The history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange:
Few environmental or occupational health issues have received the sustained international attention that has been focused on Agent Orange, the major tactical herbicide deployed in Southern Vietnam.
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York, NY
Springer New York
2009
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | Few environmental or occupational health issues have received the sustained international attention that has been focused on Agent Orange, the major tactical herbicide deployed in Southern Vietnam. |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 339 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780387874852 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
1 Vietnam
and the
Agent Orange
Controversy Revisited
............ 1
1.1
Background
....................................... 1
1.2
The Use of Tactical Herbicides in the Vietnam War
........ 3
1.3
The Disposal of Agent Orange
......................... 6
1.4
Finding a Resolution to Vietnam Veterans Health
Concerns
.......................................... 7
1.5
The Return to Vietnam
.............................. 11
1.6
Methodological Issues in Assessing Impacts
.............. 14
1.7
Overview of the Book
................................ 16
References
.............................................. 18
2
A History of the Development and Procurement of Tactical
Herbicides
............................................. 23
2.1
Background
....................................... 23
2.2
The Initial Development of Tactical Herbicides
........... 24
2.2.1
Previous Research Supporting the Initial Deployment
of Tactical Herbicides in Vietnam
................. 25
2.2.2
The Selection of the First Tactical Herbicides
for Use in South Vietnam
....................... 26
2.3
The Defoliation Conferences
.......................... 31
2.4
The Major Three Tactical Herbicides Used in Vietnam
..... 37
2.5
Physical Properties, Handling and Safety Evaluations
of the Tactical Herbicides
............................. 40
2.6
The Procurement and Management of Tactical Herbicides.
. . 41
2.6.1
Purchase Descriptions for the Tactical Herbicides
.... 41
2.6.2
Quantities of Tactical Herbicides Procured
.......... 43
2.6.3
Ports of Embarkation
.......................... 44
2.6.4
Management of the Tactical Herbicides
............ 44
2.6.5
Summary of What Defined Tactical Herbicides
...... 46
2.7
The Role of the Armed Forces Pest Control Board
and Commercial Herbicides
........................... 46
2.7.1
Summary of the Use of Commercial Herbicides
by the DOD
.................................. 49
Xl
Contents
2.8
Implications
of Tactical
Versus
Commercial
Herbicides
.... 49
References
.............................................. 49
The Military Use of Tactical Herbicides in Vietnam
............. 57
3.1
Environmental Characteristics of South Vietnam
......... 58
3.2
The Rationale for Herbicide Use in South Vietnam
....... 60
3.3
Combat Tactical Zones
............................. 63
3.4
Historical Background on Early Spray Missions
.......... 65
3.5
Use Patterns of Individual Herbicides
.................. 66
3.6
Historical and Procedural Information on Operation
RANCH HAND
.................................. 68
3.6.1
Deployment of Aircraft
...........................68
3.6.2
Development, Test, and Evaluation of Aerial Spray
Systems for Vietnam
.......................... 70
3.6.3
RANCH HAND Support Activities and Concepts
.....74
3.6.4
Accidental Spills
................................81
3.7
MACV Directive
525-1 :
Herbicide Procedures and
Operations
....................................... 82
3.8
Post Approval Procedures in Operation RANCH HAND
. . 83
3.9
Coordinating RANCH HAND Spray Missions
.......... 86
3.10
Encountering a Hostile Environment
................... 87
3.11
The Critical Role of the Forward Air Controller
.......... 89
3.12
Executing the Spray Mission
......................... 90
3.13
Preparation of the Daily Air Activity Report
(DAAR)
..... 92
3.14
Other Herbicide Requests
............................ 96
3.15
The Role of the Army Chemical Corps
................. 97
3.16
Herbicide Operations in the Individual Combat Tactical
Zones
........................................... 100
3.17
The Preparation, Accuracy, and Use of the Military
Records
.......................................... 105
3.18
Other Sources of Herbicide Consumption Data
.......... 107
3.19
The Accuracy of Geographic Data
.................... 110
3.20
Alternate Methods of Clearing Vegetation
..............
Ill
3.21
Insecticides and Operation FLYSWATTER
............. 112
3.22
Termination of Herbicide Use
...... .................. 114
References
.............................................. 115
Removal from Vietnam and Final Disposition of Agent Orange
..... 121
4.1
Background
...................................... 121
4.2
Operation PACER IVY
............................. 123
4.3
Storage and Maintenance of Agent Orange in the
United States
..................................... 134
4.4
Operation PACER HO
............................. 142
4.4.1
Selection of At-Sea Incineration and Discussion
of Alternative Methods
........................ 142
Contents xiii
4.4.2 Operation
PACER
HO......................... 143
4.4.3
Description of Land-Based Operations
............. 145
4.4.4
Operations at the Naval Construction Battalion
Center
...................................... 145
4.4.5
Operations at Johnston Island, Central
Pacific Ocean
................................. 151
4.4.6
Land-Based and Shipboard Air Monitoring
Programs
.................................... 155
4.4.7
Brief Description of Shipboard Operations
......... 155
4.4.8
The Termination of Operation PACER HO
......... 156
References
.............................................. 158
5
Agent Orange and its
Dioxin
Contamination
................... 161
5.1
The Significance of the
Dioxin
Contaminant
in Agent Orange
.................................... 161
5.2
Formation of the TCDD Contaminant
.................. 162
5.3
Establishing Agent Orange and its Contaminant as a Major
Public Health Issue
.................................. 165
5.4
Composition of Agent Orange and Associated
Contaminants
...................................... 169
5.5
Estimates of Quantities of Tactical Herbicides Procured
by the Defense Supply Agency
......................... 172
5.6
The Initial Analysis of
Dioxin
Contamination in the Agent
Orange Inventory
................................... 174
5.6.1
Sampling the NCBC and Johnston Island Inventories
of Agent Orange
.............................. 174
5.6.2
Air Force Results of Johnston Island Analyses
for
Dioxin................................... 177
5.6.3
Results of the Naval Construction Battalion Center
Analyses
..................................... 178
5.7
A Re-analysis of TCDD in Agent Orange Stocks
.......... 179
5.7.1
A Re-evaluation of the NCBC and Johnston Island
Agent Orange Inventories
....................... 179
5.7.2
Statistical Methodology for Air Force Data
......... 180
5.7.3
Results for NCBC and Johnston Island Agent
Orange Inventories
............................ 181
5.8
TCDD Data from the NIOSH Studies of 2,4,5-T
Production
........................................ 182
5.8.1
Statistical Analysis of
Dioxin
Levels in Production
Samples of 2,4,5-T Formulations
................. 182
5.8.2
Results and Discussion of NIOSH Data Sets
........ 185
5.9
Conclusions as to the Amount of TCDD Disseminated
in South Vietnam
................................... 185
References
.............................................. 186
xiv Contents
6
The Testing of Aerial Spray Equipment, and Ecological Impacts
of the Programs at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida
............... 191
6.1
Introduction
....................................... 191
6.2
Background
....................................... 193
6.3
Test and Evaluations Projects on Test Area C-52A
......... 199
6.4
Hardstand
7
Herbicide Loading and Storage Site
.......... 200
6.5
Herbicides/Chemicals Sprayed in the Test and Evaluation
Programs
......................................... 208
6.6
TCDD in Agent Orange and Purple Disseminated
on the Test Area
.................................... 209
6.7
The Military s Response to the Herbicides Sprayed
on Test Area C-52A
................................. 211
6.8
Chemical and Bioassay Studies of Soil Cores from Test
Area C-52A
....................................... 214
6.9
Studies of the Vegetation of Test Area C-52A
............. 221
6.9.1
Synopsis of Vegetative Studies
................... 221
6.9.2
Discussion of the Sampling Procedure, Results,
and Photographic Records
...................... 223
6.9.3
Studies of the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles,
and Amphibians
.............................. 229
6.9.4
Aquatic Studies
............................... 233
6.9.5
Insect Studies
................................. 237
6.9.6
Summary of Ecological Surveys
.................. 238
6.10
Persistence of TCDD in the Soils of Test Area C-52A
...... 238
6.11
Routes of TCDD Disappearance on Test Girds
Receiving 2,4,5-T Herbicide
.......................... 241
6.12
Animal Studies of TCDD Uptake
..................... 243
6.13
Long-term Field Studies of the Beachmouse,
Реготу
seus
polionotus
........................................ 246
6.14
Actions to Control the Movement of TCDD from
Hardstand
7
and Test Area C-52A
..................... 253
6.15
Conclusions
...................................... 254
References
.............................................. 256
7
Monitoring Studies of Former Agent Orange Storage Sites
in Mississippi and Johnston Island
........................... 263
7.1
Requirements for Site Reclamation of NCBC
and Johnston Island
................................. 264
7.2
Historical Background on the Naval Construction
Battalion Center
.................................... 266
7.2.1
The Issue of Defective and Damaged Drums
........ 267
7.2.2
Results of the USAF Academy Monitoring
Program,
1974-1976........................... 269
7.2.3
Environmental Health Laboratory Monitoring
Program,
1974-1976........................... 271
Contents xv
7.3
Historical Background on Johnston Island
.............. 272
7.3.1
Results of Early Monitoring Programs
on Johnston Island
........................... 273
7.3.2
Potential Water Contamination of Johnston
Island
...................................... 274
7.4
Design of the Protocol for Monitoring the Herbicide
Storage Sites
...................................... 276
7.4.1
Preliminary Evaluation of the Protocol at NCBC
.....277
7.4.2
Implementation of the Formal Protocol
.............279
7.4.3
Chemical Analyses of Samples
....................280
7.4.4
Microbial Analyses of Samples
....................281
7.5
Results and Discussion of Herbicide and
Microbial Data
.................................... 281
7.6
Aquatic System Monitoring for TCDD at NCBC,
1977-1979........................................ 287
7.7
Management Recommendations for the NCBC Herbicide
Storage Site
....................................... 290
7.8
Implementation of the AFESC Herbicide Orange
Monitoring Program
............................... 292
7.9
Site Characterization Study of NCBC in Preparation
for Reclamation
................................... 294
7.10
Final Reclamation Actions at the Naval Construction
Battalion Center
................................... 295
7.11
The Reclamation of the Johnston Island Herbicide
Storage Site
....................................... 297
References
.............................................. 299
8
Agent Orange and
Dioxin
Remediation and the
Return to Vietnam
....................................... 303
8.1
The National Academy of Sciences Study,
1971-1974...... 303
8.2
The Period of Limited Access to Vietnam and Studies
on Agent Orange,
1976-1995......................... 305
8.3
Normalization Between the United and the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam, 1995-Present
.................... 308
8.4
The Agent Orange
Dioxin
Remediation Workshops,
2005-2007........................................ 309
8.4.1
Background on the Workshops
....................309
8.4.2
The
1st
Agent Orange and
Dioxin
Remediation
Workshop, August
2005....................... 310
8.4.3
The
2nd
Agent Orange and
Dioxin
Remediation
Workshop, June
2007......................... 313
8.4.4
History and Maps of the Former Tactical
Herbicide Storage and Loading Sites in Vietnam
.... 314
References
.............................................. 320
xvi Contents
Postlude:
Can there be a Satisfactory End to the Agent Orange
Controversy?
............................................... 325
The Resolution in Vietnam
................................. 325
The Resolution for Vietnam Veterans
........................ 327
References
.............................................. 327
Index
..................................................... 329
|
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| spelling | Young, Alvin L. Verfasser aut The history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange Alvin L. Young New York, NY Springer New York 2009 XVIII, 339 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Few environmental or occupational health issues have received the sustained international attention that has been focused on Agent Orange, the major tactical herbicide deployed in Southern Vietnam. Agent Orange Agent Orange Toxicology Vietnam Vietnamkrieg (DE-588)4063516-8 gnd rswk-swf Agent Orange (DE-588)4323876-2 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Agent Orange (DE-588)4323876-2 s DE-604 USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Vietnamkrieg (DE-588)4063516-8 s Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017624624&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Young, Alvin L. The history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange Agent Orange Agent Orange Toxicology Vietnam Vietnamkrieg (DE-588)4063516-8 gnd Agent Orange (DE-588)4323876-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063516-8 (DE-588)4323876-2 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | The history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange |
| title_auth | The history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange |
| title_exact_search | The history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange |
| title_full | The history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange Alvin L. Young |
| title_fullStr | The history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange Alvin L. Young |
| title_full_unstemmed | The history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange Alvin L. Young |
| title_short | The history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange |
| title_sort | the history use disposition and environmental fate of agent orange |
| topic | Agent Orange Agent Orange Toxicology Vietnam Vietnamkrieg (DE-588)4063516-8 gnd Agent Orange (DE-588)4323876-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agent Orange Agent Orange Toxicology Vietnam Vietnamkrieg USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017624624&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT youngalvinl thehistoryusedispositionandenvironmentalfateofagentorange |