The funding of party competition: political finance in 25 democracies
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Baden-Baden
Nomos
2009
|
| Edition: | 1. Aufl. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. 407 - 450 |
| Physical Description: | 467 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783832942717 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 651 | 7 | |a Frankreich |2 fes | |
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| 651 | 7 | |a Niederlande |2 fes | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Polen |2 fes | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Schweden |2 fes | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Schweiz |2 fes | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Spanien |2 fes | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: The funding of party competition
Autor: Naßmacher, Karl-Heinz
Jahr: 2009
Table of contents
List of tables and graphs 15
List of abbreviations 17
CHAPTER ONE - Money in Democratic Politics (Introduction) 19
A) Scholarly analysis of political finance 20
1. Areas of interest: issues in political finance 20
2. Desiderata of political finance research 26
B) Approaches to political finance 30
1. Definition of the subject: political finance 30
2. Demarcation of the subject of this study: party funding 34
C) Research questions and overview 37
1. Party spending 38
2. Sources of revenue 40
3. Impacts of funding 43
CHAPTER TWO - Factual Pattern of (Party) Expenditure 47
A) Cost centres (units of party organisation) 48
1. National, regional and local tiers (levels of party organisation) 50
2. Groups of party activists 54
3. Party penumbra (ancillary bodies and affiliated organisations) 56
a) Intra-party organisations 56
b) Party institutes 57
4. Parliamentary party groups (caucuses) 58
B) Types of cost (elements of expenditure) 60
1. Paid labour 61
a) Wages and salaries 61
b) Professional fees 64
2. Offices (rent of premises etc.) 64
3. Communication 66
4. Publicity 68
5. Other goods and services 71
a) Polling/research, interest and fundraising 71
b) Peculiar types of cost 72
c) Residual costs 72
C) Cost objects (purposes of spending) 73
1. Election campaigns (campaign spending) 74
2. Organisation maintenance 79
3. Policy development (research and training) 84
CHAPTER THREE - Costs of 18 Party Democracies 87
A) Establishment of data for spending totals 89
1. Costs of the biggest democracies: USA, Japan, Germany, Mexico 90
2. Costs of major democracies: Italy, Britain, France, Spain, Poland 96
3. Costs of medium sized democracies: Canada, Australia,
the Netherlands, Sweden 101
4. Costs of small democracies: Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark,
Ireland 105
B) Adjustment for election cycle, country size and economic performance 109
C) Comparison of spending levels 115
CHAPTER FOUR - Causes of Spending Levels 121
A) Features of the democratic polity 121
1. Stages of political and economic development 121
a) Economic development 122
b) Democratic tradition 123
2. Size of the electorate (economies of scale) 124
3. Routines of conflict resolution 128
a) Plural societies and federal systems 128
b) Competitive vs. consociational decision-making 129
c) Anglo-Saxon vs. other traditions of polities 131
B) Framework of party politics 132
1. Capital-intensive campaigning vs. labour-intensive party apparatus 133
2. Modes of party competition 135
a) Ideological warfare 136
b) One-party dominance 137
c) Intra-party competition (individual candidates, factions and
primaries) 13g
C) Consequences of public policy 141
1. Unlimited sources of funding 142
a) Unrestrained political graft (corruption) 142
b) Generous public subsidies 144
2. State intervention in the economy 146
a) Share of government expenditure 147
b) State regulation of the economy 148
D) Interaction of causal factors 149
CHAPTER FIVE - Cost Explosion: Fact or Fantasy? 155
A) Background variables for the spending spree 155
1. External influences (electorate and inflation) 156
a) Growth of electorate 157
b) Impact of inflation 158
2. More comprehensive data 162
3. Intensified competition 164
a) Parliamentary election cycle 164
b) Other competitive factors 165
B) Causes of increased party spending 167
1. Paid TV advertising 167
2. New technology 172
3. Professional politics 177
C) Cost push or demand pull? 183
CHAPTER SIX - Grass-Roots Revenue 193
A) Cornerstone of democracy or demand from never-land? 194
B) Roads to voluntary contributions (Soliciting money in small amounts) 199
1. Membership dues 199
a) Number of party members (including member-to-voter
ratio and trends) 200
b) Average contribution per party member 206
c) Revenue from membership dues (by party families and by
countries) 208
2. Small donations 215
3. Fundraising events (social activities) 222
C) Public incentives (for small political contributions) 224
1. Energising fundraisers (matching funds) 224
2. Stimulating contributors (tax add-on, tax deduction, and tax credit) 225
D) Intra-party transfers 230
1. Association quotas 231
2. Equalisation transfers 233
3. Revenue sharing 234
CHAPTER SEVEN - Plutocratic Funding (Interested Money and Graft) 239
A) Moral hazard of democracy? 240
B) Contributions from interested money 244
1. Institutional fundraising 245
a) Collective membership (affiliation fees) 246
b) Conveyer organisations 249
c) Political action committees (PACs) 251
2. Donations by wealthy individuals (contributions from personal wealth) 254
a) Fat cat contributions (without or with strings attached) 255
b) Buying honours and offices 257
c) Paying for campaigns from personal wealth 258
3. Corporate contributions (money from the business community) 260
4. Public disincentives to discourage interested contributions 269
a) Bans 269
b) Contribution limits 270
c) Disclosure of donors identity 271
5. Income from foreign funds 272
C) Returns on investment: dividends and interest (parties as entrepreneurs) 274
D) Party income from political graft 276
1. Abuse of public resources 277
2. Graft from business sources 279
3. Assessment of party/ political officeholders (graft from public office) 284
CHAPTER EIGHT - Public Subsidies 289
A) Stop-gap, life-saver or white knight? 290
1. Developing a case for public funding 290
2. Problems of public funding 292
3. Means to increase the legitimacy of public subsidies 294
B) Types of subsidies 296
1. Subsidies-in-kind 297
a) Access to media 297
b) Other support options 299
2. Reimbursement of costs incurred 300
3. Earmarked funds 300
4. General grants 302
C) Recipients of cash subsidies 303
1. Candidates (for parliament or the presidency) 303
2. Party organisations 304
3. Party caucuses (parliamentary groups) 306
4. Organisations of the party penumbra 308
D) Allocation of national party subsidies 310
1. Access to public funding 311
a) Minimum of votes polled 311
b) Minimum of seats held 311
c) Other options (fixed amount, successful fundraising) 312
2. Distribution of subsidies 314
a) Allocation of matching funds 314
b) Distribution by party size (number of seats held or votes polled) 315
c) Distribution of base amounts 316
E) Significance of public funding 317
1. Contribution to party revenue (Income situation of parties) 317
2. Level of the taxpayers contribution 322
F) Politics of public subsidies 324
1. Influence of party competition on funding rules 324
2. Public funding as a result of government structure 326
a) Level of public funding in consensus democracies 327
b) Level of public subsidies in majoritarian democracies 331
c) Countries, which do not fit (either the categories or the hypothesis) 331
3. Public funding in (comparative) perspective: parties and other
organisations 332
CHAPTER NINE - Impacts on Party Systems 335
A) Spend and win? - Money as a means of success 335
1. (Campaign) Spending by individual candidates 336
2. Skewed competition between individual parties 341
B) Ossification of the party system? 346
1. Access for new parties: Openness of the party system? 347
2. Room for changing weight of individual parties:
Freezing of the party system? 352
3. Changing roles of political parties: Arrested distribution of power? 356
C) Summary of findings for party competition 360
CHAPTER TEN - Impacts on Party Organisation 363
A) Linkage between parties and their grass-roots 364
1. Changes of grass-roots linkage via membership dues and small
donations 366
2. Approaching members and supporters by direct mailings 370
3. Measurement of and incentives for grass-roots linkage 372
B) Distribution of power within party organisations 374
1. Parties and their candidates 375
2. Different levels of the party organisation (headquarters,
branches and chapters) 378
3. Party organisation and party penumbra 387
C) Summary of findings for party organisation 389
CHAPTER ELEVEN - Money as a Political Resource (Conclusion) 393
A) Summary of major findings 393
1. Spending/ expenses 393
2. Revenue/ income 393
3. Impacts of political funding 397
B) Consequences for the debate on party type(s) 398
1. Catch-all parties 398
2. Cartel parties 402
Bibliography 407
Index 45
1 A
List of tables and graphs
Graph 2-1: Dimensions of cost accounting applied to party spending 48
Table 2-1: Federal, state and local party expenses in Germany, 1994-2004 53
Table 2-2: Salaries, wages and benefits (in percent of total expenses) 62
Table 2-3: Staff costs by party family and country (in percent of total
expenses) 63
Table 2-4: Costs of premises for parties in Europe (Britain and France)
(rent and maintenance in percent of headquarters total expenses) 65
Table 2-5: Operating expenses for major Canadian parties (in percent) 67
Table 2-6: Costs of communication and publicity for parties in France
(in percent of headquarters total expenses) 69
Table 2-7: Election expenses in Canada (by type of cost), 1997-2006
(reported as a percentage of total election expenses) 70
Table 2-8: Campaign expenses of national campaigns, election years
1971 -2000 (in million CAD, DEM, GBP, USD) 77
Table 2-9: Operating expenses of Canadian parties, non-election years
1985-2005 (in million CAD) 79
Table 2-10: Annual routine spending by British national party headquarters for
non-election years only (in million £; 1952-91 annual averages) 81
Table 3-1: Costs of party competition in comparative perspective,
late 1950s and early 1980s 88
Table 3-2: Campaign and party expenditure totals (per year and eligible
voter) 110
Table 3-3: Currency equivalents of per capita spending 113
Table 3-4: Averages of party and campaign expenses per eligible voter
and year (Index of Political Spending) 115
Graph 3-1: Different measures/ indicators for per capita political spending 116
Table 3-5: Costs of party competition in comparative perspective,
late 1950s and late 1990s 118
Table 4-1: Party spending, development and size of democracies 125
Graph 4-1: Scattergram of IPS values by size of democracy
(in three clusters) 126
Table 4-2: Party spending and Lijphart s indicators of decision-making
routines 130
Table 4-3: Levels of party spending, corruption and public subsidies 143
Table 4-4: Political spending and government intervention in the economy 147
Table 4-5: Regression analysis for level of politicial spending (IPS) 150
Table 4-6: Factor analysis of variables explaining spending levels 152
Table 5-1: Political spending in the United States, 1952-2004 158
Table 5-2: Political spending per citizen, CPI adjusted, 1971 -2000 160
Table 5-3: Campaign spending per elector, CPI adjusted
(U.S., U.K. and Canada) 173
Table 5-4: Details of party spending in Germany, 1984-2001 182
Table 5-1: U.S. Presidential campaign spending, 1912-2000 185
Table 5-5: Political spending per citizen, GDP adjusted, 1971-2000 188
Table 6-1: Levels of party enrolment, 1950-2000 202
Table 6-2: Average membership dues by party family and country 207
Table 6-3: Annual average of membership dues for German parties 208
Table 6-4: Average party income from membership dues
(in percent of total) 210
Table 6-5: Membership funding of party headquarters, averages 213
Table 6-6: Association quotas as a source of national party revenue;
the case of the U.K. Conservatives (1950-1997) 232
Table 7-1: Corporate donations to selected party headquarters, 1968-2002 263
Table 8-1: Public funding of party headquarters, by country and party
family 319
Table 8-2: Public funding of party headquarters, by country and time
period 321
Table 8-3: Party subsidies and type of democracy 328
Table 9-1: Party revenue in Britain and Germany, 1970-2005 344
Graph 9-1: Model of analysis (most relevant variables) 347
Graph 9-2: Access to party systems (new parties since 1980) 350
Graph 9-3: Composition of party systems (change of fragmentation) 355
Table 9-2: Fragmentation of party systems (and the influence of
public funding) 356
Table 9-3: Changes of government composition (transition of power) 358
Graph 10-1: Selected impacts of funding strategies on party activity 364
16
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Naßmacher, Karl-Heinz 1941- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13566800X |
| author_facet | Naßmacher, Karl-Heinz 1941- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Naßmacher, Karl-Heinz 1941- |
| author_variant | k h n khn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035555605 |
| callnumber-first | J - Political Science |
| callnumber-label | JF2112 |
| callnumber-raw | JF2112.C28 |
| callnumber-search | JF2112.C28 |
| callnumber-sort | JF 42112 C28 |
| callnumber-subject | JF - Public Administration |
| classification_rvk | MF 3240 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)316826693 (DE-599)DNB993522173 |
| dewey-full | 324.210681 342.029 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 324 - The political process 342 - Constitutional and administrative law |
| dewey-raw | 324.210681 342.029 |
| dewey-search | 324.210681 342.029 |
| dewey-sort | 3324.210681 |
| dewey-tens | 320 - Political science (Politics and government) 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft Politologie |
| edition | 1. Aufl. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Australien fes Dänemark fes Frankreich fes Großbritannien fes Irland fes Israel fes Italien fes Japan fes Kanada fes Mexiko fes Niederlande fes Polen fes Schweden fes Schweiz fes Spanien fes USA fes Österreich fes |
| geographic_facet | Australien Dänemark Frankreich Großbritannien Irland Israel Italien Japan Kanada Mexiko Niederlande Polen Schweden Schweiz Spanien USA Österreich |
| id | DE-604.BV035555605 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:40:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783832942717 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017611430 |
| oclc_num | 316826693 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-M352 DE-188 DE-Bo133 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-M352 DE-188 DE-Bo133 DE-20 |
| physical | 467 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Nomos |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Naßmacher, Karl-Heinz 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)13566800X aut The funding of party competition political finance in 25 democracies Karl-Heinz Nassmacher 1. Aufl. Baden-Baden Nomos 2009 467 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 407 - 450 Parteienfinanzierung fes Parteivermögen fes Spende fes Wahlkampffinanzierung fes Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd rswk-swf Parteienfinanzierung (DE-588)4044747-9 gnd rswk-swf Parteienwettbewerb (DE-588)4520868-2 gnd rswk-swf Australien fes Dänemark fes Frankreich fes Großbritannien fes Irland fes Israel fes Italien fes Japan fes Kanada fes Mexiko fes Niederlande fes Polen fes Schweden fes Schweiz fes Spanien fes USA fes Österreich fes Parteienwettbewerb (DE-588)4520868-2 s Parteienfinanzierung (DE-588)4044747-9 s Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017611430&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Naßmacher, Karl-Heinz 1941- The funding of party competition political finance in 25 democracies Parteienfinanzierung fes Parteivermögen fes Spende fes Wahlkampffinanzierung fes Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd Parteienfinanzierung (DE-588)4044747-9 gnd Parteienwettbewerb (DE-588)4520868-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120509-1 (DE-588)4044747-9 (DE-588)4520868-2 |
| title | The funding of party competition political finance in 25 democracies |
| title_auth | The funding of party competition political finance in 25 democracies |
| title_exact_search | The funding of party competition political finance in 25 democracies |
| title_full | The funding of party competition political finance in 25 democracies Karl-Heinz Nassmacher |
| title_fullStr | The funding of party competition political finance in 25 democracies Karl-Heinz Nassmacher |
| title_full_unstemmed | The funding of party competition political finance in 25 democracies Karl-Heinz Nassmacher |
| title_short | The funding of party competition |
| title_sort | the funding of party competition political finance in 25 democracies |
| title_sub | political finance in 25 democracies |
| topic | Parteienfinanzierung fes Parteivermögen fes Spende fes Wahlkampffinanzierung fes Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd Parteienfinanzierung (DE-588)4044747-9 gnd Parteienwettbewerb (DE-588)4520868-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Parteienfinanzierung Parteivermögen Spende Wahlkampffinanzierung Internationaler Vergleich Parteienwettbewerb Australien Dänemark Frankreich Großbritannien Irland Israel Italien Japan Kanada Mexiko Niederlande Polen Schweden Schweiz Spanien USA Österreich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017611430&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT naßmacherkarlheinz thefundingofpartycompetitionpoliticalfinancein25democracies |