Mayson, French & Ryan on company law:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2009
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| Edition: | 26. ed., 2009 - 2010 ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | CXXXII, 762 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780199567799 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mayson, French & Ryan on company law |c Derek French, Stephen W. Mayson and Christopher L. Ryan |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Company law |
| 250 | |a 26. ed., 2009 - 2010 ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a CXXXII, 762 S. | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Ryan, Christopher |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)14393063X |4 aut | |
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CONTENTS
Preface
xxix
Table of Cases
xxx
Table of Statutes lxxix
Table of Statutory Instruments cxv
Table of References to the
FSA
Handbook cxxiii
Table of References to the FRC Combined Code cxxvi
Table of References to the Treaty Establishing the European Community cxxvii
Table of European Regulations and Directives cxxviii
Abbreviations cxxxi
PARTI INTRODUCTION
1
1
INTRODUCTION
3
1.1
What this book is about
3
1.1.1
The legal concept of a company
3
1.1.2
The big idea
3
1.1.3
Other main themes
3
1.2
What is in the rest of this chapter
5
1.3
Incorporation
5
1.3.1
The nature of incorporation and legal personality
5
1.3.2
Types of corporation
7
1.3.3
Corporation tax
9
1.4
Other legal forms for businesses
9
1.4.1
Partnership
9
1.4.2
Unincorporated associations
11
1.4.3
Sole proprietorship
11
1.5
Sources of company law
11
1.5.1
Legislation II
1.5.2
Case law
17
1.5.3
European law
21
1.5.4
Other rules
27
1.5.5
Practitioners' books and other literature
27
VÍ
CONTENTS
1.6
Purpose of company law
27
1.6.1
Service to business
27
1.6.2
Is company law suited to all users?
28
1.6.3
Mandatory and default rules
29
1.6.4
The company's position in society
30
1.7
Morality, economics, democracy and company law
36
PART
2
ESTABLISHMENT
41
2
REGISTRATION
43
2.1
What is in this chapter
43
2.2
Registration procedure
44
2.2.1
Formationandregistrationofacompany
44
2.2.2
Registration and certificate of incorporation
47
2.2.3
Lawful purpose of formation
48
2.2.4
Companies off the shelf
49
2.2.5
Companies formed and registered under the former Companies Acts
50
2.3
Classification of companies
50
2.3.1
Introduction
50
2.3.2
Limited or unlimited companies and share capital
51
2.3.3
Private or public companies
58
2.4
Company names
60
2.4.1
Introduction
60
2.4.2
Indication of limited liability and company type
61
2.4.3
Omission of 'limited' from the name of a limited company
61
2.4.4
Permitted characters
61
2.4.5
Illegal or offensive names
62
2.4.6
Words requiring permission
62
2.4.7
Existing corporations and limited partnerships
62
2.4.8
Passing off
63
2.4.9
Company names adjudicators
64
2.4.10
Use of a business name other than the corporate name
65
2.4.11
Use of an insolvent company's name
65
2.4.12
Change of name
65
2.5
Registered office
67
2.5.1
Domicile
67
2.5.2
Address
67
2.6
Re-registration to change the classification of a company
68
2.6.1
Introduction
68
2.6.2
Change from being a public company
69
2.6.3
Change from being a private company limited by shares
69
2.6.4
Change from being a private company limited by guarantee
70
CONTENTS
Vil
2.6.5
Change from being a hybrid private company
70
2.6.6
Change from being an unlimited company
70
2.6.7
Common procedural provisions
70
2.7
Quasi-partnership companies
71
2.8
Numbers of companies
73
2.9
European public limited-liability companies and private companies
74
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
75
3.1
What is in this chapter
75
3.2
Constitution
75
3.2.1
Constitution and constitutional documents under CA
2006 75
3.2.2
Before CA
2006 76
3.2.3
Unanimous shareholders' agreement
76
3.3
Content of articles of association
77
3.3.1
Model articles
77
3.3.2
Contents of model articles
78
3.3.3
Contents of alternative articles
78
3.3.4
Construction
79
3.4
Effect of articles
80
3.4.1
Contractual analysis of companies
80
3.4.2
Articles as a contract between the company and its members
81
3.4.3
Articles as a contract between the company's members
90
3.4.4
Deemed notice
92
3.5
Amendment of articles
92
3.5.1
Power to amend
92
3.5.2
Notification of amendment
93
3.6
Restrictions on amendment of articles
94
3.6.1
Statutory restrictions
94
3.6.2
Restrictions imposed by the company itself or its members
94
3.6.3
Restrictions imposed by the court under statutory powers
95
3.6.4
Restrictions imposed by contract
96
3.6.5
Limits of majority rule
96
3.7
Amendment of articles which are terms of another contract
100
3.8
Restricted objects
101
3.8.1
Option to restrict objects of company
101
3.8.2
Ultra vires transactions beyond a company's restricted objects
102
3.8.3
Substratum
103
3.8.4
An action may be ultra vires for some purposes but not for others
103
3.8.5
Implied powers for incidental purposes
104
3.8.6
Main objects
107
3.8.7
Separate-objects provisions and express powers
108
Viii CONTENTS
4
TRANSPARENCY
HO
4.1
What is in this chapter
110
4.2
Information at Companies House HO
4.2.1
Provision
ofinformation
to the registrar
110
4.2.2
Inspection of information at Companies House
112
4.2.3
Removal of inaccurate or superfluous information
112
4.2.4
Annual returns
113
4.3
Public notice of receipt of documents
114
4.4
Company registers and documents
115
4.4.1
General requirements
115
4.4.2
Registers and documents that may be inspected by any person
116
4.4.3
Documents that may be inspected by members and creditors only
118
4.4.4
Documents and records that may be inspected by members only
118
4.4.5
Records that may be inspected by officers only
119
4.5
Trading disclosures
119
4.5.1
Identification of a company
119
4.5.2
Using an incorrect name: effect on validity of transaction
120
4.5.3
Directors
120
4.5.4
Insolvency
121
4.5.5
Charitable companies
121
5
CORPORATE PERSONALITY
122
5.1
What is in this chapter
122
5.2
Effects of corporate separate personality
123
5.2.1
Salomon's case
123
5.2.2
A company's business is its business
124
5.2.3
Members of a company have no interest in its property
125
5.2.4
Members of a company cannot sue on its behalf
126
5.2.5
A company may contract with its members
126
5.2.6
A company survives the death of its members
127
5.2.7
Detriment of members
127
5.3
Avoiding effects of corporate separate personality
128
5.3.1
Introduction
128
5.3.2
What amounts to ignoring corporate separate personality?
129
5.3.3
Ways of avoiding consequences of separate personality
131
5.3.4
Statutory provisions
131
5.3.5
Contract
133
5.3.6
Agency
133
5.3.7
Sham or pretence; evading enforcement of existing rights
136
5.3.8
Control of a company's property
139
CONTENTS
IX
5.3.9
Acknowledgement of connections between a company
and its members, directors or other persons
140
5.3.10
Exercise of judicial discretion
142
5.3.11
Standing to claim judicial review
143
5.3.12
Groups of companies
143
5.3.13
The search for a general principle
149
5.3.14
Is veil-piercing necessary?
152
5.3.15
Further reading
152
5.4
Corporate law theory
152
5.4.1
Introduction
152
5.4.2
Criticism of artificial separate personality
153
5.4.3
The concession theory
157
5.4.4
Economists and contractarians
158
5.4.5
What influence does theory have?
159
5.5
Company linguistics
160
5.5.1
Company singular or plural?
160
5.5.2
Persons and individuals
161
5.6
Companies' human rights
161
PART3 FINANCE
163
6
SHARES
165
6.1
What is in this chapter
165
6.2
Shares and membership rights
166
6.2.1
Nominal value and share premium
166
6.2.2
Membership rights
167
6.2.3
Public notification of membership rights
167
6.2.4
Particular types of shares
168
6.2.5
Shares as things in action
169
6.2.6
Nationality of shareholders
170
6.2.7
No par value shares
170
6.3
Allotment
171
6.3.1
Issue and allotment
171
6.3.2
Contracts of allotment
171
6.3.3
Options and convertibles
172
6.3.4
Authorisation of share issues
173
6.3.5
Pre-emption rights
174
6.3.6
Return of allotment of shares
176
6.3.7
Share certificates
176
6.3.8
Failure to carry out a contract of allotment
177
CONTENTS
6.4
Principles of accounting 177
6.4.1
Introduction I77
6.4.2
Balance sheets
177
6.4.3
Depreciation and revaluation
178
6.4.4
Profit and loss account
179
6.5
Timing and size of the capital contribution
179
6.5.1
Discounts, commission and brokerage
179
6.5.2
Partly paid shares
180
6.5.3
Payment in instalments
182
6.5.4
Share premium
182
6.5.5
Ways of measuring share capital
183
6.6
Form of contribution
183
6.6.1
Common forms of capital contribution
183
6.6.2
Vendor consideration issues
183
6.6.3
Meaning of'subscription'
184
6.6.4
Valuation of non-cash assets
184
6.6.5
Promises to perform services and future undertakings
185
6.6.6
Exemption from liability to company
186
6.7
Minimum capital of a public company
186
6.7.1
Company initially registered as public
186
6.7.2
Private company re-registered as public
187
6.8
Remediesofa
wronged allottee
187
6.8.1
Introduction
187
6.8.2
Rescission for misrepresentation
187
6.8.3
Attribution of misrepresentations to a company
188
6.8.4
Limitations on the statements on which rescission
may be grounded
189
6.8.5
Loss of the remedy of rescission
190
6.8.6
Damages
191
6.9
Alteration of share capital
192
6.9.1
Permitted ways of altering share capital
192
6.9.2
Subdivision and consolidation
193
6.9.3
Reconversion of stock into shares
193
6.9.4
Redenomination
193
6.9.5
Reduction of capital in connection
with redenomination
193
7
OFFERING SHARES TO THE PUBLIC
195
7.1
What is in this chapter
195
7.2
Financial Services and Markets Act
2000 196
7.2.1
Financial Services Authority
1%
7.2.2
Regulated activities, authorised persons, exempt persons
196
CONTENTS Xl
7.3
Marketplaces for shares
197
7.3.1
Intermediaries
197
7.3.2
Investment exchanges
198
7.3.3
The London Stock Exchange
198
7.3.4
Regulatory regimes for securities markets
199
7.3.5
Circumstances in which an application for admission
to trading may be made
202
7.3.6
Going public
203
7.4
Prospectuses
204
7.4.1
Principle
204
7.4.2
Details
204
7.4.3
Content of a prospectus
205
7.4.4
Supplementary prospectus
206
7.4.5
Exemptions from the prospectus requirement
207
7.4.6
FSA
sanctions
209
7.4.7
Restriction on public offers by private companies
210
7.5
Misleading statements and omissions in prospectuses
211
7.5.1
Introduction
211
7.5.2
Misrepresentation and omission
211
7.5.3
Responsibility for prospectuses
211
7.5.4
Defences in relation to misrepresentations and omissions
212
7.5.5
Failure to issue supplements
213
7.5.6
Persons to whom compensation is payable
213
7.6
Official listing
214
7.6.1
General description
214
7.6.2
Application for admission
215
7.6.3
Listing principles
217
7.6.4
FSA
sanctions
217
7.7
Investment advertisements
218
7.8
Underwriting, commissions, brokerage
220
7.8.1
Commissions for finding subscribers or underwriting new issues
220
7.8.2
Definition of underwriting
220
7.8.3
Payment of underwriting commission
220
7.8.4
Methods of payment
220
7.8.5
Underwriting firm
221
7.8.6
Commissions for introducing subscribers, brokerage
221
7.9
Inadequate response
221
8
TRANSFER OF SHARES
222
8.1
What is in this chapter
222
8.2
Share certificates; uncertificated shares
223
8.2.1
Description
223
8.2.2
Estoppel
224
Xii CONTENTS
8.3 Transfer
procedures
225
8.3.1 Instrument
of transfer
225
8.3.2 Transfer
of certificated shares
226
8.3.3 Transfer
of uncertificated shares 227
8.3.4
Directors' approval, restrictions on transfer, and pre-emption rights
230
8.3.5
Stamp duty reserve tax and stamp duty
232
8.4
Forged or fraudulent transfers 233
8.5
Transmission of shares 234
8.6
Share warrants 234
8.7
Third-party interests in shares
235
8.7.1
No notice to company of third-party interests
235
8.7.2
Stop notices
236
8.7.3
Stop orders
236
8.7.4
Interim charging orders
236
8.8
Takeovers
236
8.8.1
Takeovers and the City Code
236
8.8.2
Squeeze-out and sell-out
239
8.8.3
Overriding takeover barriers
245
8.8.4
Takeovers by share exchange
247
8.8.5
Takeover induced by misrepresentation
247
8.9
Public company's inquiry into share ownership
248
8.9.1
Need to identify owners of shares
248
8.9.2
Company's notice requiring information
248
8.9.3
Register of interests disclosed
250
8.9.4
Members'requisition of investigation of share ownership
250
8.9.5
Freezing orders
250
8.10
Notification of major shareholdings
251
9
ACCOUNTS
252
9.1
What is in this chapter
252
9.2
Financial Reporting Council
253
9.3
Accounting records
254
9.3.1
Every company must have accounting records
254
9.3.2
Preservation of records
254
9.3.3
Access to accounting records
254
9.4
Reporting requirements for various classes of company
255
9.4.1
Classes
255
9.4.2
Companies subject to the small companies regime
256
9.4.3
Small, medium-sized and large companies
256
9.4.4
Companies excluded from the small companies regime and from
exemptions for medium-sized companies
256
CONTENTS Xlii
9.4.5
Small and medium-sized groups
257
9.4.6
Small companies exemption from audit
257
9.4.7
Dormant companies
258
9.5
Annual accounts and reports
258
9.5.1
Annual accounts, individual and group
258
9.5.2
Accounting reference periods and financial years
259
9.5.3
Directors' report
259
9.5.4
Directors' remuneration report
260
9.5.5
Auditor's report
260
9.5.6
Annual accounts and reports
261
9.5.7
Form and content of annual accounts
261
9.5.8
'True and fair view'
264
9.6
Distribution, filing and publication of annual accounts and reports
265
9.6.1
Sending annual accounts and reports to members
265
9.6.2
Wider publication of publicly traded company's accounts
266
9.6.3
Laying annual accounts before general meeting of public company
266
9.6.4
Delivery of accounts and reports to Companies House
267
9.6.5
Period allowed for filing annual accounts and reports
268
9.6.6
Exemption for unlimited companies
269
9.6.7
Option to deliver abbreviated accounts to Companies House
269
9.6.8
Publication of accounts
270
9.7
Half-yearly reports and interim management statements
271
9.8
Group accounts
271
9.8.1
Group accounts of a parent company
271
9.8.2
Parent and subsidiary undertakings; group undertakings
272
9.8.3
Effect on individual accounts
273
9.8.4
Exemption for subgroups
273
9.8.5
Exemption for small groups
274
9.8.6
Subsidiaries that may be excluded from group accounts
274
9.8.7
Information about related undertakings
274
9.9
Contents of directors'report
275
9.9.1
Introduction
275
9.9.2
Directors
275
9.9.3
Corporate governance statement
276
9.9.4
Activities and future developments
276
9.9.5
Dividend recommendation
277
9.9.6
Business review
277
9.9.7
Auditor and audit committee
278
9.9.8
Valuation of land
278
9.9.9
Political donations and expenditure
278
9.9.10
Charitable donations
278
9.9.11
Financial instruments
279
XIV
CONTENTS
9.9.12 Holdings
of own shares
279
9.9.13
Employment of disabled persons
279
9.9.14
Employee involvement
279
9.9.15
Policy and practice on the payment of creditors
279
9.9.16
Barriers to takeovers
280
9.9.17
Views of major shareholders of listed company
280
9.9.18
Small companies exemption
280
9.10
Revision and external review of accounts and reports
280
10
DISTRIBUTIONS AND THE MAINTENANCE OF CAPITAL
282
10.1
What is in this chapter
282
10.2
Reduction of capital
284
10.2.1
Power to reduce
284
10.2.2
Reduction of capital supported by solvency statement
285
10.2.3
Reduction of capital confirmed by the court
286
10.2.4
Interests of creditors
287
10.2.5
Treatment of different classes
287
10.2.6
Procedure
288
10.2.7
Alerting members to a serious loss of capital
289
10.3
Redeemable shares
289
10.3.1
Description
289
10.3.2
Terms of redemption
290
10.3.3
Redemption premium
290
10.3.4
Approval of a payment out of capital
290
10.4
Capitalisations and bonus shares
292
10.5
Distributions
292
10.5.1
Dividends
292
10.5.2
Restrictions on dividends
293
10.5.3
Profits available for distribution
294
10.5.4
Realised and unrealised profits
294
10.5.5
Distributions in kind
295
10.5.6
Public companies
295
10.5.7
Investment companies
296
10.5.8
Accounts
296
10.5.9
Consequences of an excessive distribution
297
10.6
Purchase of own shares
298
10.6.1
Authority to repurchase shares
298
10.6.2
Financing repurchase
299
10.6.3
Authority for market purchases
299
10.6.4
Authority for off-market purchases
299
10.6.5
Publicity for purchases
300
CONTENTS
XV
10.6.6
Treasury shares
300
10.6.7
Cancellation of repurchased shares
301
10.6.8
Exceptions to the prohibition on acquiring own shares
301
10.6.9
Holding shares in a holding company
301
10.7
Financial assistance for purchase of own shares
302
10.7.1
Prohibition on assistance by public company for purchase of own shares
302
10.7.2
Penalties
305
10.7.3
Restrictions and disclosure
306
10.8
Exemptions for employees' share schemes
307
11
BORROWING, CREDIT AND SECURITY
309
11.1
What is in this chapter
309
11.2
Security for financial obligations
309
11.2.1
Security contracts
309
11.2.2
Types of security contract
310
11.2.3
Redemption
312
11.2.4
Realisation
313
11.3
Registration of non-possessory security contracts
313
11.4
Priorities
314
11.5
Recourse
315
11.5.1
Right to sell
315
11.5.2
Exercise of the section
101
power of sale
316
11.5.3
Right to take possession
316
11.5.4
Right to appoint a receiver of income
317
11.5.5
Right to foreclosure
317
11.5.6
Right to sue for performance of the obligation
317
11.6
Floating charges
318
11.6.1
Definition of floating charge
318
11.6.2
More than one charge on the same property
319
11.6.3
Appointment of an administrator, administrative receiver or receiver
319
11.6.4
Crystallisation
321
11.6.5
Rights conferred by a floating charge before crystallisation
322
11.6.6
Determining whether a charge is fixed or floating
325
11.6.7
Avoidance of a floating charge securing a debt incurred
before the charge was created
327
11.7
Registration of charges on company property
329
11.7.1
Introduction
329
11.7.2
Registration at Companies House
330
11.7.3
Effect of failure to register
331
11.7.4
Registration procedure
332
11.7.5
Registration of a charge does not give notice of the terms of the charge
332
CONTENTS
11.7.6
Certificate
of registration
333
11.7.7
Memorandum of satisfaction
333
11.7.8
Inspection of the register
334
11.7.9
Extension of time limits and rectification of the register
334
11.7.10
Problems in deciding whether an interest should be registered
335
11.7.11
Rights not created by the company
335
11.7.12
Do the rights constitute a charge?
336
11.7.13
Charges that are not within
s
860(7) 340
11.7.14
Registration in property registers
341
11.7.15
Company's own register of charges
341
12
MARKETABLE LOANS
343
12.1
What is in this chapter
343
12.2
Stock
343
12.3
Trustees
344
12.4
Stock certificates
344
12.5
Contracts for the allotment of debt securities
345
12.6
Information for debenture holders
345
12.7
Convertibles
345
12.8
International bonds
345
12.9
Prospectuses and listing particulars
346
12.9.1
Prospectuses
346
12.9.2
Listing particulars for the Professional Securities Market
346
13
MARKET ABUSE
348
13.1
What is in this chapter
348
13.1.1
Concept of market abuse
348
13.1.2
Laws controlling market abuse
349
13.1.3
Objections to control of insider dealing
349
13.2
Market abuse
349
13.2.1
General description
349
13.2.2
Qualifying investments
350
13.2.3
Prescribed markets
35O
13.2.4
Geographical jurisdiction
350
13.2.5
Insider trading as market abuse
350
13.2.6
Market manipulation as market abuse
352
13.2.7
Statutory exceptions
354
13.2.8
Reporting and investigation
354
13.2.9
Sanctions
355
CONTENTS
XVII
13.3
Disclosure to regulated markets
356
13.3.1
Disclosure rules
356
13.3.2
Disclosure by an issuer
ofinside
information
356
13.3.3
Insider lists
357
13.3.4
Notification of transactions by PDMRs and connected persons
357
13.3.5
Other markets
358
13.4
Model Code for Listed Companies
358
13.5
Offence of insider dealing
359
13.5.1
Introduction
359
13.5.2
Securities
359
13.5.3
Regulated markets
359
13.5.4
Definition
ofinside
information
360
13.5.5
Having information as an insider
360
13.5.6
Restrictions on insiders
361
13.5.7
Use of market information
363
13.5.8
Penalties
364
13.5.9
Investigation
364
13.6
Offence of creating a false market
364
13.6.1
Introduction
364
13.6.2
Definition of the offence
365
13.6.3
Geographical jurisdiction
365
13.6.4
Defences
365
13.7
Fiduciary duty
366
PART
4
GOVERNANCE
369
14
SHAREHOLDERS
371
14.1
What is in this chapter
371
14.2
Definition
372
14.3
Register of members
373
14.3.1
Companies without uncertificated shares
373
14.3.2
Companies with uncertificated shares
374
14.3.3
Effect and rectification
375
14.4
Shareholder democracy
376
14.4.1
Decision-making by members
376
14.4.2
Written resolutions, meetings and unanimous approval
376
14.4.3
Majorities and types of resolution
377
14.4.4
Decisions reserved for members and decisions
which need special resolutions
378
14.4.5
Whose decision is it?
379
XVIII
CONTENTS
14.5
Written resolutions of private companies
380
14.5.1
Procedure for passing a written resolution
380
14.5.2
Members' right to have their resolutions proposed
381
14.6
Meetings
382
14.6.1
General and class meetings
382
14.6.2
Technical rules
382
14.6.3
Need for personal attendance
382
14.7
Annual general meetings
383
14.7.1
Requirement to hold annual general meetings
383
14.7.2
Business of an annual general meeting
383
14.7.3
Annual general meetings and shareholder relations
384
14.8
Notice of meetings
385
14.8.1
Introduction
385
14.8.2
Who may give notice?
385
14.8.3
Who should be given notice and how?
385
14.8.4
Length of notice
386
14.8.5
How notice is to be given
386
14.8.6
Effect of failure to give notice; waiver of notice
387
14.8.7
Contents of notice and circulars
387
14.8.8
Membership after notice of a meeting
390
14.8.9
Notice of special resolution
390
14.8.10
Special notice
390
14.8.11
Members' statement concerning business of meeting
391
14.8.12
Members' proposal at public company's annual general meeting
392
14.8.13
Website publication of audit concerns in relation to quoted company
392
14.8.14
Request by members for meeting
392
14.8.15
Court's power to order meetings
393
14.9
Quorum and chair
395
14.9.1
Quorum
395
14.9.2
Single-member meetings
395
14.9.3
Chair
396
14.10
Voting
396
14.10.1
Right to vote
396
14.10.2
Method of voting
398
14.10.3
Conflict of interest and duty when voting
401
14.10.4
Voting
bona fide
for the benefit of the company and
for a proper purpose
402
14.10.5
Ultra vires, fraudulent or oppressive resolutions
404
14.10.6
Freezing injunction
405
14.10.7
Further reading
406
14.10.8
Voting agreements
406
407
14.11
Adjournment of meetings
CONTENTS
ХІХ
14.12
Records of resolutions,
meetings
and decisions
407
14.12.1
Company's records
407
14.12.2
Sole member's decisions
407
14.12.3
Registration of resolutions
408
14.13
Decision-making without meeting or written resolution
409
14.13.1
Unanimous assent
409
14.13.2
Assent given as directors
410
14.13.3
Acquiescence
411
14.13.4
Procedural requirements
411
14.13.5
Juridical basis
412
14.13.6
Only one member
413
14.14
Alteration of class rights
414
14.14.1
Class rights
414
14.14.2
Variation of class rights
414
14.15
Holding and subsidiary companies
416
14.16
Authorisation of political donations
418
14.16.1
Introduction
418
14.16.2
Donations and expenditure for which an authorising
resolution is required
418
14.16.3
Donees covered
419
14.16.4
Authorisation of political donations
419
14.16.5
Political expenditure
419
14.16.6
Authorising resolution
420
14.16.7
Lawfulness of donations
420
14.16.8
Remedies for breach of prohibitions
421
15
DIRECTORS
422
15.1
What is in this chapter
422
15.2
Directors and corporate governance
423
15.2.1
Introduction
423
15.2.2
The Combined Code
423
15.2.3
Executive and non-executive directors
424
15.2.4
Two-tier boards
425
15.2.5
Shareholder primacy
425
15.2.6
Separation of ownership and control
426
15.2.7
Rise of the large institutional shareholder
428
15.3
Definitions
429
15.3.1
Interpretation of'director' in legislation
429
15.3.2
De
jure and
defacto
directors
429
15.3.3
Shadow directors
429
15.3.4
Corporate directors
430
15.4
Minimum number of directors
431
XX
CONTENTS
15.5
Appointment of directors
15.5.1
Who appoints?
15.5.2
First directors
15.5.3
Subsequent directors
15.5.4
Disqualification
15.5.5
Defective appointments
15.5.6
Alternate directors
15.5.7
Nominee directors
15.5.8
Share qualification
15.6
Termination of office
15.6.1
Vacation of office deemed by the articles
15.6.2
Retirement by rotation
15.6.3
Dismissal from office
15.6.4
Resignation
15.6.5
Disputes about who holds office as a director
15.7
Transparency
15.7.1
Registers
15.7.2
Notification to Companies House and in the Gazette
15.7.3
Residential addresses
15.7.4
Listed companies
15.8
The board of directors
15.8.1
General legal principles
15.8.2
Decision-making in private companies under
the model articles
15.8.3
Decision-making in public companies
15.8.4
Directors' meetings
15.8.5
Executive directors; managing director
15.8.6
Managing director and chairman
15.8.7
Committees
15.9
Remuneration
15.9.1
Remuneration
15.9.2
Payments for loss of office
15.9.3
Disclosure in accounts of payments to directors
15.9.4
Inspection and approval of directors' service contracts
15.10
Powers of management
15.10.1
Division of power between members and directors
15.10.2
Directors' general power of management
Power to litigate
Powers conferred on directors by articles other than
an article conferring a general power of management
Powers exercisable only by the members
15.10.6
Approval by members of a listed company's large-scale transaction
15.10.7
Reversion of powers to the members
15.10.3
15.10.4
15.10.5
432
432
432
433
434
435
436
436
437
437
437
437
438
440
441
442
442
442
442
444
444
444
445
446
446
448
449
449
450
450
453
454
455
457
457
458
461
463
463
464
464
CONTENTS
ХХІ
15.11 Legal
categorisation of directors
465
15.12
Directors are not agents of members
466
16
DIRECTOR'S DUTIES
467
16.1
What is in this chapter
467
16.2
Codification of directors'general duties
468
16.3
Fiduciary duty
469
16.3.1
Equitable principles on which statutory duties are based
469
16.3.2
Directors as fiduciaries
469
16.3.3
Duty owed to company only
470
16.3.4
Should directors be subject to fiduciary duties?
470
16.4
Shadow directors
471
16.5
Duty to act within powers
471
16.5.1
Statutory duty
471
16.5.2
Equitable principle on which statutory duty is based
471
16.5.3
Power to allot shares
473
16.5.4
Response to takeover bids
474
16.5.5
Other powers
475
16.6
Duty to promote the success of the company
476
16.6.1
Statutory duty
476
16.6.2
Equitable principle on which statutory duty is based
476
16.6.3
What is the test?
477
16.6.4
Success of the company
478
16.6.5
Benefit of the members
478
16.6.6
Other constituencies
480
16.6.7
Interests of employees
481
16.6.8
Social, environmental and ethical considerations
482
16.6.9
Interests of creditors
482
16.6.10
Interests of persons for whom the company is a fiduciary
484
16.6.11
Duty to take into account all material considerations
485
16.6.12
Conflict of interests
485
16.6.13
Obligation to disclose misconduct
486
16.7
Duty to exercise independent judgment
487
16.7.1
Statutory duty
487
16.7.2
Equitable principle on which statutory duty is based
487
16.8
Duty to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence
488
16.8.1
Statutory duty
488
16.8.2
Common law rules and equitable principles on which
statutory duty is based
488
16.8.3
Knowledge of the company's business
489
16.8.4
Reliance on company officials and others
489
16.8.5
Attendance to the company's affairs
490
xxii CONTENTS
16.9
Duty to avoid conflicts of
interest
491
16.9.1
Statutory duty
491
16.9.2
Equitable principle on which statutory duty is based
491
16.9.3
Nominee directors
492
16.9.4
Corporate opportunity doctrine
493
16.9.5
Competing directorships
497
16.10
Duty not to accept benefits from third parties
498
16.11
Duty to declare interest in proposed transaction or arrangement
499
16.11.1
Statutory duty
499
16.11.2
Equitable principle on which statutory duty is based
500
16.11.3
Prohibition on voting
500
16.12
Substantial property transactions
501
16.12.1
Statutory requirement for approval by members
501
16.12.2
Which transactions require approval?
501
16.12.3
Who must give approval?
502
16.12.4
Example
502
16.13
Loans, quasi-loans and credit transactions
503
16.13.1
Loans and collateral: statutory requirement
for approval by members
503
16.13.2
Related arrangements
503
16.13.3
Public companies: approval of other kinds of transactions
504
16.13.4
Exceptions
504
16.14
Connected persons and associated companies
505
16.15
Remedies
505
16.15.1
Introduction
505
16.15.2
Return of property and confiscation of profits
505
16.15.3
Irrelevant considerations
506
16.15.4
Relief for honest and reasonable director
507
16.15.5
Equitable allowance
507
16.15.6
Rescission
507
16.15.7
Equitable compensation
508
16.15.8
Liability for knowingly allowing breach
508
16.15.9
Limitation
508
16.15.10
Criminal liability
508
16.16
Relief from liability
509
16.16.1
Ways in which liability may be relieved
509
16.16.2
Ratification
509
16.16.3
Fully informed consent
510
16.16.4
Detriment of creditors
511
16.16.5
Indemnification and exclusion of liability
511
16.16.6
Relief by the court
512
CONTENTS
ХХІІІ
16.17
Secondary liability
514
16.17.1
Constructive trust of wrongfully disposed property
514
16.17.2
Knowing receipt or dealing
514
16.17.3
Dishonest assistance
516
17
CORPORATE OFFICERS AND PROMOTERS
517
17.1
What is in this chapter
517
17.2
Liability of officers
517
17.3
Company secretaries
518
17.3.1
Appointment and qualifications
518
17.3.2
Register and notification to Companies House
519
17.3.3
Duties
519
17.4
Auditors
520
17.4.1
Appointment and reappointment
520
17.4.2
Eligibility for appointment as a company auditor
521
17.4.3
Removal, resignation and replacement
523
17.4.4
Remuneration
524
17.4.5
Integrity and independence
525
17.4.6
Contents of an auditor's report
526
17.4.7
Investigative powers
527
17.4.8
Quality assurance
528
17.5
Auditors'liability
528
17.5.1
Auditor's liability to the company for negligence
528
17.5.2
Auditor's liability for negligent misstatement
530
17.5.3
Liability of a company's auditor to persons
contemplating buying its shares
532
17.5.4
Liability for specially commissioned report
532
17.5.5
Relief from liability
533
17.5.6
Criminal liability for inaccurate auditors' reports
534
17.6
Managers
535
17.7
Promoters
535
17.7.1
Introduction
535
17.7.2
Definition
536
17.7.3
Duties of promoters
537
17.7.4
Legitimate and wrongful profits of promoters
540
18
REMEDIES FOR MALADMINISTRATION
542
18.1
What is in this chapter
542
18.2
Action against company officers
543
XXIV
CONTENTS
18.3
The rule in
Foss
v Harbottle
18.3.1
Statement of the rule
18.3.2
Academic and judicial comment
18.3.3
Reasons for the rule
18.3.4
The ratifiability principle
18.4
Proper claimant principle
18.4.1
The company is the proper claimant to enforce its rights
18.4.2
Derivative claims
18.4.3
No reflective loss principle
18.4.4
The company is the proper claimant in a matter concerning
its internal management
18.4.5
Claim by a member to vindicate a personal right
18.4.6
Ultra vires transactions
18.4.7
Ratifiability as the basis of the personal rights exceptions
18.4.8
Lawfulness of decision-making as the basis of
the personal rights exceptions
18.5
Irregularity principle
18.6
Unfairly prejudicial conduct of the company's affairs
18.6.1
Court's power to give relief for unfairly prejudicial conduct
18.6.2
Who may petition?
18.6.3
History
18.6.4
Problems and proposals for reform
18.6.5
Meaning of'interests of members'
18.6.6
Meaning of 'unfairly prejudicial'
18.6.7
Unwritten agreements
18.6.8
Examples of conduct on which a petition may be grounded
18.6.9
Exclusion from a quasi-partnership company
18.6.10
Is conduct unfairly prejudicial only
ifit
breaches an agreement?
18.6.11
Orders the court may make
18.6.12
Interim orders
18.6.13
Exit rights in articles
18.7
Winding up
18.7.1
Availability of winding up as a remedy
18.7.2
Fraudulent promotion
18.7.3
Deadlock
18.7.4
Management and conduct of the company: oppression
18.7.5
Quasi-partnership companies
18.7.6
Further discussion
18.8
Company investigations
18.8.1
Introduction
18.8.2
Confidential investigation
18.8.3
Investigation by inspectors
543
543
544
545
547
548
548
549
555
558
559
560
561
562
563
565
565
565
566
567
568
569
570
572
576
577
578
580
580
581
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
587
587
588
CONTENTS XXV
18.8.4
Conduct of an investigation
590
18.8.5
Consequences of inspection or investigation
593
19
ACTING FOR A COMPANY: AGENCY AND ATTRIBUTION
598
19.1
What is in this chapter
598
19.2
Authentication and execution of documents
599
19.2.1
Introduction
599
19.2.2
Signature
600
19.2.3
A company's common seal
600
19.2.4
Contractual formalities
601
19.2.5
Execution of documents
601
19.2.6
Execution of deeds
602
19.2.7
Bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes
602
19.3
Company contracts
603
19.4
Contractual capacity
604
19.4.1
The ultra vires rule
604
19.4.2
Charitable companies
605
19.5
Authority of a company's agents
605
19.5.1
Acting under a company's authority
605
19.5.2
Actual authority
605
19.5.3
Ostensible authority
606
19.5.4
Protection of the contractor when actual
authority is exceeded: common law
607
19.5.5
Protection of the contractor when actual authority is exceeded: statute
616
19.5.6
Authority of a board of directors
620
19.5.7
Ratification of acts outside actual authority
620
19.5.8
Transactions involving directors
621
19.5.9
Authority of a company secretary
622
19.5.10
Charitable companies
623
19.6
Pre-incorporation and post-dissolution contracts
623
19.6.1
Personal liability
623
19.6.2
Agreement to the contrary and novation
625
19.6.3
Further reading
626
19.7
Liabilities of principal and agent
626
19.7.1
Immunity in contract and tort when acting for a company
626
19.7.2
Vicarious liability for torts of employees and agents
628
19.8
Attribution by a court so as to impose liability on a company
629
19.8.1
Identification theory
629
19.8.2
Attribution of knowledge
630
19.8.3
Whose acts or thoughts will be attributed to a company?
631
19.8.4
Corporate criminal liability
634
XXVI
CONTENTS
19.8.5
Double-counting; theft from a company
19.8.6
Further discussion of corporate criminal liability
19.8.7
Residence
19.8.8
Enemy character
19.8.9
Identification of religious belief
19.8.10
Ethnicity
19.9
Companies in court
19.9.1
Representation
19.9.2
Costs
19.9.3
Evidence
642
643
644
646
647
647
648
648
648
649
PART
5
INSOLVENCY AND LIQUIDATION
651
20
COMPANY INSOLVENCY AND LIQUIDATION
653
20.1
Introduction
653
20.1.1
Nature of company insolvency and liquidation procedures
653
20.1.2
Liquidation
654
20.1.3
Legislation on company insolvency and liquidation
654
20.1.4
Qualified insolvency practitioners
654
20.1.5
Official receivers
655
20.1.6
Contributories
655
20.2
Administrative receivership and floating charges
656
20.2.1
Summary description
656
20.2.2
Definition of administrative receiver
656
20.2.3
Administrative receiver as agent of the company
657
20.2.4
Effect on directors
657
20.2.5
Involvement of other creditors
657
20.2.6
Effect of administrative receivership on contracts of the company
658
20.2.7
Property subject to a floating charge
660
20.2.8
Preferential creditors and liquidation expenses
660
20.2.9
Statutory share of assets for unsecured creditors
661
20.2.10
Liability for maladministration
662
20.3
Administration
662
20.3.1
Summary description
662
20.3.2
Purpose of administration
663
20.3.3
Appointment of an administrator
663
20.3.4
Administrator's proposals
666
20.3.5
Powers of an administrator
667
20.3.6
Effect on directors
667
20.3.7
Moratorium
558
20.3.8
End of administration
658
20.3.9
Priority for administration expenses
669
CONTENTS XXVii
20.4
Voluntary arrangements
670
20.4.1
Summary description
670
20.4.2
Proposal for a voluntary arrangement
670
20.4.3
Approval of a proposal
671
20.4.4
Alternative procedure for small companies
672
20.4.5
False representation or fraud
673
20.5
Voluntary winding up
673
20.5.1
Summary description
673
20.5.2
Resolution for voluntary winding up
674
20.5.3
Declaration of solvency
674
20.5.4
Appointment of a members'liquidator
675
20.5.5
Appointment of a creditors'liquidator
675
20.5.6
Liquidation committee
675
20.6
Winding up by the court
676
20.6.1
Summary description
676
20.6.2
Circumstances in which a winding-up order
may be made
676
20.6.3
Petition
676
20.6.4
Creditors' petitions
677
20.6.5
Appointment of a liquidator
678
20.6.6
Liquidation committee
679
20.6.7
Effect on directors
679
20.7
Appointment of a provisional liquidator
681
20.8
Commencement of winding up: going into liquidation
681
20.9
Investigation of the affairs of a company
681
20.9.1
Introduction
681
20.9.2
Statement of affairs
682
20.9.3
Duty to cooperate with the office-holder
683
20.9.4
Books, papers and records
683
20.9.5
Private examination
684
20.9.6
Public examination of officers
686
20.9.7
Report to the Secretary of State on conduct of directors
687
20.9.8
Official receiver's investigation and report
688
20.9.9
Suspected criminal offences
688
20.10
Control of insolvency and liquidation procedures by the court
688
20.10.1
Application by an office-holder for directions
688
20.10.2
Application to the court by members or creditors
689
20.11
Liability for fraudulent trading
689
20.11.1
Principle
689
20.11.2
Analysis
690
20.11.3
What amounts to fraud?
690
20.11.4
Who are parties to the carrying on of the business?
692
XXViii
CONTENTS
20.11.5 Knowledge 693
20.11.6
Nature
of liability
693
20.12
Wrongful trading
694
20.12.1
Principle
694
20.12.2
Dual objective/subjective standard
694
20.12.3
When is it wrong to trade while insolvent?
695
20.12.4
Taking steps to minimise potential loss
695
695
697
697
698
698
699
701
701
702
702
707
708
709
709
710
710
710
710
711
711
712
712
713
20.15
Order of application of assets in liquidation
713
20.15.1
Principles
713
20.15.2
Post-liquidation interest
716
20.15.3
Provision for employees
716
20.16
Dissolution
716
20.16.1
Introduction
716
20.16.2
Methods of dissolution
717
Appendix: Timetable for Implementation of the Companies Act
2006 721
Index
727
20.12.5
fcxampies
20.12.6
Nature of liability
20.12.7
General discussion
20.13
Directors' disqualification
20.13.1
Disqualification order
20.13.2
Grounds for disqualification
20.13.3
Disqualification undertakings
20.13.4
Application for disqualification under
s
6
or
s
8
20.13.5
Purpose of disqualification under
ss
6
and
8
20.13.6
Factors the court considers in an application under
ss
6
and
8
20.13.7
Period of disqualification
20.13.8
Leave to act during a period of disqualification
20.13.9
Variation of disqualification undertaking
20.13.10
Register of disqualification orders and undertakings
20.14
Use of insolvent company's name
20.14.1
Principle
20.14.2
Details
20.14.3
Criminal penalty
20.14.4
Civil penalty
20.14.5
Similar names suggesting association
20.14.6
Leave of court
20.14.7
Notice by successor company
20.14.8
Established use of name |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | French, Derek Mayson, Stephen W. Ryan, Christopher |
| author_GND | (DE-588)107538317X (DE-588)1041314191 (DE-588)14393063X |
| author_facet | French, Derek Mayson, Stephen W. Ryan, Christopher |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | French, Derek |
| author_variant | d f df s w m sw swm c r cr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035588223 |
| classification_rvk | PU 4364 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)495250712 (DE-599)BVBBV035588223 |
| dewey-full | 346.41066 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.410 66 |
| dewey-search | 346.410 66 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.410 266 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 26. ed., 2009 - 2010 ed. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großbritannien |
| id | DE-604.BV035588223 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-04-15T14:13:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199567799 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017643487 |
| oclc_num | 495250712 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-M382 DE-384 DE-526 DE-11 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | CXXXII, 762 S. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | French, Derek Verfasser (DE-588)107538317X aut Mayson, French & Ryan on company law Derek French, Stephen W. Mayson and Christopher L. Ryan Company law 26. ed., 2009 - 2010 ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2009 CXXXII, 762 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sociétés - Droit - Grande-Bretagne ram Gesellschaftsrecht (DE-588)4020646-4 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Gesellschaftsrecht (DE-588)4020646-4 s DE-604 Mayson, Stephen W. Verfasser (DE-588)1041314191 aut Ryan, Christopher Verfasser (DE-588)14393063X aut Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017643487&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | French, Derek Mayson, Stephen W. Ryan, Christopher Mayson, French & Ryan on company law Sociétés - Droit - Grande-Bretagne ram Gesellschaftsrecht (DE-588)4020646-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020646-4 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | Mayson, French & Ryan on company law |
| title_alt | Company law |
| title_auth | Mayson, French & Ryan on company law |
| title_exact_search | Mayson, French & Ryan on company law |
| title_full | Mayson, French & Ryan on company law Derek French, Stephen W. Mayson and Christopher L. Ryan |
| title_fullStr | Mayson, French & Ryan on company law Derek French, Stephen W. Mayson and Christopher L. Ryan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mayson, French & Ryan on company law Derek French, Stephen W. Mayson and Christopher L. Ryan |
| title_short | Mayson, French & Ryan on company law |
| title_sort | mayson french ryan on company law |
| topic | Sociétés - Droit - Grande-Bretagne ram Gesellschaftsrecht (DE-588)4020646-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sociétés - Droit - Grande-Bretagne Gesellschaftsrecht Großbritannien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017643487&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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