The basics of crystallography and diffraction:
This book provides a clear introduction to topics which are essential to students in a wide range of scientific disciplines but which are otherwise only covered in specialised and mathematically detailed texts. It shows how crystal structures may be built up from simple ideas of atomic packing and c...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | International Union of Crystallography texts on crystallography
12 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | This book provides a clear introduction to topics which are essential to students in a wide range of scientific disciplines but which are otherwise only covered in specialised and mathematically detailed texts. It shows how crystal structures may be built up from simple ideas of atomic packing and co-ordination, it develops the concepts of crystal symmetry, point and space groups by way of two dimensional examples of patterns and tilings, it explains the concept of the reciprocal lattice in simple terms and shows its importance in an understanding of light, X-ray and electron diffraction. Practical examples of the applications of these techniques are described and also the importance of diffraction in the performance of optical instruments. The book is also of value to the general reader since it shows, by biographical and historical references, how the subject has developed and thereby indicates some of the excitement of scientific discovery. |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 432 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199546442 9780199546459 |
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| 300 | |a XIII, 432 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1817341316617469952 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
X-ray photograph of zinc blende
(Friedrich,
Knipping
and
von Laue, 1912) xiv
X-ray photograph of deoxyribonucleic acid (Franklin and Gosling,
1952) xv
Crystals and crystal structures
1
1.1
The nature of the crystalline state
1
1.2
Constructing crystals from close-packed hexagonal layers of atoms
5
1.3
Unit cells of the hep and ccp structures
6
1.4
Constructing crystals from square layers of atoms
9
1.5
Constructing body-centred cubic crystals
10
1.6
Interstitial structures
11
1.7
Some simple ionic and covalent structures
18
1.8
Representing crystals in projection: crystal plans
19
1.9
Stacking faults and twins
21
1.10
The crystal chemistry of inorganic compounds
26
1.10.1
Bonding in inorganic crystals
27
1.10.2
Representing crystals in terms of coordination polyhedra
29
1.11
Introduction to some more complex crystal structures
31
1.11.1
Perovskite (CaTiOs), barium titanate
(BaTiO?,)
and related
structures
31
1.11.2
Tetrahedral and octahedral structures
—
silicon carbide and
alumina
33
1.11.3
The oxides and oxy-hydroxides of iron
35
1.11.4
Silicate structures
37
1.11.5
The structures of silica, ice and water
43
1.11.6
The structures of carbon
46
Exercises
53
Two-dimensional patterns, lattices and symmetry
55
2.1
Approaches to the study of crystal structures
55
2.2
Two-dimensional patterns and lattices
56
2.3
Two-dimensional symmetry elements
58
2.4
The five plane lattices
61
2.5
The seventeen plane groups
64
2.6
One-dimensional symmetry: border or frieze patterns
65
2.7
Symmetry in art and design: counterchange patterns
65
2.8
Layer (two-sided) symmetry and examples in woven textiles
73
2.9
Non-periodic patterns and tilings
77
Exercises
80
x
Contents
3
Bravais
lattices and crystal systems
84
3.1
Introduction
84
3.2
The fourteen space
(Bravais)
lattices
84
3.3
The symmetry of the fourteen
Bravais
lattices: crystal systems
88
3.4
The coordination or environments of
Bravais
lattice points:
space-filling polyhedra
90
Exercises
95
Crystal symmetry: point groups, space groups,
symmetry-related properties and quasiperiodic
crystals
97
4.1
Symmetry and crystal habit
97
4.2
The thirty-two crystal classes
99
4.3
Centres and inversion axes of symmetry
100
4.4
Crystal symmetry and properties
104
4.5
Translational symmetry elements
107
4.6
Space groups
111
4.7
Bravais
lattices, space groups and crystal structures
118
4.8
The crystal structures and space groups of organic compounds
121
4.8.1
The close packing of organic molecules
122
4.8.2
Long-chain polymer molecules
124
4.9
Quasiperiodic crystals or crystalloids
126
Exercises
130
Describing lattice planes and directions in crystals:
Miller indices and zone axis symbols
131
5.1
Introduction
131
5.2
Indexing lattice directions
—
zone axis symbols
132
5.3
Indexing lattice planes
—
Miller indices
133
5.4
Miller indices and zone axis symbols in cubic crystals
136
5.5
Lattice plane spacings, Miller indices and
Laue
indices
137
5.6
Zones, zone axes and the zone law, the addition rule
139
5.6.1
The Weiss zone law or zone equation
139
5.6.2
Zone axis at the intersection of two planes
139
5.6.3
Plane parallel to two directions
140
5.6.4
The addition rule
140
5.7
Indexing in the trigonal and hexagonal systems:
Weber symbols and Miller-Bra
vais
indices
141
5.8
Transforming Miller indices and zone axis symbols
143
5.9
Transformation matrices for trigonal crystals with rhombohedral
lattices
146
5.10
A simple method for inverting a
3
χ
3
matrix
147
Exercises
149
Contents xi
The reciprocal lattice
150
6.1
Introduction
150
6.2
Reciprocal lattice vectors
150
6.3
Reciprocal lattice unit cells
152
6.4
Reciprocal lattice cells for cubic crystals
156
6.5
Proofs of some geometrical relationships using reciprocal
lattice vectors
158
6.5.7
Relationships between
a, b, c anda*, b*, c*
158
6.5.2
The addition rule
159
6.5.3
The Weiss zone law or zone equation
159
6.5.4
d
-spacing of lattice planes (hkl)
160
6.5.5
Angle
p
between plane normals (h\k\l\) and (hikih)
160
6.5.6
Definition of a*, b*. c* in terms of
a, b, c
161
6.5.7
Zone axis at intersection of planes (h\k\l\) and
(hikjh)
161
6.5.8
A plane containing two directions [u\v\w\] and [uiyiwi]
161
6.6
Lattice planes and reciprocal lattice planes
161
6.7
Summary
163
Exercises
164
The diffraction of light
165
7.1
Introduction
165
7.2
Simple observations of the diffraction of light
167
7.3
The nature of light: coherence, scattering and interference
172
7.4
Analysis of the geometry of diffraction patterns from gratings
and nets
174
7.5
The resolving power of optical instruments: the telescope, camera,
microscope and the eye
181
Exercises
190
8
X-ray diffraction: the contributions of Max
von Laue,
W
H. and
W.
L.
Bragg and
E E
Ewald 192
8.1
Introduction
192
8.2
Laue's analysis of X-ray diffraction: the three
Laue
equations
193
8.3
Bragg's analysis of X-ray diffraction: Bragg's law
196
8.4
Ewald's synthesis: the reflecting sphere construction
198
Exercises
202
9
The diffraction of X-rays
203
9.1
Introduction
203
9.2
The intensities of X-ray diffracted beams: the structure factor
equation and its applications
207
xii
Contents
9.3
The broadening of diffracted beams: reciprocal lattice points and
nodes
215
9.3.1
The Scherrer equation: reciprocal lattice points and nodes
216
9.3.2
Integrated intensity and its importance
220
9.3.3
Crystal size and perfection: mosaic structure and
coherence length
220
9.4
Fixed
Θ,
varying
λ
X-ray techniques: the
Laue
method
221
9.5
Fixed
λ,
varying
θ
X-ray techniques: oscillation, rotation and
precession methods
223
9.5.1
The oscillation method
223
9.5.2
The rotation method
225
9.5.3
The precession method
226
9.6
X-ray diffraction from single crystal thin films and multilayers
229
9.7
X-ray (and neutron) diffraction from ordered crystals
233
9.8
Practical considerations: X-ray sources and recording techniques
237
9.8.1
The generation of X-rays in X-ray tubes
238
9.8.2
Synchrotron X-ray generation
239
9.8.3
X-ray recording techniques
240
Exercises
240
10
X-ray diffraction of polycrystalline materials
243
10.1
Introduction
243
10.2
The geometrical basis of polycrystalline (powder) X-ray
diffraction techniques
244
10.3
Some applications of X-ray diffraction techniques in
polycrystalline materials
252
10.3.1
Accurate lattice parameter measurements
252
10.3.2
Identification of unknown phases
253
10.3.3
Measurement of crystal (grain) size
256
10.3.4
Measurement of internal elastic strains
256
10.4
Preferred orientation (texture, fabric) and its measurement
257
10.4.1
Fibre textures
258
10.4.2
Sheet textures
259
10.5
X-ray diffraction of
DNA:
simulation by light diffraction
262
10.6
The
Rietveld
method for structure refinement
267
Exercises
269
11
Electron diffraction and its applications
273
11.1
Introduction
273
11.2
The
Ewald
reflecting sphere construction for electron diffraction
274
11.3
The analysis of electron diffraction patterns
277
11.4
Applications of electron diffraction
280
Contents xiii
11.4.1
Determining orientation relationships between crystals
280
11.4.2
Identification of polycrystalline materials
281
11.4.3
Identification of quasiperiodic crystals
282
11.5
Kikuchi and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) patterns
283
//.5./
Kikuchi patterns in the
ТЕМ
283
11.5.2
Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) patterns
in the
SEM 287
11.6
Image formation and resolution in the
ТЕМ
288
Exercises
292
12
The stereographic projection and its uses
296
12.1
Introduction
296
12.2
Construction of the stereographic projection of a cubic crystal
299
12.3
Manipulation of the stereographic projection: use of the
Wulff
net
302
12.4
Stereographic projections of non-cubic crystals
305
12.5
Applications of the stereographic projection
308
12.5.1
Representation of point group symmetry
308
12.5.2
Representation of orientation relationships
310
12.5.3
Representation of preferred orientation (texture or fabric)
311
Exercises
314
13
Fourier analysis in diffraction and image formation
315
13.1
Introduction
—
Fourier series and Fourier transforms
315
13.2
Fourier analysis in crystallography
318
13.3
Analysis of the
Fraunhofer
diffraction pattern from a grating
323
13.4
Abbe theory of image formation
328
Appendix
1
Computer programs, models and model-building in
crystallography
333
Appendix
2
Polyhedra in crystallography
339
Appendix
3
Biographical notes on crystallographers and scientists mentioned
in the text
349
Appendix
4
Some useful crystallographic relationships
382
Appendix
5
A simple introduction to vectors and complex numbers and
their use in crystallography
385
Appendix
6
Systematic absences (extinctions) in X-ray diffraction and double
diffraction in electron diffraction patterns
392
Answers to Exercises
401
Further Reading
414
Index
421 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hammond, Christopher 1942- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)172124026 |
| author_facet | Hammond, Christopher 1942- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hammond, Christopher 1942- |
| author_variant | c h ch |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035493843 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QD905 |
| callnumber-raw | QD905.2 |
| callnumber-search | QD905.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QD 3905.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QD - Chemistry |
| classification_rvk | UQ 1000 UQ 5100 VE 9350 |
| classification_tum | PHY 605f GEO 420f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)318585648 (DE-599)BVBBV035493843 |
| dewey-full | 540 548 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences 548 - Crystallography |
| dewey-raw | 540 548 |
| dewey-search | 540 548 |
| dewey-sort | 3540 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Geowissenschaften Physik |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035493843 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-02T15:02:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199546442 9780199546459 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017550199 |
| oclc_num | 318585648 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-703 DE-634 DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-703 DE-634 DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-11 |
| physical | XIII, 432 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | International Union of Crystallography texts on crystallography |
| series2 | International Union of Crystallography texts on crystallography |
| spelling | Hammond, Christopher 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)172124026 aut The basics of crystallography and diffraction Christopher Hammond 3. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2009 XIII, 432 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International Union of Crystallography texts on crystallography 12 This book provides a clear introduction to topics which are essential to students in a wide range of scientific disciplines but which are otherwise only covered in specialised and mathematically detailed texts. It shows how crystal structures may be built up from simple ideas of atomic packing and co-ordination, it develops the concepts of crystal symmetry, point and space groups by way of two dimensional examples of patterns and tilings, it explains the concept of the reciprocal lattice in simple terms and shows its importance in an understanding of light, X-ray and electron diffraction. Practical examples of the applications of these techniques are described and also the importance of diffraction in the performance of optical instruments. The book is also of value to the general reader since it shows, by biographical and historical references, how the subject has developed and thereby indicates some of the excitement of scientific discovery. Crystallography X-ray crystallography Röntgendiffraktometrie (DE-588)4336833-5 gnd rswk-swf Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 gnd rswk-swf Diffraktometrie (DE-588)4340335-9 gnd rswk-swf Röntgenbeugung (DE-588)4178306-2 gnd rswk-swf Diffraktometrie (DE-588)4340335-9 s DE-604 Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 s Röntgenbeugung (DE-588)4178306-2 s 1\p DE-604 Röntgendiffraktometrie (DE-588)4336833-5 s 2\p DE-604 International Union of Crystallography texts on crystallography 12 (DE-604)BV002805877 12 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017550199&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Hammond, Christopher 1942- The basics of crystallography and diffraction International Union of Crystallography texts on crystallography Crystallography X-ray crystallography Röntgendiffraktometrie (DE-588)4336833-5 gnd Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 gnd Diffraktometrie (DE-588)4340335-9 gnd Röntgenbeugung (DE-588)4178306-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4336833-5 (DE-588)4033217-2 (DE-588)4340335-9 (DE-588)4178306-2 |
| title | The basics of crystallography and diffraction |
| title_auth | The basics of crystallography and diffraction |
| title_exact_search | The basics of crystallography and diffraction |
| title_full | The basics of crystallography and diffraction Christopher Hammond |
| title_fullStr | The basics of crystallography and diffraction Christopher Hammond |
| title_full_unstemmed | The basics of crystallography and diffraction Christopher Hammond |
| title_short | The basics of crystallography and diffraction |
| title_sort | the basics of crystallography and diffraction |
| topic | Crystallography X-ray crystallography Röntgendiffraktometrie (DE-588)4336833-5 gnd Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 gnd Diffraktometrie (DE-588)4340335-9 gnd Röntgenbeugung (DE-588)4178306-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Crystallography X-ray crystallography Röntgendiffraktometrie Kristallographie Diffraktometrie Röntgenbeugung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017550199&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002805877 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hammondchristopher thebasicsofcrystallographyanddiffraction |