settlement constitute:
23
clinkers discovered on site
26
and
38,
three
(3)
fragments of a cast¬
ing casserole and an iron billet unearthed on site
21,
solely in the zone directly adjacent to the area covered by archaeological ex¬
cavations conducted by
PAK.
The settlement discovered on site
26
and
21
in Markowice undoubtedly ranks among the largest of such discoveries in the
western Slavic lands, at least considering the materials that have been published so far. The total length of the strip where the rel¬
ics of early Slav settlement were discovered is
660
m, although two clusters are visible referring approximately to sites
26
and
21/27
(fig.
1, 2).
Both sites are located along the stream, on a slight, almost unnoticeable hillock and it is very tempting to com¬
bine them into one settlement. The analysis of placement of the objects makes us rather inclined to adopt the concept which pre¬
sumes the existence of two settlements, however, we are not completely rejecting the other possibility. A significant concentration
of relics on site
26,
testifies to an intensive use of the settlement, in which several dozen houses must have existed simultaneously.
The structures that might be considered as the remains of buildings were reported within the entire area of the site, less so on the
outskirts of the settlement. Here, mostly the structures serving economic purposes were clustered, including all wells (compare
fig.
2).
A large concentration of settlement relics almost makes it impossible to reconstruct its inner layout, although it can be as¬
sumed that the strips along which the objects were placed, visible on the outskirts, in the less intensely settled zone, (site
21
and
the southern part of site
26),
indicate a street-like organization of space. This layout underwent certain deviations conditioned by
the formation of land, recreating, possibly, a knee , which was formed by a currently small stream along which the settlement
was developing.
2.
Movable sources
The earlier phase of early mediaeval settlement on site
26
in Markowice is represented by a collection of fragments of vessels
numbered at
5517
taxonomie
units, originating from the filled pits of
194
objects
(5243
fragments
— 95.03%)
and the surface of
excavations
(274
fragments
— 4.97%).
Within the analysed collection of earthenware there are fragments of:
598
brims
(10.83%
of the total collection),
4580
bellies
(83.02%), 331
bottoms
(6%)
and
8
vessels whose shape was entirely reconstructed.
The most commonly used admixture was granite broken stone found in the entire collection. Sand was reported in
4.29%,
whereas gravel
—
in only
0.34%.
Most represented are the potter s masses thinned with medium-grain admixture (group
В
—
1-3
mm)
— 81.42%,
with an almost equal share of small-grain admixture (group A
—
<1 mm:
8.15%)
and coarse-grain (group
С
— 3-5
mm:
9.05%).
The occurrence of admixture of a very coarse broken stone with particles larger than
5
mm (group D)
shall be regarded as marginal
(1.38%).
Most often
(56.25%)
we encounter earthenware with a very significant share of thinning
element (several dozen percent of a potter s mass), mainly in the form of broken stone. In this collection the fragments of vessels
with coarse texture on both surfaces and an admixture on them (sometimes coarse-grained) prevailed. In the analysed collection, a
significant part forms earthenware containing a large amount of admixture
(33.72%),
whereas a definitely smaller one
—
me¬
dium admixture
(8.65%).
For the purpose of comparison, the main features of admixtures were juxtaposed
—
the admixtures of
various, quite numerous collections stemming solely from the
14
objects under study (table
6, 8).
The entire analyzed collection of
earthenware fragments originates from the vessels made by kneading from rolls or tapes
(comp.
Z. Hilczerówna
1960,
p.
46).
The
way of shaping was apparent in the sections next to the bottom. On
22
fragments of the bottoms, six
(6)
types of joints between the
vessel s base and its wall were noticed, which has been presented in table
2.
On the external surfaces of the bottoms, the remains
connected with the formation process were recorded. Most often there occur the traces of ash filling, sand, broken stone, organic
remains and, seldom, gravel. On
6
bottoms originating from objects C27, B29, B60, B90, C21 and C22 the imprints of fabric were
noted
(comp.
photo
41
:a-c). Undoubtedly, the presence of imprints of an axis observed on
8
bottoms, must be related to the use of
a potter s wheel (Fig.
5:10; 28:2; 33:7-8).
On the basis of the analysis of brims, the technique of forming vessels was determined.
It has been concluded that
27.2%
of earthenware represents artefacts totally moulded by hand, whereas
72.8% —
is turned earth¬
enware. An important feature connected with the technique of moulding vessels is the thickness of their walls. Thin-walled earth¬
enware (category A
—
<0.7 cm) constitutes about
11.5%,
whereas thick-wall earthenware (category
С
and
D
combined
—
> 1.3-24.86%
and
28.54%
the articles of earthenware of known thickness).
(10.72%)
and belly-shaped fragments (approx.
24%),
with similar, as in class B, frequency of bottoms (somewhat
21%).
The differences are best manifested in the series of earthen¬
ware with very thick walls (class D), which contains about
1%
of all brims,
1.83% —
belly-shaped fragments, but as much as
20.65%
of all bottoms
(comp.
table
11).
The conditions of baking are testified by: the structure of wall fractures and the colour of
both surfaces. Most numerously represented is earthenware with a multilayered (multicolour) section
—
two-colour
(41.09%),
or less often
—
three-colour
(21.56%).
Fragments of utensils with one-colour fracture represent about
27%.
In the case of a tenth
part of the collection, defining the structure of the section proved impossible (table
12).
The baking colour, in the case of external
surfaces of utensils, reflects decidedly its oxidizing atmosphere (cream, tawny, brick-red tint), less often reductive (grey, black
tint). Baking was probably conducted in open hearths
(comp.
Z. Hilczerówna
1963,
p.
321;
M.
Parczewski
1988a, p.
30),
which
can be attested by the presented juxtapositions of colours of both surfaces of utensils, among which the oxidized ones dominate.
As far as the shape of the brims of vessels is concerned,
13
types, in all, have been isolated, marked as I—
XIII
(table
4).
A ty¬
pological classification was possible in the collection of
585
brims, which constitutes
96.5%
of the entire set. Morphological anal¬
ysis was done on the basis of the description of the vessels shape, for which a partial and complete reconstruction was performed.
With regard to form,
15
types of vessels have been distinguished in total, designated with uppercase letters of the alphabet: A-M
as well as
В
1
and LI (table
4-5).
Types
А
-K
and Bl are represented by pots, which in the collection of all fragments of brims,
296
bottoms and the vessels whose form was completely reconstructed, constitute as much as
99%.
Types L, LI and M, separated on
the basis of the shapes of all brims and bottoms constitute a total of
1%.
These are fragments of small cups, a plate and possibly
bowls and/or vases. The size of vessels was varied
—
the greatest number
(75.36%)
constitute medium-sized vessels (brim s di¬
ameter:
12-22
cm
—
graph
6), 6.17% —
small vessels represented by the brims whose diameters ranged from
7-11
cm. The di¬
ameters of the brims of large and very large vessels are within the range of
23
to
36
cm. These containers form a total of
9%
(graph
6).
Ornament was confirmed on
48
fragments of utensils, which constitutes only
0.87%
of all earthenware. Apart from four
cases, we encounter an ornament made solely by a comb in the form of notches (fig.
15:6; 17:6; 24:4; 26:11; 41:5;
photo
Зб .а
-h,
j), combination of circuitous notches with a wavy line, singular or multiple, placed in one or several stripes (fig.
5:6; 11:9; 14:8;
23:5; 25:8; 34:5; 37:9, 11; 44:5).
Another group is made up by different variations of wavy lines, usually multiple, sometimes in
several stripes but occurring separately
—
devoid of any other forms of ornamentation (fig.
5:3, 8; 15:7-8; 23:4; 26:1; 31:9;
37:4; 37:10; 40:11; 41:6; 43:7).
Wavy lines
—
singular and multiple
—
also appear in a combination with punctures (fig.
26:4;
42:11).
On a different fragment, below the stripe of multiple wavy lines, slantingly crossing multiple lines were recorded which
created a sort of a rhomboidal grid (fig.
29:6).
On a vessel, whose major part was uncovered from the object
В
160,
there is an or¬
nament in the shape of a regular, rectangular grid made with a comb and covering approximately a half of the container s surface
(fig.
36:12).
Moreover, one must mention vertical zigzag lines located on the belly-shaped fragment of one of the vessels from site
A3
(fig.
5:4),
which can be interpreted as a representation of lightnings. Among other types of ornaments, there was a motif of cir¬
cles conducted with a pipe (object C2
—
fig.
40:12;
photo 36:c). In the opinion of M.
Parczewski
(1988a, pp.
68-69;
1988b, p.
101)
the motif of a round stamp shall not, most likely, be linked with the earliest stages of the early Slav culture. Finally, one must
mention an artistic ornament in the form of horizontal rolls placed, most likely, in the neck s zone (object B47
—
fig.
27:5).
Apart from the artefacts made of clay, few artefacts made of other materials were unearthed: a bronze forehead bow (B102;
fig.
33:5;
photo 39:a), two fragments of scythes (site B49 and
СП;
fig.
28:4; 42:8;
photo 39:g), knives (site B32, B33, B98 and
C21; fig.
24:2;
photo 39:f;
24:3; 43:2),
unidentified iron bars (site B81, B172, C2, C6, E3; fig.
30:6; 40:16; 42:13; 46:4),
iron slag
(comp.
table
1),
a cylindrical horn handle, ornamented almost on the entire surface with lines creating a dense rhomboidal grid
(site
A3;
fig.
5:5;
photo 40:a), a bone spike (site B103; fig.
34:2;
photo 40:b), an object resembling in form the so-called ornamen¬
tal horns (fig.
7:8),
wooden bucket s staves (site B172; fig.
39:6)
and fragments of a yoke (object E3; fig.
46:5), 2
small lumps of
amber (object A101; photo 38:h), stone whetstones (object B158, B173, C13, C21, C27; fig.
17:7; 19:4; 42:6; 43:10; 44:9;
photo
38:a,
с
-d,
f), polishers (object B152, C14; fig.
37:5; 42:12)
and grinders (object A130, A135, B35, B78, Bl
15
and B170; fig.
15:2;
31:10).
3.
Chronology of the settlement
The greatest significance in determining the origin of the unearthed part of the settlement, had earthenware, because of very nu¬
merous finds, as well as the results of a dendrochronological and radiocarbon analyses. Among the archaic features of earthen¬
ware, apart from moulding without the use of a potter s wheel, there are the brims of type I and the majority of the forms of type
III, moreover, the vessels of type A and
В
as well as some forms of types
/
and J. Progressive features can be linked with: turning
of vessels, the signs of imprints of the wheel s axis, ornamentation (taking into account the territorial scope), and additionally the
occurrence of brims, especially of type II, XI, some examples of type
XII
(the two latter examples presented in table
4)
and the
majority of the brims of type Xllla. Additionally, the vessels of type:
E, F, H, L
and LI. On the basis of the mentioned features
(comp.
table
8),
two groups of artefacts have been distinguished, confronting this distinction with the conclusions obtained as a re¬
sult of natural science analyses. With regard to well B172, considered by us as originating from the first stage of the settlement ex¬
istence, these analyses confirmed our presumptions, (dates 685AD and 703AD). The analysis 14C yielded a surprising result. It
was conducted for a horn handle from site
A3,
where
52
fragments
of earthenware were excavated (all
3
brims from vessels that
were partly turned, ornamentation on
4
belly-shaped fragments, fig.
5)
with progressive features, which formed a basis for cate¬
gorizing this site to the second phase. It must be mentioned that the obtained dates fall within the period 530AD-650AD (with
probability
95.4%) —
even if we assume that the handle was brought to the settlement after some time following its manufac¬
ture, site
A3
should be recategorized to the first phase. It is of vital importance for the earlier attempts at differentiating the age of
the sites as „older and „younger and demonstrates fallacy of an analysis making use of individual elements in dating earthen¬
ware, and consequently, making attempts at periodization based on a usual rhythm of changes from simpler artefacts to more com¬
plex ones from the point of view of technique and style. Perhaps the sources discovered in Markowce will contribute to a different
reception of the earliest stage of early Middle Ages in Great Poland, as a period identified with a poor and uniform cultural pic¬
ture. Undoubtedly, some of the phenomena ascribed to the subsequent late-tribal period, can be associated, although on a smaller
scale, with earlier times. As regards dating, quite important, in our opinion, is the context of finds
—
it is about the size of a set¬
tlement and the number of buildings, because in the case of larger settlements, among which the one in Markowice must be reck¬
oned, we can assume that the inhabitants were more diversified in their social and economic status. It was related to, for example,
a possibility of farther (broader) contacts between individual members of such a community and the inhabitants of other, more or
less distant settlements. An effect of such a phenomena could have been an earlier reception of some elements of culture, includ¬
ing the ones that highlighted the status of their users. It can be concluded that the conclusions arrived at on the basis of the study of
earthenware collections should be treated very cautiously, because, as seen on the example of object
A3,
the occurrence of such
features as: turning or its lack, ornament or its lack, the way in which the surface was finished, „archaic form , or a progressive
one , need not always or almost always determine the age of the collection ( older or younger ). It is also evidenced by material
originating from other sites dated by means of natural methods.
297
Thus, on the basis of the presented analysis of movable material and taking into consideration the methods of natural science,
the earliest date of functioning of the settlement can be established to be around
mid-őth
с,
whereas the closing date for the
h
с
APPENDICES
The results of dendrochronological studies
(Marek Krąpiec)
17
samples of wood from the well
В
172
were taken for dendrological and dendrochronological analysis
—
the following sam¬
ples were found:
5
samples of alder,
4
samples of oak,
4
of elm,
2
of poplar and
1
sample of birch and ash. The samples of oak,
elm and ash fulfilled the requirements of the dendrochronological method. As a result of measurements, dendrochronological se¬
quences were obtained containing
43
to
113
annual growths. Absolute dating was conducted on the basis of regional
dendrochronological norms elaborated for the oak of Great Poland (M.
Krąpiec
1998).
Two samples of oak wood, owing to the occurrence of albumous layer can be dated from the
80s
of the 7th century
—
one of
them (MARK24) comes from an oak axed in
685
AD. Another absolute date has been established for sample PZN301, originating
from a tree felled between autumn
702
and early spring
703
AD.
The study of animal bone remains
(Piotr Pachulski)
Bone material that underwent analysis comes from selected residential structures dated from the early stage of the early Middle
Ages and does not form the entirety of the unearthed bone material from this site. The analyzed collection contained
4268
osteologic
units. Of this number, species affiliation was established and defined for
2010
remains, which constituted
47%.
The
fragments of bones of domestic-bred mammals formed the greatest majority among the mentioned remains
(99%),
whereas the re¬
mains of wild mammals only
1%
of the collection. Also birds were recognized in the studied material/They constituted
0.6%
of
the collection. In the first group, the majority of bone remains belonged to cattle (which was slaughtered between
24
months of
age and
7
years), than pig (slaughtered between
10
months of age and
5
years), sheep/goat, horse, wild mammals and birds (graph
1).
The recorded situation, confirming the prevalence of cattle bones is not characteristic for this period
—
usually in the settle¬
ments from this period an even or greater number of pigs as compared to cattle is
discernable.
The significance of cattle in breed¬
ing may have resulted from the exploitation of this species for farming jobs, as beasts of draught or burden. Typically farming-ori¬
ented economy, which is reflected in the type of settlement, facilitated breeding, and precisely minimized the problems with
feeding big ruminants, which can graze in grasslands as well as in the stubbles.
Imprints of fabric on the bottoms of vessels
(Andrzej Sikorski)
It has proved, not for the first time, that on clay containers there remained imprints of fabrics and non-woven artefacts, which
were used in a potter s shop. More or less visible negatives, which can be discerned on
3
fragments of the bottoms brought for ex¬
pert examination, provide interesting material for considerations strictly connected with earthenware as well as textile
crañ.
De¬
spite deformation of the imprints, surface abrasions of the walls of earthenware artefacts, we dispose of a quite extensive group of
sources, which provide data on the manufacture of earthenware and
—
with inclusion of a conventional error
—
wovenware.
The obtained results can be interesting for several reasons:
/1/
on the
fragments
of bottoms from the 8th century, traces of smooth¬
ing (ramming?) of the foundation and bottom s edges with a wooden polisher covered with fabric were found; 111 on the basis of
density of threads it can be assumed that two different fabrics were imprinted;
/3/
woven fabric was linen woven
1/1; 141
the re¬
maining fabric imprints are an effect of final shaping of the foundation (and the walls) of a container, not of fabric spread on the
ground during the drying process in the shop;
151
those must have been rags of threadbare (worn) pieces of garment, which could
still be used for shaping containers.
CHAPTER II
—
EARLIER STAGES OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (12TH-12/13TH C.)
Early mediaeval settlement from phase
Б
on site
26
in Markowice represents
26
objects concentrated in its central part, on the area
with dimensions of
60
χ
70
m
(ca. 0.42
ha). Uncovered during the excavation works, characteristic
trapezoid
or rectangular (in
vertical section) structures, whose filled pits contained lumps of coarse mortar, charcoal and stones, during the analysis were con¬
sidered as the remains of cellars sunk into the ground. That these structures were used as warehouses is evidenced by numerous
groups of animal bones
—
their number in individual objects fluctuated from
23
(A6) to
160
(B165)
— 191
(B40). Their di¬
mensions varied significantly: the surface area of the smallest ones was
1
m2, the largest exceeded
8
m2. Within the group of
structures forming the remains of residential buildings there were: B27, B40, B41, B60/61 and B155/165
(12-23
m2), although it
298
aeons justified to include also other objects: A6, B18, B30, B41, B104, B157 and B175
(2.2-9.5
m2). Of greatest significance, in
considering the shapes and dimensions of the section above ground are the huts B60/61 and B155/165, in which two cellars were
registered in each hut
—
they must have been rectangular structures whose dimensions were no smaller than
16-23
m
,
oriented
along the N-S or
Е
-W
axis. In both cases, on the surface of the lumps of coarse mortar coming from these structures, bright-col¬
our deposit was noted which may be a sign of whitening the walls of residential buildings.
The group of the remaining objects (A15, A71-72, B87-88, B91, B156, B42) is composed of shallow hollows, typically at a
distance of
10
m
from the houses, occurring in larger groups or individually. Along with residential buildings they composed a
rather congested area of dimensions
60
χ
65
m.
The layout of relics recorded during excavation works may suggest several solu¬
tions with regard to the inner organization
—
the first one is a circular (oval) village, another one, in turn, a settlement developed
along one street, with buildings spreading parallelly to a watercourse flowing north of the village.
A much more numerous group of
118
artefacts, dated from the same period, was unearthed on the neighbouring site
21
in
Markowice (the distance dividing both collections equals
370-380
m). It seems impossible that two hamlets might have simul¬
taneously functioned in such a close vicinity, thus, it has been concluded that we are dealing with one hamlet, or rather one
group of people, which moved its seats (it is difficult to determine in what circumstances) to a new, not very distant location.
Great similarity of the material obtained from both sites makes it impossible to establish which of them should be considered as
occurring first.
Apart from earthenware, few isolated relics were excavated from the structures: a clay flywheel (object B41 and B157;
fig.
53:12, 57:4, 5;
photo
37:1),
belt clasps (object B157 and B40; fig.
53:4; 57:3; 58:1),
iron knives (object B42, B88 and B104;
fig.
56:3, 10; 59:4),
iron bow-shaped shears (object B40 and B57; fig.
53:3; 57:2),
unidentified iron bar (object B41; fig.
53:13),
lead lamella (object B74; fig.
61:9;
photo 39:b), stone whetstones (object A15 and B175; fig.
12:13; 61:7)
and stone grinder (ob¬
ject B175).
The period of the settlement s functioning in Markowice from the earlier stage of the early Middle Ages covers the period
from mid-12th until mid-nth century.
CHAPTER III
—
THE REMAINS OF PRIMEVAL, LATE MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN SETTLEMENT
1.
The settlements of the people of funnelbeaker culture from the early
wiórecka
phase
(Danuta
Prinke)
The remains of the settlement of the people of funnelbeaker culture in the form of two immovable structures and
165
fragments of
earthenware were identified on site
26
in Markowice. This discovery is found significant owing to the conventional dating of
earthenware sources. With much probability, it shall be classified among the traces hitherto unknown from this area, documenting
the early presence of funnelbeaker culture people also in Great Poland.
The presence of two structures (A28/A24 and A56), located in the vicinity, was evidenced only in the western section of the
site
—
researchers were unsuccessful in capturing stationary elements of landscape arrangement by the people of funnelbeaker
culture in the area of concentration of movable sources, where they could be well expected. This zone overlaps, however, with the
scope of intensive exploitation of the site by settlers in successive periods, destroying previous settlement layers.
From among
165
fragments of earthenware, obtained as a result of excavations,
144
fragments originate from the surface part,
whereas
21
from the structures of the people of funnelbeaker culture (table
29),
forming a collection of a homogenous character.
The collection contains four fragments of ornamented earthenware with a decorative element located under an edge
— 3
cups
and a pot (table
30,
fig.
65:1-3, 5).
Decoration was made by impression technique with the use of a puncturing tool of various size
and shape, as well as finger impressions or kneading. Additionally, doubts appeared concerning an unambiguous classification of
traces on two fragments due to their poor condition.
Absolute age has not yet been established for the discussed site. As for now, one can only indicate a general time horizon for
analogous cultural phenomena occurring in Kujavia, i.e., approximately the years
4400-3800
ВС,
corresponding to phase I
—
II of
the development of the funnelbeaker culture in Kujavia. The unearthed site has probably provided the oldest, stylistically, earthen¬
ware sources of funnelbeaker culture in Great Poland. Its significance is boosted by the location of the settlement in the middle
course of right-bank
Warta
River, thus closer to Kujavia as well as location, by virtue of the type of soil, in a soil mosaic classical
for early cup Kujavian sites A separate issue, requiring more extensive
comparatist
studies, shall focus in the future on a genetic
evaluation of the arising problem in the light of a necessary
réévaluation
of the phenomena signalling the presence of early
funnelbeaker culture in Great Poland.
2.
The remains of settlements of the people of
Lusatian
and Pomeranian culture
(Ewa Pawlak, Paweł Pawlak)
Only one object is connected with the
Lusatian
culture: B133. The remains related to the Pomeranian culture are much more nu¬
merous and comprise
80
dens, uncovered at the expanse of about
70
x
200
m
(fig.
3).
In total, 1
532
fragments of utensils were un¬
earthed, a stone grinder (object
A4;
fig.
67:10),
a fragment of a bronze bodkin and a grinding plate (object A23; fig.
68:3, 6)
as
well as bronze tweezers (fig.
58:5;
photo 39:j).
299
The settlement was composed of residential buildings, of which
10
were the buildings of semi-dug-out type
(A4,
A13, A62,
A92, A95, B121, B122, B129, B162 and B174) and at least
2
pillar buildings as well as numerous auxiliary buildings that accom¬
panied them. On the site, regular clusters of post-pillar holes were reported, which formed linear arrangements, delimiting the out¬
lines of homesteads above the ground; only in one case the researchers managed to reconstruct a complete rectangular shape of a
building (whose dimensions were
5.8
χ
4.9
m),
on the basis of an arrangement of
7
structures: C31-36 and C39 (fig.
74:1).
The
supposed homesteads were placed at a distance of
20-30
m
from one another, forming, most likely, the centre of the settlement.
A decided majority (except structure: B122, B129 and B162) were oriented along the N-S axis. Almost all residential buildings,
as far as it was possible to determine, possessed entrances located from the south. An exception in this regard were homesteads:
A13 with an entrance from the west visibly protruding beyond the line of the walls, B129 (moved beyond the eastern line of the
dug-out, the outline of a filled pit can be a relic of an entrance placed in the
NE
corner) and
В
162
which most probably was lo¬
cated in the west. The most numerous group was formed by small dens
(0.7-6.7
x
0.60-1.6
m)
connected with economic activity
of the settlement s residents, in a natural way concentrating in the immediate vicinity of the houses. In most cases, the determina¬
tion of the function of the dens of various shapes and dimensions was impossible
—
only in the case of three structures (A95,
B62 and
В
89),
in whose filled pit burnt-out remains or clusters of charcoal were reported, can we suggest their being used for food
production or processing with the use of fire (e.g., roasting, smoking etc.). An extraordinary find was a hollow containing birch tar
(object B62), in which, among other things, the fragments of two utensils used for obtainment of this raw material were uncovered
(fig.
71:9)
The analysis of placement of stationary elements of settlements and earthenware material from the surface, suggests an exten¬
sion of the settlement outside the eastern border of the researched area. It is difficult to establish what section of it was uncovered
—
we can presume that the space occupied by the settlement was not smaller than
2
ha. The layout of structures enables archaeol¬
ogists to assume the existence of an empty open space
—
maidan,
in the north-western zone of sector B, around which both resi¬
dential and auxiliary buildings were located. It is characteristic that pillar structures were erected in the southern peripheries of the
settlement
—
apart from them, no other relics related to the Pomeranian culture were recorded.
On the basis of an analysis of earthenware material, the period of functioning of the settlement in Markowice can be estab¬
lished for the
Hallstatt
period
D
and the later pre-Roman period (i.e., Sth-until the mid-Srd century B.C.).
3.
Flint material
(Jacek Kabaciński)
The artefacts of flint unearthed on site
26
in Markowice occurred in dispersion, both in the filled pits of underground structures as
well as within subsoil and the roof of rock-bed. The entire collection, comprising
9
pieces (among others
3
retouched tools), were
made completely of Baltic erratic chalk flint with the use of two different working techniques, namely, the technique of classical
coring and the peeling technique (compare table
1).
Attention should be paid to a small arrow found in structure
A4,
covered on
both sides with retouching (fig.
67:11),
which can be associated with an eastern group of funnelbeaker culture.
As regards other artefacts, it is not possible to unambiguously classify them to a specific type of culture.
4.
Late mediaeval and modern material
(Ewa Pawlak, Paweł Pawlak)
Late mediaeval settlement, is only represented by
7
fragments of utensils unearthed while cleaning the surface of excavations and
is dated from the second half of the 14th century, or the beginning of the 15th century.
Three
(3)
structures can be linked with a modern era on site
26
in Markowice: a well
—
B37, settling container for water
—
B39 and a den of unidentified function
—
B134.
82
fragments of earthenware originating from filled pits of these structures and
from the surface, served as the basis for dating the whole complex from the 16th-! 7th century
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Pawlak, Ewa Pawlak, Paweł |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1212865634 (DE-588)1212866223 |
| author_facet | Pawlak, Ewa Pawlak, Paweł |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)607652062 (DE-599)OBVAC07595209 |
| era | Geschichte 500-1300 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 500-1300 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie, Poland) Antiquities Markowice Powiat Poznański (DE-588)7683368-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie, Poland) Antiquities Markowice Powiat Poznański |
| id | DE-604.BV035638690 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:42:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788370635565 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017693519 |
| oclc_num | 607652062 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 299 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Prace Komisji Archeologicznej |
| series2 | Prace Komisji Archeologicznej |
| spelling | Pawlak, Ewa Verfasser (DE-588)1212865634 aut Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego Ewa Pawlak ; Paweł Pawlak Early mediaeval settlements in Markowice near Poznań Poznań Wydawn. Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk 2008 299 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Prace Komisji Archeologicznej 25 PST: Early mediaeval settlements in Markowice near Poznań. - Literaturverz. S. 277 - [294]. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 500-1300 gnd rswk-swf Funde Antiquities, Prehistoric Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Archaeology, Medieval Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Excavations (Archaeology) Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Polen Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie, Poland) Antiquities Markowice Powiat Poznański (DE-588)7683368-9 gnd rswk-swf Markowice Powiat Poznański (DE-588)7683368-9 g Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s Geschichte 500-1300 z DE-604 Pawlak, Paweł Verfasser (DE-588)1212866223 aut Prace Komisji Archeologicznej 25 (DE-604)BV008164210 25 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017693519&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017693519&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Pawlak, Ewa Pawlak, Paweł Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego Prace Komisji Archeologicznej Funde Antiquities, Prehistoric Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Archaeology, Medieval Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Excavations (Archaeology) Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)7683368-9 |
| title | Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego |
| title_alt | Early mediaeval settlements in Markowice near Poznań |
| title_auth | Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego |
| title_exact_search | Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego |
| title_full | Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego Ewa Pawlak ; Paweł Pawlak |
| title_fullStr | Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego Ewa Pawlak ; Paweł Pawlak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego Ewa Pawlak ; Paweł Pawlak |
| title_short | Osiedla wczesnośredniowieczne w Markowicach pod Poznaniem |
| title_sort | osiedla wczesnosredniowieczne w markowicach pod poznaniem wraz z pozostalosciami osadnictwa pradziejowego |
| title_sub | wraz z pozostałościami osadnictwa pradziejowego |
| topic | Funde Antiquities, Prehistoric Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Archaeology, Medieval Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Excavations (Archaeology) Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Antiquities, Prehistoric Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Archaeology, Medieval Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Excavations (Archaeology) Poland Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie) Siedlung Polen Markowice (Województwo Wielkopolskie, Poland) Antiquities Markowice Powiat Poznański |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017693519&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017693519&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008164210 |
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