Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite":
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
V. Tărnovo
Faber
2008
|
| Schriftenreihe: | zahlr. Ill., Kt.
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Sostra fortress, Emperor Gallienus and the cohorts of the "Returnees" |
| Beschreibung: | 92 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789547758636 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Christov, Ivan |d 1970- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)133090280 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite" |c Ivan Christov |
| 264 | 1 | |a V. Tărnovo |b Faber |c 2008 | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a zahlr. Ill., Kt. | |
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Sostra fortress, Emperor Gallienus and the cohorts of the "Returnees" | ||
| 600 | 0 | 7 | |a Gallienus |c Römisches Reich, Kaiser |d 218-268 |0 (DE-588)118537334 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Sostra |0 (DE-588)4778454-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Gallienus |c Römisches Reich, Kaiser |d 218-268 |0 (DE-588)118537334 |D p |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017536874&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139090538397696 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Увод
.................................................................................................5
Разположение и организация на римския град Состра
..................7
Планировка на
крепостта Состра
..................................................19
Принципните
-
центъра на крепостта
и съкровище на епиграфски паметници
........................................24
Новооткрит
постамент на
императорска статуя
с
надпис от времето на император Галиен
....................................31
Крепостта след строежите при император Галиен
до смъртта на император
Валене
(254-378
г.)................................
39
Консервация и реставрация на римския кастел Состра
и прилежащи крайпътни обекти
2005-2007
г.
..............................48
Литература
.....................................................................................62
The Sostra fortress, Emperor Gallienus
and the Cohors of the returnees (summary)
....................................65
THE SOSTRA FORTRESS, EMPEROR GALLIENUS
AND THE COHORS OF THE RETURNEES
Ivan Hristov
(summary)
One of the best preserved small
roman
towns in today s Bulgarian lands is
Sostra, located on the military road connecting in the past
Danubius
(Danube
,
river), Hemus
(Stara Planina)
and Thrace province (today s Southern Bulgaria).
The town is situated in the Valley of
Osam
River in the immediate vicinity
of the main road from the town of
Lovech
to the town of Troyan.
The archeological expeditions organized by the National Museum of Histo¬
ry have investigated successfully the most important components of the ancient
town
-
a big Roman stronghold (castellum), civilian villages, necropolises, early
Christian church, craftsman s quarter, roads and smaller streets.
In addition to the archeological research, preservation and restoration
activities are currently conducted in the town area, in order to preserve the
artifacts found during the excavations. Among the most important and attractive
sites to be seen only
100
m
away from the actual road to the town of Troyan,
are the restored fortress, a Roman Mausoleum, the foundations of the early
Christian church and the newly built chapel of St. George, the preserved sections
of the Roman road to Philipopolis (today s city of Plovdiv). The amateurs of
history could also see a number of archaeological artifacts from the excavations
displayed in the exposition of the Museum of Arts and Crafts in the town of
Troyan.
The municipality of Troyan, The National Museum of History, Rotary Club
In Troyan and The Museum of Arts and Crafts are making everything necessary,
so that Sostra could become one of the leading tourist sites in Bulgaria.
It is generally accepted that Sostra (Troyanhisar) is the predecessor of the
modern town of Troyan, which is named after the famous Roman Emperor
Marcus Ulpius
Trajanus.
The ancient town was established in
147
a.c. during the time of the Roman
Emperor
Antonin
Pii.
The building of the fortress
-
and respectively of the town
-
was started in the middle of the II century by the soldiers of the Cohors II
Mattiacorum, by order of the supervisor of the Lower Mizia region, who was a
direct subordinate of the Emperor
Antonin
Pii.
By the middle of the III century,
the ancient settlement developed quickly thanks to its location near to a main
military route. As many other towns and smaller settlements, Sostra suffered
severe damages during the Gothic invasions around
249-251
a.c.
65
A quick restoration of the fortress was started on the 10th of October
254
ax.,
following an initiative of a province supervisor who was still unknown until this
time (Gaius Julius Victor) and an order of Emperor Gallienus. Again this was
achieved through soldiers labor and discipline. This time the soldiers were from
the Cohors II of the Returnees .
The present book is dedicated especially to the events immediately after the
Gothic invasions and the development of Sostra during III-V century.
THE
PRINCIPIA
-
THE CENTRE OF THE FORTRESS
AND EPIGRAHIC MONUMENTS TREASURY
The Southwestern corner of a big building with a representative function
was found during an archeological dig in
2002,
as based on its location and char¬
acteristics, it is identified to be the
Principia
of the camp. Two years earlier a
dedication inscription was found, made by the soldiers of the Cohors II Mat-
tiacorum in honor of the Emperor
Antonin
Pii.
Most probably the other known
epigraphic monuments have also been found in this building, in
XIX
century,
as they have been transported to the Museum of the People, now called the Mu¬
seum of Archeology of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
(BAS).
The longitu¬
dinal axis of the building is orientated in the direction Southwest
-
Northeast
and coincides with the axis marked by
porta praetoria porta .
The width of the
building is
26
m, the length
- 31.40
m.
On the short Eastern side it was possible to enter through a
4
m
wide en¬
trance into a vast yard, most probably surrounded all round by a portico. The
portico represented a colonnade, out of which only separate processed quaders
remained to this day. Small premises serving for armories (armamentaria) were
constructed along the longer walls of the yard and behind the colonnade. In
the Sostra s
Principia
there were not more than three such premises on each
side, based on the dimensions of the yard and some remains that were part of a
primitive construction. They were covered by tegulae and imbrices . The ar¬
mories in question were deleted from the building layout during the V century.
The open-air yard and the endmost Western premises of the
principia
were
divided by a transversal wall with several entrances. A transversal hall (basilica)
followed.
Three premises were discovered, built in the shape of a chain along the West¬
ern wall. Among them a central premise could be distinguished (aedes
principio-
rum).
The
5.80
m
width of this premise corresponds to the width of the building
entrance. According to the Roman military tradition, the insignia of the Cohors
were kept in the premise in question
-
banners, bronze eagles, Emperor s statues,
etc. The cash-box (aerarium) of the military unit was located on one of the sides
66
of this
premise.
With certainty, the northernmost premise was the officer s office
(scholae), judging by the hypocaust and the bronze writing pen found in it.
During the following two years, the
Principia
Western side was thoroughly
investigated and a later transversal wall has been discovered before the main
premises. The wall in question is located at
8
m
distance from the line of the
main Western premises. It was built using big, well-processed quaders connected
one to each other with smaller stones and cemented together using a plaster. The
thickness of this wall is
0.70
m. It has been preserved up to a height of
0.60
m.
Some of the blocks have rectangular holes carved in them for placing of massive
beams
-
part of an internal colonnade. The wall shapes the yard of the
Principia
to the West.
The found coins allow dating the initial period of the construction of the
Principia
at the end of the II century. During the thirties of the III century,
as in many other places, some damages occurred on the castellum, related to
the first invasions of the Goths in the Lower Mizia province, In my opinion
these perturbations were overcome temporarily during the reign of the Emperor
Gordian
III, as this is supported by the found coins and the
stratigraphie
findings.
It is certain that the building was destroyed at the end of the IV century and this
is evidenced by the latest archeological research.
NEWLY DISCOVERED PEDESTAL OF AN EMPEROR S
STATUE WITH AN INSCRIPTION FROM THE TIME
OF EMPEROR GALLIENUS
A pedestal of Emperor s statue, erected in the time of Emperor Gallienus,
was discovered in the summer of
2006
during an archeological research of the
Principia
of the Sostra castellum (village of Lomets, Troyan Area),
lhe
monu¬
ment was found in the middle of quadrant
42,
sector IV, before the main Western
premises of the
Principia .
It was reused as a construction material in the foun¬
dation of the transversal wall separating in the late antiquity the internal yard
from the building and the transversal hall (the so-called basilica). TJhe length
of the pedestal is
1.70
m, the width
0.54
m. The monument represents a well-
processed white stone block, serving for a pedestal for the Emperor s statue. The
bases of the Emperor s statue shoes were carved on the topside of the pedestal.
Judging by their dimensions, most probably the statue was with dimensions a
little bit bigger, compared to the normal proportions of a human figure from this
time. A fragment of the bronze fingers of the hand of the statue has been found
by chance, near to the place of the discovery of the epigraphic monument.
15
rows with Latin letters were found on the front side of the stone, which is very
well preserved. The height of the letters varies from
5
to
5.5
cm. Traces of ocher
67
coloring were found in all of them. The inscription field is with dimensions
100 /
56
cm. The following text could be read:
IMP CAESAR
Ρ
LIC GALUENCOO
P
F
INVICTO
AVG.
PONTIF
MAX
TRIB POTEST COS
Ρ Ρ
PROCOS DEDICANTE
GIVL
VICTORE
LEG
AVGGPRPRPER
AVRDOMITIA
NO
7
(centurion) LEG PRAEP
СОН
II RED DEVOTVS
NVMINIIPSIVS
DE
QUAESTVRA
СОН
POSVIT
PRPR
The left page of the pedestal above:
[P]OST(?)EA VIIDYS
OCTOBRES
GALL
..............................................
Imperatori)
Caesar^)/ P(ublio) Licftnius)
Gallenio/ p(io)
felicit)
invic¬
to Aug(usto)/
pontefici) m(aximo)/
tribunicia) potes(tate) co(n)s(uli)/ p(atri)
p(atriae)
proco(n)s(uli)
dedicante G(aius)
Iul(ius)/
Victor
e leg(ato) Aug(usti)
pr(o) pr(aetore) per/ Avr(elius) Domitia/no
7
(centurion) leg(io)
praep(ositus)/
cohors
II
Red(itata) devotus
numiţi ipsius
de QUAESTVRA Coh(orti)
/
posvit
RRPP
In the very first minutes of the discovery of the monument, it became clear
that it had been raised in honor of the Emperor Publius Licinius
Gallienusus,
who
ruled the Roman Empire from
253
to
268
a. c. The Emperor s name is written in¬
correctly
Gallenio
instead of Gallienus (Publius Licinius Ignatius Gallienus)
The inscription is interesting in several aspects. It is an epigraphic monu¬
ment providing rich information and related to the rule of Emperor Gallienus
(253-268
a. a). His name and his title in brief are mentioned (in the dative case)
in the first part of the monument. The dedication is to Emperor Caesar Publius
Lucinius Gallienus, loyal and pious, invincible Augustus, high priest of Rome,
set in tribune authority, consul, father of the Homeland, proconsul.
68
Secondly the dedicator of the bronze statue is mentioned. This is the prov¬
ince supervisor of Lower Mizia
-
Gaius Julius Victor. This person is evidenced
for the first time in our lands. During this period the known province supervi¬
sors of Lower Mizia are: in
253
a.c.
-
M. Aemilius Aemilianus; in
256-257
a.c.
-
Vittenius Iuvenis; in
257-258
a.c.
-
Ingenuus; and between
258-259
a.c.
-
P.
С
... Regalianus.
There is a missing gap for the time between
254
and
255
a.c. The
control over
Stara
planina
passages was shared between the province supervisors
of Lower Mizia and Thrace, as various paramilitary or purely military units were
sent there by order of theirs. For instance the military route Escus
-
Philipopolis,
passing the Balkan mountain through Troyan passage (up to the guard castel-
lum Sostra, near the village of Lomets,
Lovech
Region) was under the auspices of
the supervisor of Lower Mizia. Lower Mizia supervisors are also mentioned in
other Sostra inscriptions found earlier.
The dedication is made through the person of Aurelius Domitian, who was
a centurion (his military unit is not mentioned) and later on was promoted to
the high position of Praepositus of Cohors II
Redacta).
There is evidence for
this unit in the late Roman province
Dacia Ripensis,
starting during the rule of
Aurelian
(270-275) -
Diocletian
(284-305)
and later on, while it s Eastern border
was the Utus river
(Vit).
The Sostra castellum is located
20
km to the East of the
river s upper stream.
The dedication is made to the divinity of the Emperor by the questorship of
the Cohors. By the word questorship here we mean the personnel of the finan¬
cial and legal membership of the military unit.
Without question, the discovery of the epigraphic monument supplies ad¬
ditional information about the turbulent years, full of events, immediately after
the defeat, the Emperor
Trajanus Decius
and his son Herennius suffered from
the Goths at Abritus (today s Razgrad). It is obvious that the Emperor Gallienus
and the local authority had an ambition to stabilize the Roman control over the
important roads in Lower Mizia province and in particular
-
the road Escus
-
Philipopolis.
During this campaign the Sostra castellum suffered the most and received a
lot of damages. By the way, the Emperor s legate initiative to restore the castellum
could be connected to the direct concern of Gallienus to restore the peace in the
provinces to the South of Istros. It is known that in
254
a. c. the legate was as¬
signed the command of the legions in the
Rhein
and the Lower Danube regions
against the Goths and the
Markomans. In
this year Gallienus was a co-emperor
together with his father
-
Valerianus II
(253-255
a.c.) and Saloninus
(255-259
a.c). During the years of his rule, the bigger part of his activity was related to
the fights against the barbarians in Thrace, Mizia and Macedonia
(260-268
a.c.)
The main source
ofinformation
about the life of Gallienus is Scriptores
históriáé
Augusti (Vita
Gallieni). It must be pointed out immediately that in some places
69
the events are misplaced in time or described with little details. There is a dispute
between the
epigraphers
and historians, as to when was the Gallienus s deci¬
sive intervention on the Balkans against the barbarian tribes
-
whether it was
in
262-263
a.c., or at the very end of his rule
- 267/268
a.c. Most of the scholars
are inclined to accept that the decisive battle near to Naisus (Nish) against the
Goths, Herculi and other allies of theirs, took place in the last months of his
Principate.
More than that, the credits given to Claudius II
-
later on called by
the history Gohticus
-
are actually and mostly deserved by Gallienus. He suc¬
ceeded to defeat the barbarians and later on Claudius II finished them off. The
name Gallienus is also connected to another important event of the history of
the ancient Rome. It was during his rule when the preparation was started for the
evacuation of the troops and the Roman population of the three Dacias, which
had been finally completed during the first two years of the rule the Emperor
Aurelian.
The reign of Publius Lucinius Gallienus is divided into two periods. The
first one is the time between
253-260
a.c, when he was proclaimed for a co-em¬
peror by his father
-
Emperor Valerianus. The second period is the time between
260-268
a.c, i.e. the period of his independent rule. In our inscription, the way
of writing of the supervisor s position of Gaius Julius Victor, represents an in¬
terest for the dating of the monument
-
the title LEG (atus) AVGGfasti) PR(o)
PRCaetore) is written with a double G . This indicates that they meant the two
Augustus
-
Valerianus and Gallienus. First of all, we could reduce the dating to
the years between
253
and
260
a. c. Gallienus was proclaimed for an Emperor by
his father a little before the 22nd of October
253
a. c. However; soon after that the
directions of their campaigns and visits were not the same anymore. In
254
a.c.
the father Valerianus leaves for the Orient. Between
254-256
a.c. he is in Antio-
chia and Cappadocia. At the same time
- 254-256
a.c.
-
his son Gallienus is on
the Balkans. It must be noted that in the inscription there are no figures after the
writing of the respective titles. If there was a figure after his consulate, tribune
authority or how many times he had been selected to be an emperor, then the
date of the inscription could have been determined quickly. We must note that
the inscription continues in the upper left side of the pedestal. For sure we
hâve
enough evidence that there were
3
rows (possibly even
4).
On one of them we
read that the date is after the sixth day of the Ides of October
(10
October). Un¬
doubtedly, the date in question is the date of the raising of the pedestal with the
bronze statue of the Emperor. The names of the consuls are to be read below it.
We think that the most probable date for the time being is October
254
a.c.
The last row should indicate the two consuls of Rome. In general the writing
should read as follows:
Valeriano
et
Gallieno cos). At present we could only read
the letters GALL
N
VS.
70
THE FORTRESS AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION AT THE TIME OF
EMPEROR GALLIENUS AND
UNTILL
THE TIME OF THE DEATH OF
EMPEROR
VALENS (254-378 A.C.)
According to the coins found during the excavations in the Sostra fortress,
most probably the construction took place at the time of the emperors Aureli-
anus
-
Probus. I presume that at least by the end of the rule of Aurelianus the
construction was carried out by the Cohors II of the Returnees .
At the end of the
Principate,
there were some evidences for a construction
activity in the area of the Lower Danube limes , to the North of Hemus. It is
known that the Emperor Aurelianus was traveling to Thrace and Mizia in rela¬
tion to a number of important administrative and military reforms, which rein¬
forced the defense capabilities of the Lower Danube limes . The fact that after
271
a.c. the Emperor moved the V Macedonian Legion from Potaisa (today s
Turda
in Romania) to Escus, should not be forgotten as well. Escus is the begin¬
ning of the road from Danube river, through Hemus, to Philipopolis and a re¬
construction of the town s fortifications have been started with the moving of the
military unit, as evidenced everywhere by the found numismatic material. Most
probably the construction activities in Sostra were carried out in parallel with
the ones in Escus, as they were both part of the road system protection.
We could obtain information from the latest archeological research in the
mountain about the construction activities in the facilities along the road to the
South of Sostra. For example a big number of III century Roman ceramics and a
group find of coins, have been discovered during the investigation of the Roman
tower (turris) in the area of the tourist town Beklemeto. The find has been made
outside the tower and includes antonians of the emperors Aurelianus, Tacitus
and Probus. Most probably the tower was reconstructed after the Goth invasions
in the middle of the III century.
Some single antonians of the emperors Carus, Probus, Aurelianus and
Diocletianus have been found in the investigated barracks building at the Sub
Radices station (Hr.
Danovo
village). This discovery, after certain hiatus of sev¬
eral decades of the III century, could be explained by the attempt to adapt the
collapsed building at the end of the century after the destruction suffered by a
number of villages and road facilities along the road Escus
-
Philipopolis. M.
Madzharov also connects the name of Emperor Aurelianus to the construction
of a new more solid building, when a unit of the Cohors I Aurelianus was accom¬
modated in Sub Radices. In Notitia dignatium (List of the official ranks) it was
reported that the Cohors was distributed among the stations Sub Radices and
Viamata (Mihiltsi village, Hisar area).
A more thorough construction activity was started both along the limes and
in the interior of the Lower Mizia province, after the Goth invasions during the
tetrarchy.
This was the case with Sostra as well.
71
It is known that in
298-299
a.c. the fortified walls of the castellums Seksag-
inta
Prista
(Today s Ruse), Transmarisca (today s Tutrakan), Durostorum (today s
Silistra) and others, were restored. Possibly they were repaired in IV century.
Provisionally, this period ends during the second Goth invasions at the time of
Emperor
Valens -
in the seventies of IV century. The findings were confirmed by
the analysis of the ceramic materials. The functioning of all central buildings in
the encampment was proven for the whole IV century
-
horreum ,
principia
praetorium . The
7
m
wide via sagularis , discovered near to the Eastern wall,
also functioned during the IV century.
In late antiquity, the Sostra castellum was a good example of the in-depth
defense development of the Roman provinces through a close-meshed network
of fortification facilities of various types. The role of the new, reconstructed cas¬
tles and smaller defense units, could be seen everywhere, exactly due to the vul¬
nerability of the areas along the roads.
This is the place to make a reminder about my conclusions regarding the
forth and last period of the existence of the castellum.
This period of the development of Sostra started after the crisis in the empire
was mastered at the time of Theodosius I and ended with the destruction of the
castellum at the end of V century. For now, the latest coins found in the fortress
are from the time of Emperor
Zenon
(474-491 a.c).
Most probably the ethnic
structure of the population was changed completely during this last stage of the
development of the castellum. Barbarian mercenaries were accommodated there
as a militarized population
-
sort of a militia, the organization of which had
nothing to do with the previous age.
In my opinion, two sub-stages should be marked here. One of them includes
the mastering of the crisis in the Empire during the rule of the Emperor Theodo¬
sius I, up to the middle of the V century at the time of the Emperor Theodosius
II
(402-450
a.c). At that time the castellum still existed as a defensive facility.
The second sub-stage is the so-called post-camp period , when the castellum
became a civilian settlement.
A lot of buildings, adjoining the Eastern fortification wall, were constructed
(of course near the others) at the end of IV century and mostly during the whole
V century. They were built using mud and it is presumed that they were serving
the everyday needs of the garrison service federates accommodated in Sostra.
The finds in these buildings indicate unequivocally that they were used as resi¬
dential buildings. Such a concentration of residential buildings, located in the
shape of a chain along the internal side of the fortification walls, was mainly
characteristic for V-VI century, but the process of the changing of the encamp¬
ments classical lay-out, probably started at the end of the IV century, after the
Gothic war of Emperor
Valens.
72
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Christov, Ivan 1970- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133090280 |
| author_facet | Christov, Ivan 1970- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Christov, Ivan 1970- |
| author_variant | i c ic |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035480335 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)644596683 (DE-599)BVBBV035480335 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sostra (DE-588)4778454-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sostra |
| id | DE-604.BV035480335 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:38:33Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789547758636 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017536874 |
| oclc_num | 644596683 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-2761 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-2761 |
| physical | 92 S. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Faber |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| spelling | Christov, Ivan 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)133090280 aut Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite" Ivan Christov V. Tărnovo Faber 2008 92 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier zahlr. Ill., Kt. In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Sostra fortress, Emperor Gallienus and the cohorts of the "Returnees" Gallienus Römisches Reich, Kaiser 218-268 (DE-588)118537334 gnd rswk-swf Sostra (DE-588)4778454-4 gnd rswk-swf Gallienus Römisches Reich, Kaiser 218-268 (DE-588)118537334 p Sostra (DE-588)4778454-4 g DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017536874&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017536874&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Christov, Ivan 1970- Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite" Gallienus Römisches Reich, Kaiser 218-268 (DE-588)118537334 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118537334 (DE-588)4778454-4 |
| title | Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite" |
| title_auth | Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite" |
| title_exact_search | Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite" |
| title_full | Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite" Ivan Christov |
| title_fullStr | Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite" Ivan Christov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite" Ivan Christov |
| title_short | Krepostta Sostra, imperator Galien i kochortata na "Văzvraštencite" |
| title_sort | krepostta sostra imperator galien i kochortata na vazvrastencite |
| topic | Gallienus Römisches Reich, Kaiser 218-268 (DE-588)118537334 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gallienus Römisches Reich, Kaiser 218-268 Sostra |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017536874&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017536874&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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