Mixing and compounding of polymers: theory and practice
"A book about the theory and practice of the mixing and compounding of polymers"--Provided by publisher.
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| Other Authors: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Munich [u.a.]
Hanser
2009
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | "A book about the theory and practice of the mixing and compounding of polymers"--Provided by publisher. |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XXVII, 1158 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783446407732 9781569904244 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mixing and compounding of polymers |b theory and practice |c Ica Manas-Zloczower. With contributions by: J. F. Agassant ... |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "A book about the theory and practice of the mixing and compounding of polymers"--Provided by publisher. | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804139183597420544 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Mixing and compounding of polymers
Autor: Manas-Zloczower, Ica
Jahr: 2009
Contents
Foreword VII
PARTI
Mechanisms and Theory 1
1 Basic Concepts 3
lea Manas-Zloczower, Zehev Tadmor
2 Mixing of Miscible Liquids 5
Charles Tucker III
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Continuum Analysis of Stretching 8
2.2.1 Deformation Analysis 8
2.2.2 Rate Analysis 13
2.2.3 Interface Stretching in Simple Flows 16
2.2.3.1 Simple Shear: Deformation Analysis 16
2.2.3.2 Simple Shear: Rate Analysis 17
2.2.3.3 Planar Elongation: Deformation Analysis 18
2.2.3.4 Planar Elongation: Rate Analysis 19
2.2.4 Stretching Behavior and Mixing Flows 20
2.3 Chaos and Chaotic Flows 21
2.3.1 An Example Flow 21
2.3.2 Poincare Sections 22
2.3.3 Lyapunov Exponents 25
2.3.4 Periodic Points 28
2.4 Mixing in Chaotic Flows 29
2.4.1 Global Chaos 29
2.4.2 Universal Stretching Properties 30
2.4.2.1 Growth of Average Stretch 31
2.4.2.2 Global Stretching Distribution 32
2.4.2.3 Spatial Distribution of Stretch 34
2.4.2.4 Implications for Flow Selection 34
2.5 Other Considerations 36
2.5.1 Rheological Effects 36
2.5.2 Molecular Diffusion 36
2.6 Summary 37
Acknowledgements 38
References 38
X Contents
3 Mixing of Immiscible Liquids 41
Han E. H. Meijer, Jos M. H. Janssen and Patrick D. Anderson
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Mixing Mechanisms 43
3.3 Distributive Mixing (Ca » Cacrit) 46
3.3.1 Affine Deformation 46
3.3.2 Efficient Mixing: Stretching, Folding, and Reorienting 48
3.3.3 Static Mixers 50
3.3.3.1 Multiflux 51
3.3.3.2 Ross 53
3.3.3.3 Sulzer 54
3.3.3.4 Kenics 56
3.3.4 Optimization Kenics Mixers 57
3.3.4.1 Optimizing RL Designs 57
3.3.4.2 Optimizing for Non-Newtonian Fluids 58
3.3.4.3 Optimizing RR Designs 60
3.3.4.4 Scale-up: Use of Structure Radius and Scale of Segregation ... 61
3.3.4.5 Mapping the Structure 63
3.3.4.6 Conclusions 66
3.3.5 Dynamic Mixers 66
3.3.5.1 Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders 66
3.3.5.2 Single Screw Extruders 69
3.3.5.3 The Rotational Arc Mixer (RAM) 71
3.3.6 Understanding Mixing: the Lid-Driven Cavity Flow 71
3.3.6.1 Geometry 71
3.3.6.2 Periodic Points 72
3.3.6.3 The Mapping Method 76
3.3.6.4 Accuracy of the Mapping Method 77
3.3.6.5 Optimization by Using the Mapping Method 78
3.3.6.6 Adding Inertia 84
3.3.6.7 3-D Cavity 86
3.4 Dispersive Mixing Ca ~ Cacrit 90
3.4.1 Rayleigh Disturbances 90
3.4.2 Disintegration of Threads at Rest 92
3.4.3 Disintegration of Threads During Flow 96
3.4.4 Flow Classification 98
3.4.5 Drop Deformation and Breakup 102
3.4.6 Step-Wise Equilibrium versus Dynamic Breakup 108
3.4.6.1 Two Mechanisms 108
3.4.6.2 Plane Hyperbolic Flow 109
3.4.6.3 Simple Shear Flow 110
3.4.7 Theoretical Models for Drop Evolution 114
3.5 Coalescence and Influence of Surfactants 124
3.5.1 Collision of Drops 124
Contents XI
3.5.2 Film Drainage 125
3.5.2.1 Theoretical 125
3.5.2.2 Restrictions of the Drainage Models 129
3.5.2.2 Drainage Probability 130
3.5.2.3 Experimental 132
3.5.3 Coalescence Probability 133
3.5.4 Combination of Breakup and Coalescence 135
3.5.5 Influence of Surfactants on Deformation 138
3.5.5.1 Surface Tension Gradients 139
3.5.5.2 Equation of State 140
3.5.5.3 Drop Shapes 140
3.5.5.4 Modes of Drop Breakage 140
3.5.6 Influence of Surfactants on Coalescence 147
3.6 Polymer Blending in Practice 147
3.6.1 A Two-Zone Model 147
3.6.1.1 Principle 147
3.6.1.2 Numerical Approach 148
3.6.1.3 Effective Viscosity 149
3.6.1.4 Results 150
3.6.1.5 Influence of Material Parameters 152
3.6.1.6 Influence of Processing Conditions 153
3.6.2 Passage through a Die 155
3.6.3 Phase Inversion 156
3.6.4 Journal Bearing: a Second Model Flow 158
3.6.5 Dynamics of Mixing 159
3.7 Rheology and Morphology 160
3.7.1 Constitutive Modeling of Dispersive Mixtures 160
3.7.2 Diffuse Interface Modeling 165
3.8 Conclusions 170
APPENDIX 3.A: Determination of Interfacial Tension 172
Nomenclature 174
References 177
4 Dispersive Mixing of Solid Additives 183
lea Manas-Zloczower and Donald L. Feke
4.1 Introduction 183
4.2 Continuum Dispersion Models 185
4.2.1 Agglomerate Structure and Cohesiveness 185
4.2.2 Models for Agglomerate Dispersion 187
4.3 Discrete Dispersion Models 199
4.4 Dispersion Mechanisms and Modelling Based on Experimental Observations 203
4.5 Concluding Remarks 210
Nomenclature 211
References 214
XII Contents
5 A Kinematic Approach to Distributive Mixing 217
/. E Agassant, A. Poitou and R. Valette
5.1 Introduction 217
5.2 Kinematic Approach to Distributive Mixing 218
5.3 Application to Simple Flow Configurations 220
5.3.1 Simple Shear Flow 220
5.3.2 Pure Elongational Flow 221
5.4 Application to a Two-Dimensional Flow Configuration 223
5.5 Experimental Study of a Two-Dimensional, Nonstationary Flow 227
5.6 Application to Three-Dimensional Flow Configurations 230
5.6.1 Periodic Shearing Flow 230
5.6.2 Non-Stationary Flow within an Internal Mixer 233
5.7 Discussion 235
Nomenclature 238
References 239
6 Number of Passage Distribution Functions 241
Z. Tadmor
6.1 Introduction 241
6.2 Theory of Number of Passage Distribution (NPD) Functions 242
6.3 NPD Functions in Batch and Flow Recirculating Systems 243
6.4 NPD Functions in Some Model Systems 245
6.4.1 Well-Stirred Batch Vessel with Recirculation 245
6.4.2 Plug Flow with Recirculation 246
6.4.3 Well-Stirred Continuous Mixing Vessel with Recirculation 247
6.5 Applications of NPD Functions to Dispersive Mixing 248
6.5.1 Dispersive Mixing 248
6.5.2 Modeling of Mixers 249
Acknowledgment 249
References 250
7 Mixing Measures 251
lea Manas-Zloczower and Miron Kaufman
7.1 Introduction 251
7.2 Entropic Measures 253
7.2.1 Shannon Entropy 253
7.2.2 Renyi Entropies 253
7.2.2.1 Applications 254
7.2.3 Multi-Component Shannon Entropy 256
7.2.3.1 Application: Simultaneous Dispersive and Distributive
Mixing Index 258
7.2.4 Modified Multi-Component Shannon Entropy 259
7.2.4.1 Applications to Extruders 260
7.2.4.2 Applications to Micromixers 262
Contents XIII
7.2.5 Renyi Generalized Entropies and Fractal Properties 263
7.2.5.1 Applications 263
7.3 Summary 264
References 265
PART II
Mixing Equipment - Modeling, Simulation, Visualization 267
8 Flow Field Analysis of a Banbury Mixer 269
Haur-Horng Yang and lea Manas-Zloczower
8.1 Introduction 269
8.2 Flow Simulations 272
8.2.1 Description of Method 272
8.2.2 Velocity Profiles and Pressure Distributions 274
8.3 Flow Field Characterization 278
8.3.1 Dispersive Mixing 278
8.3.2 Distributive Mixing 284
8.4 Summary and Conclusions 295
Nomenclature 295
References 296
9 CFD Simulations of Static Mixers: A Survey 299
Philippe A. Tanguy, Louis Fradette, Mourad Heniche and Shaffiq A. Jaffer
9.1 Static Mixers in the Polymer Industry 299
9.2 Performance Criteria 301
9.2.1 Pressure Drop 302
9.2.2 Shearing Action 303
9.2.3 Mixing Performance 304
9.2.4 Mixing Homogeneity 306
9.2.5 CFD Methods 307
9.3 Numerical Modelling Principles 309
9.3.1 Simulation Flowchart 309
9.3.2 Equations of Change 310
9.3.3 Discretization 311
9.3.4 Solvers 313
9.3.5 Particle Tracking 314
9.4 Summary of the Main Hydrodynamic Predictions 316
9.4.1 Pressure Drop 316
9.4.2 Poincare Maps 318
9.4.3 Residence Time Distribution 318
9.4.4 Overall Deformation and Shear 319
9.4.5 Transverse Flow 320
9.5 Summary of the Main Results on Mixing Evaluation 321
XIV Contents
9.5.1 Segregation Scale 321
9.5.2 Intensity of Segregation 322
9.5.3 Chaos Theory 323
9.6 Mixer Performance Comparison 324
9.7 Other Mixing Evaluation Studies 326
9.8 Simulation Methods, Software Tools 326
9.9 Industrial Perspective and what the Future Holds 329
9.9.1 Single Phase Fluids 329
9.9.2 Multiphase Fluids 329
9.9.3 Multi-Scale Modeling 330
Nomenclature 331
References 333
10 Flow Visualization in Internal Mixers 337
Kyonsuku Min
10.1 Introduction 337
10.2 Historical Development of Internal Mixers 339
10.3 Flow Visualization 342
10.3.1 Flow Visualization by Various Sensors 345
10.3.2 Flow Visualization through Transparent Windows 351
References 359
11 Continuous Equipment Simulation - Single Screw 363
Seppo Syrjald
11.1 Introduction 363
11.2 General Equations for the Creeping Flows of Generalized-Newtonian
Fluids 364
11.3 Geometrical Considerations and Approximations 367
11.4 Overview of Previous Work 369
11.5 Description of Applied Modeling Approaches 371
11.5.1 Two-Dimensional Formulation 371
11.5.2 Three-Dimensional Formulation 373
11.6 Predicted Results 376
11.6.1 Isothermal Flow of a Newtonian Fluid 376
11.6.2 Isothermal Flow of a Power-Law Non-Newtonian Fluid 377
11.6.3 Non-Isothermal Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids 380
Nomenclature 385
References 387
12 Modeling Flow in Twin Screw Extrusion 389
fames L. White, Kyunha Ban, SugHun Bumm, Qibo Jiang
12.1 Introduction 389
12.2 Modular Self-Wiping Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders 391
12.2.1 Technology 391
Contents XV
12.2.2 Flow in Individual Elements 392
12.2.3 Heat Balance 396
12.2.4 Melting 397
12.2.5 Composite Modular Machine Behavior 398
12.2.6 Global Machine Software 399
12.3 Tangential Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders 400
12.3.1 Technology 400
12.3.2 Flow in Individual Elements 400
12.3.3 Heat Balance 404
12.3.4 Composite Modular Machine Behavior 405
12.4 Intermeshing Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders 406
12.4.1 Technology 406
12.4.2 Flow in Individual Elements 408
12.4.3 Melting 409
12.4.4 Composite Modular Machine Behavior 409
12.5 Continuous Mixers 410
12.5.1 Technology 410
12.5.2 Flow Modeling 413
References 414
13 Continuous Equipment Simulation - Co-Kneader 419
P. H. M. Elemans
13.1 Introduction 419
13.2 Machine Geometry and Working Principle 421
13.2.1 Screw Elements, Pins, and Barrel Liners 421
13.2.2 Melting 424
13.3 Modeling the Co-Kneader 426
13.4 Newtonian, Isothermal Analysis of Continuous Mixers 427
13.4.1 Twin-Screw Extruders 427
13.4.2 The Co-Kneader 431
13.5 Mixing 434
13.6 Experimental 435
13.6.1 Throughput versus Pressure Characteristic 437
13.6.2 Filled Length 440
13.6.3 Pressure Gradients 441
13.6.4 Residence Time Distribution 443
13.7 Nonisothermal, Non-Newtonian Analysis 445
13.8 Outlook 445
Nomenclature 447
References 448
14 Continuous Equipment Simulation - Mixing Devices 451
Alejandro Londono-Hurtado, Juan Pablo Hernandez-Ortiz, Tim A. Osswald
14.1 Static Mixers 452
XVI Contents
14.2 Mixing Heads in Single Screw Extrusion 464
14.3 Conclusions 470
References 470
15 Continuous Process Visualization: Visual Observation, On-Line Monitoring,
Model-Fluid Extrusion and Simulation 473
15.1 Introduction 473
15.1.1 Overview 475
15.2 Techniques for Visualization of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding 479
15.2.1 Experimental Simulation with a Simple Mixer and Real Material 479
15.2.1.1 Melting of Polymer Pellets 479
15.2.1.2 Melting of Polymer Powders 484
15.2.1.3 Melting of Polymer Blends 484
15.2.1.4 Melting of Polymer/Rubber Blends 487
15.2.1.5 Visualization of Morphological Transformations during
Mixed Melting: the Phase Inversion Phenomenon 489
15.2.1.6 Visualization of Morphological Transformations during
Mixed Melting: Direct Observation and Torque Monitoring
of Miscible Blends with Extremely Low Viscosity Ratio
( 0.01) 491
15.2.2 Model Fluid Extrusion: Real Mixer with a Simple Fluid 492
15.2.2.1 Visualization of Flow in Extruders using Model Fluids 493
15.2.2.2 Visualization of Glass Fiber Dispersion in a Model Fluid 495
15.2.3 Processing with Continuous Equipment and Real Polymers 496
15.2.3.1 Visualization of the Extrudate at the Die Exit 496
15.2.3.2 Visualization of Fluid Flows in a Fixed Geometry 497
15.2.3.3 In-line Sampling 500
15.2.3.4 On-Line Microscopy 500
15.2.3.5 Point Measurements: Characterization of Melting and
Mixing Time with the Residence Time Distribution 504
15.2.3.6 Visualization of Solid Transport and the Onset of Melting
by Direct Observation 514
15.2.3.7 Visualization of the Melting Zone by Direct Observation 516
15.2.3.8 Visualization and On-line Monitoring using Highly-
Instrumented Extruders 520
15.2.3.9 Visualization of the Melting of Polymer Blends 531
15.2.3.10 Visualization of Phase Inversion during Polymer Blending... 534
15.2.3.11 Visualization of Mixing of Polymer Pellets with Mineral
Filler 535
15.2.3.12 Characterization of Energy Dissipation in the Melting Zone:
Pulse Perturbation Method and Dynamic Monitoring 535
15.2.3.13 Characterization of the Twin Screw Extrusion Process
from the Steady-State 542
15.3 Compounding Principles and Practical Examples 547
Contents XVII
15.3.1 Melting Zone Extrusion and Mixing 547
15.3.1.1 Melting of Polymer/Polymer Blends 548
15.3.1.2 Melting of Polymer/Filler Blends 551
15.3.2 Mixing after Melting 552
15.3.3 Dispersive Mixing with Phase Inversion 554
15.3.3.1 Mixing of Plastic/Rubber Blends with High Viscosity Ratio
( 3.5) 554
15.3.3.2 Mixing of Plastic/Rubber Blends with Low Viscosity Ratio
( 0.28) 554
15.3.3.3 Mixing of Plastic/Rubber Blends with Extremely Low
Viscosity Ratio («0.1) 555
15.3.3.4 Mixing of Plastic/Rubber Blends: Blending with in situ
Grafting 556
15.3.4 Melting and Mixing Dynamics in Extrusion 556
15.3.5 Unstable Flow during Single Screw Extrusion 559
15.3.6 Unstable Flow during Twin Screw Extrusion 562
15.3.7 Visualization and Monitoring Applied to Process Control 565
15.4 Summary 569
15.5 Concluding Remarks 571
References 572
16 Scale-Up of Mixing Equipment 577
Helmut Potente
16.1 Similarity 577
16.2 Systems 578
16.3 Dimensionless Groups 579
16.3.1 Global Treatment 579
16.3.2 Zone-Based Treatment 582
16.3.2.1 Melt Conveying Section 582
16.3.2.2 Melting Sections 585
16.3.2.2.1 Compact Solid Bed 585
16.3.2.2.2 Dispersive Melting 587
16.3.2.3 Solid Conveying Sections 588
16.3.2.4 Mixing in Melt Conveying Sections 591
16.3.2.4.1 Miscible Melts 591
16.3.2.4.2 Immiscible Melts 591
16.3.2.4.3 Solid/Melt Systems 592
16.4 Scale-Up, Scale-Down Rules 596
16.4.1 Continuous, Steady-State Processes 596
16.4.1.1 Melt Extruder and Melt-Dominated Smooth-Barrel
Plasticizing Extruder 599
16.4.1.1.1 Identical Melt Output Temperatures
and Identical Temperature Profiles
over the Dimensionless Extruder Length 599
XVIII Contents
16.4.1.1.2 Different Temperatures for the Model and Main
Machine 607
16.4.1.2 Rubber Extruder 610
16.4.1.3 Grooved Barrel Extruder 612
16.4.1.4 Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder 612
16.4.1.5 Counter Rotating Twin Screw Extruder 622
16.4.1.6 Non-Intermeshing Counter Rotating Twin Screw Kneader .. 623
16.4.1.7 Buss Kneader 626
16.4.1.8 Mixing Rolls 629
16.4.1.9 Mixing Elements 629
16.4.2 Discontinuous Processes 631
16.4.2.1 Internal Mixers 631
16.4.2.2 Mechanically Agitated Vessels 636
References 640
17 Scale-Down of Mixing Equipment: Microfluidics 645
Patrick D. Anderson and Han E. H. Meijer
17.1 Introduction 645
17.2 Mixing at Small Scales: Dimensionless Groups 646
17.3 Distributive Mixing at Small Scales 649
17.3.1 Passive versus Active Actuation 650
17.3.2 Passive Mixers: Design Options 651
17.3.3 Staggered Herringbone Mixer 651
17.3.4 Barrier-Embedded Static Mixers 659
17.3.5 Serpentine Channels 664
17.4 Active Mixers: Design Options 665
17.4.1 Neutral Beads 665
17.4.2 Magnetic Beads 670
17.4.3 Coupled Electrostatics and Hydrodynamics 673
17.4.4 Artificial Cilia 678
17.5 Dispersive Mixing at Small Scales 684
17.5.1 Experimental Observations 685
17.5.2 Boundary Integral Simulations 688
17.5.3 Small Deformation Theory 694
17.6 Conclusions 695
References 697
PART III
Compounding 701
18 Compounding (Theory and Practice) 703
Prof. Marino Xanthos
18.1 Introduction 703
Contents XIX
18.2 Types and Characteristics of Compounds 703
18.2.1 Polymer Blends 704
18.2.2 Polymer Formulations 705
18.2.3 Filled Polymers (Polymer Composites) 706
18.3 Compounding Practice 709
18.3.1 General 709
18.3.2 Polymer Blends and Polymer Formulations 710
18.3.3 Filled Polymers 712
18.3.3.1 Setting Up a Compounding Line 712
18.3.3.2 Low Aspect Ratio Fillers 715
18.3.3.3 High Aspect Ratio Fillers 717
18.3.3.4 Nanoclays 718
18.4 Concluding Remarks 719
Abbreviations 720
References 721
19 Solid Additives 723
Alberto Scurati
19.1 Introduction 723
19.2 Synthesis and Chemical Properties of Amorphous Silica 725
19.2.1 Synthesis of Amorphous Silica 725
19.2.2 Chemistry and Properties of Silica Surfaces 727
19.2.3 Silica Mixing and Compounding 732
19.3 Morphology of Filler Agglomerates 734
19.3.1 Particle and Pore Size Distribution 734
19.3.2 Dispersibility of Fine Particle Agglomerates 736
19.3.3 The Fractal Nature of Filler Particulates 738
19.4 Filler Reinforcement 741
19.5 Concluding Remarks 749
References 749
20 Compatibilizers - Mechanisms and Theory 757
Prof. Marino Xanthos
20.1 Introduction 757
20.2 Parameters Affecting Wetting, Dispersion, and Adhesion 757
20.3 Fillers - Surface Modification and Interfacial Agents 758
20.4 Compatibilizers for Polymer Blends 762
Abbreviations 765
References 766
21 Dispersion of Two-Dimensional Nanoparticles in Polymer Melts 769
Alejandra Reyna-Valencia and Mosto Bousmina
21.1 Introduction 769
21.2 Clay Particle Characteristics 771
XX Contents
21.2.1 Structure 771
21.2.1.1 Characterisation by X-Ray Diffraction 773
21.2.2 Surface Interactions 774
21.2.3 Intercalation by Organic Surfactants 779
21.3 Exfoliation Process 782
21.4 Stability of the Exfoliated Structure 787
21.5 Role of Exfoliation On Macroscopic Behavior 789
21.6 Special Case: Clay Dispersion in Multiphase Systems 790
21.7 Modeling of Rheological Behavior 792
21.8 Concluding Remarks 796
Acknowledgements 797
References 797
22 Effect of Mixing on Properties of Compounds 801
Yoshiyuki Suetsugu
22.1 Types of Aggregation and Interaction between Particles 801
22.3 Determination of Dispersion and Dispersion Index 804
22.4 Mixing and Dispersion in Practice 807
22.4.1 Agglomerate Dispersion 808
22.4.1.1 Profile of Dispersed Phase 808
22.4.1.2 Effect of Mixing Conditions 809
22.4.1.3 Effect of Surface Treatment 811
22.4.2 Fiber Mixing 812
22.4.3 Mixing of Clay Nanocomposite 813
22.5 Dispersion and Properties 814
22.5.1 Mechanical Properties 814
22.5.1.1 Effect of Agglomerate Dispersion 814
22.5.1.2 Effect of Interface 817
22.5.2 Electrical Properties 818
22.5.3 Properties of Clay Nanocomposites 821
22.5.4 Properties of Other Nanocomposites 824
22.6 Summary 824
Nomenclature 825
References 826
PART IV
Mixing Practices 829
23 Internal Mixers 831
Kimio Inoue
23.1 Introduction 831
23.2 Mixing Mechanism of Internal Mixer 832
23.2.1 Structure of Internal Mixer 832
Contents XXI
23.2.2 Mixing Steps for Mixing of Polymers and Fillers 834
23.2.3 Dispersion Mechanism of Fillers 834
23.3 Studies of Mixing Mechanism by Model Tests 835
23.3.1 Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Model Tests 835
23.3.2 Improvement of Rotors by Model Tests 839
23.4 Development of New Rotor for Internal Mixers 841
23.4.1 Rotor in Tangential Type Internal Mixer 841
23.4.1.1 Four-Wing Rotor (4WN) 841
23.4.1.2 ST Rotor 842
23.4.1.3 Tangential Type 6-Wing Rotor (6WI) 843
23.4.2 Development of Rotors for Intermeshing Mixers 847
23.4.2.1 Intermeshing Mixers 847
23.4.2.2 VIC Mixer 848
23.4.2.3 Partial Intermeshing Mixer 849
23.5 Improvement of Internal Mixers 849
23.6 Summary 850
References 851
24 Mixing in Single-Screw Extruders 853
Chris Rauwendaal
24.1 Introduction 853
24.2 Laminar Mixing in Melt Conveying 854
24.2.1 Effect of Reorientation 869
24.2.2 Backmixing 872
24.2.2.1 Cross Sectional Mixing and Axial Mixing 873
24.2.2.2 Residence Time Distribution 874
24.2.2.3 RTD in Screw Extruders 876
24.2.2.4 Methods to Improve Backmixing 877
24.2.2.5 Conclusions 879
24.2.3 Chaotic Mixing 879
24.3 Mixing Devices in Extrusion 883
24.3.1 Distributive Mixing Elements 887
24.3.1.1 The Vortex Intermeshing Pin (VIP) Mixer 896
24.3.1.2 Description of the VIP Mixer 898
24.3.1.3 Experimental Results 900
24.3.2 Dispersive Mixing Sections 907
24.3.2.1 Design of Dispersive Mixing Devices 908
24.3.3 Using the TSE Mixing Mechanism in Single Screw Extruders 932
Nomenclature 940
References 941
25 Mixing Practices in Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders 947
Dr. Paul G. Andersen
25.1 Introduction 947
XXII Contents
25.2 Building Blocks for Mixing 948
25.2.1 Extruder Geometry 948
25.2.2 Element Geometry 951
25.3 Typical Process Mixing Tasks 963
25.3.1 Polymer/Polymer 963
25.3.2 Polymer/Low Aspect Ratio Filler 966
25.3.3 Elastomer - Elastomer/Low Aspect Ratio Filler 969
25.3.4 Polymer/High Aspect Ratio Filler (Fiber) 970
25.3.5 Polymer/Nano Scale Filler 972
25.3.6 Polymer/Low Viscosity Additives 974
25.4 Summary 977
References 978
26 Intermeshing Twin Screw Extruders 981
Tadamoto Sakai
26.1 Outline 981
26.2 Total Compounding System 983
26.2.1 Outline of the Total System 983
26.2.2 Typical Machine Specifications and Output Capacities 984
26.2.3 Extrusion Performance Simulation 986
26.2.3.1 Melting Mechanism Analysis 987
26.2.3.2 Twin Screw Extrusion Characteristics Simulation 988
26.3 Compounding Applications 991
26.3.1 Inorganic Filler Compounding 991
26.3.2 Glass-Fiber Compounding 995
26.3.2.1 Short Glass Fiber Compounding 995
26.3.2.2 Long Glass Fiber Compounding and Molding 995
26.3.3 Polymer Nano-Composite Compounding 997
26.3.4 Polymer Blending 999
26.3.4.1 Miscible Polymer Blending 999
26.3.4.2 Immiscible Polymer Blending 1002
26.4 Reactive Extrusion 1006
26.4.1 Advantages of Reactive Extrusion 1006
26.4.2 Typical Chemical Reactions 1008
26 A3 Recycling Applications 1011
26.4.3.1 PET Direct Extrusion 1011
26.4.3.2 PET Modification for Producing Foamed Sheet 1011
26.4.3.3 Combination of Reactive Processing and Injection
Molding 1013
26.5 Devolatilization 1015
26.5.1 Effects of Water Addition 1015
26.5.2 High Concentration Devolatilization 1016
References 1017
Contents XXIII
27 Reactive Compounding 1019
Guo-HuaHu, Sandrine Hoppe, Lian-Fang Feng, Christian Fonteix
27.1 Introduction 1019
27.2 Free Radical Grafting of Monomers onto Polymers : 1020
27.2.1 Overall Reaction Scheme 1022
27.2.2 Free Radical Grafting in a Batch Mixer 1024
27.2.2.1 Effect of Comonomers 1024
27.2.2.2 Effect of Temperature 1026
27.2.2.3 Effect of Mixing 1027
27.2.3 Free Radical Grafting in a Twin Screw Extruder 1028
27.2.3.1 Effect of Screw Design 1028
27.2.3.2 Effect of Plastication/Melting 1029
27.2.3.3 Effect of Feeding Mode 1032
27.2.4 Recent Developments 1036
27.2.4.1 Fractional Feeding 1036
27.2.4.2 Concept of Nano-Reactors 1037
27.3 Reactive Blending 1040
27.3.1 General Features of Morphology Development 1040
27.3.2 Reactive Blending in Batch Mixers or Analogues 1047
27.3.2.1 Effect of the Copolymer Formation Kinetics 1047
27.3.2.2 Effect of Mixing Time 1051
27.3.2.3 Effect of Mixing Intensity 1052
27.3.3 Reactive Blending in Screw Extruders 1053
27.3.3.1 Non-Reactive versus Reactive Blends 1055
27.3.3.2 Effect of Screw Configuration 1056
27.3.3.3 Effect of the Compatibilizer Content 1057
27.3.3.4 Adverse Effect of Mixing 1058
27.3.4 One-Step versus Two-Step Reactive Blending 1061
27.3.5 Comparison of in situ Compatibilization to Separate Copolymer
Addition 1065
27.3.6 Polymerized Blends 1067
27.3.6.1 Intractable Engineering Plastics/Monomer Systems 1067
27.3.6.2 Nano-Blends 1067
27.4 Compounding of Polymer Nanocomposites 1068
27.4.1 Multi-Scale Structures of Montmorillonite (MMT) 1069
27.4.2 Mechanisms of Dispersion of MMT in Polymers 1070
27.4.3 Factors Affecting the Rate and Scale of Dispersion of MMT
in Polymers 1070
27.4.4 Water-Assisted MMT Dispersion in Polymers 1075
27.5 Summary 1078
References 1079
XXIV Contents
28 Continuous Mixers 1081
Eduardo L. Canedo and Lefteris N. Valsamis
28.1 Introduction 1081
28.2 Structure and Principles of Operation 1082
28.2.1 Solids Conveying 1084
28.2.2 Melting 1085
28.2.3 Mixing 1086
28.2.4 Devolatilization 1088
28.2.5 Pumping 1089
28.3 Modeling 1091
28.3.1 Circumferential Flow 1093
28.3.2 Global Flow Models 1111
28.3.3 Scale-Up Considerations 1121
28.4 Rotor Design 1124
28.4.1 Single-Stage Rotors 1124
28.4.2 Two-Stage Rotors 1129
28.5 Conclusion 1132
List of Symbols 1133
Abreviations 1134
References 1135
Subject Index 1139
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Manas-Zloczower, Ica |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | i m z imz |
| author_GND | (DE-588)112277837 |
| author_facet | Manas-Zloczower, Ica |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035542709 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TP1175 |
| callnumber-raw | TP1175.M5 |
| callnumber-search | TP1175.M5 |
| callnumber-sort | TP 41175 M5 |
| callnumber-subject | TP - Chemical Technology |
| classification_rvk | UV 9240 VN 5940 ZM 5100 |
| classification_tum | CIT 710f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)310224858 (DE-599)DNB988529661 |
| dewey-full | 668.4/1 668.4042 660 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 668 - Technology of other organic products 660 - Chemical engineering |
| dewey-raw | 668.4/1 668.4042 660 |
| dewey-search | 668.4/1 668.4042 660 |
| dewey-sort | 3668.4 11 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV035542709 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:40:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783446407732 9781569904244 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017598740 |
| oclc_num | 310224858 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-210 DE-703 DE-634 DE-83 DE-1102 DE-92 |
| physical | XXVII, 1158 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Hanser |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mixing and compounding of polymers theory and practice Ica Manas-Zloczower. With contributions by: J. F. Agassant ... 2. ed. Munich [u.a.] Hanser 2009 XXVII, 1158 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben "A book about the theory and practice of the mixing and compounding of polymers"--Provided by publisher. Plastics Mixing Mischen (DE-588)4120742-7 gnd rswk-swf Herstellung (DE-588)4159653-5 gnd rswk-swf Verarbeitung (DE-588)4537851-4 gnd rswk-swf Polymergemisch (DE-588)4175243-0 gnd rswk-swf Copolymere (DE-588)4010542-8 gnd rswk-swf Compoundierverfahren (DE-588)4520145-6 gnd rswk-swf Polymercompound (DE-588)4348644-7 gnd rswk-swf Gemisch (DE-588)4132151-0 gnd rswk-swf Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Compoundierverfahren (DE-588)4520145-6 s DE-604 Polymergemisch (DE-588)4175243-0 s Mischen (DE-588)4120742-7 s Polymercompound (DE-588)4348644-7 s Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 s Verarbeitung (DE-588)4537851-4 s 2\p DE-604 Gemisch (DE-588)4132151-0 s 3\p DE-604 Copolymere (DE-588)4010542-8 s Herstellung (DE-588)4159653-5 s 4\p DE-604 Manas-Zloczower, Ica edt Agassant, Jean-François Sonstige (DE-588)112277837 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017598740&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Mixing and compounding of polymers theory and practice Plastics Mixing Mischen (DE-588)4120742-7 gnd Herstellung (DE-588)4159653-5 gnd Verarbeitung (DE-588)4537851-4 gnd Polymergemisch (DE-588)4175243-0 gnd Copolymere (DE-588)4010542-8 gnd Compoundierverfahren (DE-588)4520145-6 gnd Polymercompound (DE-588)4348644-7 gnd Gemisch (DE-588)4132151-0 gnd Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120742-7 (DE-588)4159653-5 (DE-588)4537851-4 (DE-588)4175243-0 (DE-588)4010542-8 (DE-588)4520145-6 (DE-588)4348644-7 (DE-588)4132151-0 (DE-588)4046699-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Mixing and compounding of polymers theory and practice |
| title_auth | Mixing and compounding of polymers theory and practice |
| title_exact_search | Mixing and compounding of polymers theory and practice |
| title_full | Mixing and compounding of polymers theory and practice Ica Manas-Zloczower. With contributions by: J. F. Agassant ... |
| title_fullStr | Mixing and compounding of polymers theory and practice Ica Manas-Zloczower. With contributions by: J. F. Agassant ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mixing and compounding of polymers theory and practice Ica Manas-Zloczower. With contributions by: J. F. Agassant ... |
| title_short | Mixing and compounding of polymers |
| title_sort | mixing and compounding of polymers theory and practice |
| title_sub | theory and practice |
| topic | Plastics Mixing Mischen (DE-588)4120742-7 gnd Herstellung (DE-588)4159653-5 gnd Verarbeitung (DE-588)4537851-4 gnd Polymergemisch (DE-588)4175243-0 gnd Copolymere (DE-588)4010542-8 gnd Compoundierverfahren (DE-588)4520145-6 gnd Polymercompound (DE-588)4348644-7 gnd Gemisch (DE-588)4132151-0 gnd Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Plastics Mixing Mischen Herstellung Verarbeitung Polymergemisch Copolymere Compoundierverfahren Polymercompound Gemisch Polymere Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017598740&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT manaszloczowerica mixingandcompoundingofpolymerstheoryandpractice AT agassantjeanfrancois mixingandcompoundingofpolymerstheoryandpractice |