Learning and memory:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Belmont, CA
Wadsworth
2008
|
| Edition: | 2. ed., [Nachdr.] |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Gordon, William C.: Learning and memory |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780534633547 0534633544 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Learning and memory |c Jesse E. Purdy ... |
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| 300 | |a XXIV, 406 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 500 | |a 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Gordon, William C.: Learning and memory | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804139089777131520 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xv»
An
Introduction
to Learning and Memory
1
Chapter Overview
2
Varieties of Learning and Memory
3
Habituation and Semhization
3
Classical Conditioning
4
Instrumental Conditioning
4
Short-Term Memory
5
Long-Term Memory
5
Encoding, Storage, Representation, and Retrieval
6
Theme
1:
Learning and Memory Are Basic
Processes That Result in Diverse Phenomena.
7
Defining Learning and Memory
7
Defining Learning
7
Defining Memory
9
Theme
2:
Learning and Memory Are Interrelated
but Separable Domains.
10
vii
CONTENTS
VIII
Theme
3:
Learning and Memory Are Adaptive
Processes,
Learning and Memory in Biological Organisms
1 -
A Biological Basis of Learning and Memory
13
Biological Constraints on Learning and Memory
*
7
Theme
4:
Learning and Memory Occur
in a Biological Context.
^7
Differences and Similarities in the Study of Learning
and Memory
Summary Statements
Classical Conditioning; Basic Principles
21
Chapter Overview
2-
Pavlov s Original Experiments
23
Examples of Classical Conditioning
24
The Concept of Contingency
28
Methods for Studying Classical Excitatory- Conditioning
29
Human Conditioning Paradigms
29
Conditioning Paradigms Used unth Animals
31
Variables That Affect Excitatory Conditioning
33
flie Relationship Between the CS and US
33
Vie Temporal Order of the CS and US
34
Vie CS-US Interval
35
Vie Correlation ofCS and US Occurrence
37
Vie Xutnber of CS-US Pairings
38
Characteristics of the CS and the US
39
CS and US Intensity
39
Prim Experience with CS or US
40
CS-US Relevance
40
Vie Presence of Other Stimuli During Conditioning
42
Conditioning Without an Explicit US
46
Higher Order Conditioning
46
Sensory Preconditioning
41
The Biological Basis of Classical Conditioning
48
Classical Inhibitory Conditioning
50
Problems in Measuring the Inhibitory CR SO
Conditionings That Promote Inhibitory Conditioning
51
CONTENTS
¡χ
Extinction
54
Spontaneous Recovery
55
Variables Tliat Affect Rate of Extinction
55
Treating Phobias Through Extinction
56
Summary Statements
57
3
Classical Conditioning: Theoretical Issues
59
Chapter Overview
60
The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
for CR Development
63
Contiguity Tiieory: Bask Assumptions
63
Contiguity Tiieory: T ie Evidence
64
Contingency Tiieory: Basic Assumptions
66
Contingency Theory: Tfie Evidence
67
Conclusions About Contingency in Conditioning
69
Modified Contiguity Theory: The Rescorla-Wagner
Model
70
The Formal Expressioti of the Rescorla--Wagner Model
7
í
Rescorla- Wagner Model: The Evidence
73
Recent Theories of Classical Conditioning
75
Wagner s Priming Tiieory
15
Behavior Systems Theory
78
What Is Associated in Classical Conditioning?
83
Stimulus-Response or Stimulus-Stimulus Learning?
83
Evidence Concerning the Elements in mi Association
83
Tlie
Role of Context in Conditioning
87
Contextual Stimuli as CSs
88
Evidence
for Contextual Stimuli as CSs
88
Contextual Stimuli as Cues for the CS-VS Relationship
89
Conclusions About Contextual Stimuli
89
Summary Statements
90
4
Instrumental/Operant
Conditioning:
Learning from the Consequences of Behavior
91
Chapter Overview
93
Early Experiments: Thorndike and Skinner
45
Behavior, Consequences, and Contingencies
96
Reinforcement and Punishment
96
Operant
Conditioning in the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse
99
CONTENTS
Paradigms for Studying Instrumental and
Operant
Conditioning 10°
The Instrumental-Operant Distinction WO
Instrumental-Conditioning Paradigms WO
Escape and Avoidance Paradigms W1
Operant
Procedures
! ■*
The Bar-Press Response in Rats
ЮЗ
The Key-Peck Response in Pigeons
104
Operant
Responses in Humans
104
Measuring the
Operant
Response W4
Ћк
Shaping Procedure
106
Variables That Affect Instrumental and
Operant
Responding
108
Positive Reinforcement Situations
108
Amount or Magnitude of Reinforcement
108
Delay of Reinforcement
109
Contrast Effects
109
Intermittent Reinforcement
110
Schedules of Reinforcement ill
More Complex Schedules of Reinforcement
114
Negative Reinforcement Situations: Escape Learning
and Avoidance
116
Amount of Reinforcement
í
16
Delay of Reinforcement
117
Negative Reinforcement Situations: Avoidance Learning
117
Punishment Situations
118
The Biological Basis of
Instrumental/Operant
Conditioning
122
Biological Constraints on Conditioning
122
Reinforcement Centers in the Brain
124
The Discriminative Stimulus
126
Extinction
126
Innobles
That Affect Extinction of Positively
Reinforced Responses
1
2 7
Conditions Present During Extinction
І
28
Variables That Affect Extinction of Negatively Reinforced
Responses
¡29
Summary
Statemene
129
CONTENTS
X¡
5 instrumental and
Operant
Conditioning: Theoretical
Issues
131
Chapter Overview
132
The Nature of Reinforcement
135
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
135
Títeories
of Primary Reinforcement
136
Stimulus-Based Tlteories of Reinforcement
І36
Response-Based Tlieories of Reinforcement
140
Tlie
Response-Disequilibrium Hypothesis
142
Conclusions About Primary Reinforcement Tlieories
146
The Role of Reinforcement in Instrumental and
Operant
Conditioning
146
Тіге
Thomdtke-Hull Hypothesis
147
Tiie Spence-Hull Hypothesis
149
Response-Outcome Tlieories
153
Theories of Extinction
154
Amsel s Frustration Tlieory: A Competing-Response
Hypothesis
154
The Discrimination Hypothesis of Extinction
156
Capaldi s Generalization Decrement Hypothesis
157
Capaldi s Sequential Theory
157
Conclusions Concerning Extinction Tlieories
158
Punishment: Theoretical Issues
159
Should We Use Punishment?
162
Response Disequilibrium and Punishment
163
Summan
Statements
164
6
The Interaction of Classical and
Operant
Conditioning
165
Chapter Overview 1
66
Classical Conditioning and Instrumental Conditioning
in Avoidance Learning
168
Mowrer s Two-Factor Tfieory
168
Support for Two-Factor Tfieory
170
Contradictory Evidence for Two-Factor Tlieory
171
Tlte Role of Discriminative Stimuli and Instinctive Drift i~2
The Observing Response: The Power of Conditioned
Reinforcement
174
Tlieore
tical
Explanations of the Observing Response
176
Generality of the Observing Response
177
CONTENTS
Autoshaping
and Sign Tracking
177
Autoshaping:
The Role of the Discriminative Stimulus
as a Conditioned Stimulus
*
7 7
Sign Tracking Studies
í 8
1_
What
b
Learned in Sign Tracking and Coal Tracking?
185
Situations in Which Instrumental Conditioning
Influences the Classically Conditioned Response
188
The Conditioned Response May Make the US More
Reinforcing ^
Tlie
CR May Be Reinforced by the US
189
Classical and
Operant
Conditioning: One Process
or Two?
189
A Mathematical Model of
Operant
Conditioning
190
Summary Statements
191
Generalization, Discrimination, and Concept Learning
193
Chapter Overview
194
Stimulus Generalization
198
Methods for Studying Generalization in the Laboratory
í
98
Variables That Affect Stimulus Generalization
200
Tiie Basis for Generalization Gradients
204
Traditional Explanations for Generalization
204
TJie Role of Incidental Stimuli in Generalization
205
Two Recent neoretical Interpretations of Stimulus
Generalization
205
Generalizations Mediated by Internal Responses
207
Discrimination Learning
208
Apparatus, Methods of Training, and Types of
Discriminations
209
Vieories of Discrimination teaming
2
Î
2
Attacks mi the Continuity Position
2
Π
Additional Attacks on Continuity
Ћгеогу
2
í
8
Conclusions
777
Concepts Learning ?->2
Representation of Concepts
223
Theories of Concept Representation
223
Concepts in Nonhuman Species
227
Summary Statements
229
CONTENTS
xiii
8
Sensory
and Short-Term or Working Memory
231
Chapter Overview
232
Information Processing
233
Encoding
233
Storage
233
Retrieval
233
Memory Systems
234
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
235
Sensory Memory
237
Ћк
Adaptive Value of Sensory Memory
243
Short-Term Memory
244
Tlie Characteristics of Short-Term Memory
245
Control Processes in Short-Term Memory
246
Codes Used in Short-Term Memory
247
Forgetting from Short-Term Memory
249
Evidence Pertinent to the Decay and Interference
Timmes
251
Working Memory
256
Evidence for Subsystems
257
Phonological Loop
258
Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad
259
Central Executive
259
The Neuropsychology of Short-Term Memory
259
Summary Statements
261
Ї
Encoding in Long-Term Memory
263
Chapter Overview
264
The Levels-ot-Processing Approach
267
Intentional vs. Incidental Learning
267
Evidence Supporting tin-
Lťivfe-t)/-
Processing Approach
269
The Status o/ the Lewls-at-Processing Approach
27l
Distinctivetiess
2~2
Effort of Processing
273
Elaboratiti
Processing
2~5
Retrieval Conditions Matter
275
Dimensions of Encoding
276
Historical Antecedents
277
Learning and Practice
277
Tlie Spacing Effect
278
CONTENTS
xiv
10
11
Massed and Distributed Practice
278
IO
t
Organization
Imagery
2οι
282
Imagery Mnemonics vs. Imagery-Based Memories
287
Summary Statements
289
Retrieval from
Long-Term
Memory
291
Chapter Overview
292
Testing Memory
294
Recognition vs. Recall
294
Theories of Retrieval
295
A Single-Process Model of Retrieval
295
Instances of Recall Exceeding Recognition
298
Tubing s Synergistic Ecphory
299
Retrieval Strength and Storage Strength
301
The Encoding-Specificity Hypothesis
303
Evidence Favoring the Encoding-Specificity Hypothesis
JOJ
State-Dependent Learning
306
Availability and Accessibility
308
Memory Construction at the Time of Retrieval
зон
Flashbulb Memories
309
Retrieval-Induced Forgetting
310
Misinformation Effect and Eyewitness Memory
3ÎÎ
Ћге
Cognitive Interview
317
Summary Statements
318
Conscious and Nonconscious Processes in
Long-Term Memory
319
Chapter Overview
320
Nonconscious Memory
32 i
Implicit and Explicit Testing
321
Ximawsctous Memory in Amnesics
323
Sonconscious Memory in Normals
324
Systems and Processes
327
A Systems View
328
A Process View
331
CONTENTS
χν
Monitoring and Control of Human Memory
332
Feeling-of-Knoimng Judgments
333
Judgments of Learning
336
Control Processes and Metamemory
338
Amnesia
340
Forms of Amnesia
340
Tlie
Amnesic Syndrome
341
Korsakoff s Disease
341
Summary Statements
343
Glossary
345
References
355
Name Index
395
Subject Index
401
|
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| id | DE-604.BV035479855 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:38:33Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780534633547 0534633544 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Learning and memory Jesse E. Purdy ... 2. ed., [Nachdr.] Belmont, CA Wadsworth 2008 XXIV, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Gordon, William C.: Learning and memory Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd rswk-swf Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd rswk-swf Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 s Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 s DE-604 Purdy, Jesse E. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017536398&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Learning and memory Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074166-7 (DE-588)4019614-8 |
| title | Learning and memory |
| title_auth | Learning and memory |
| title_exact_search | Learning and memory |
| title_full | Learning and memory Jesse E. Purdy ... |
| title_fullStr | Learning and memory Jesse E. Purdy ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Learning and memory Jesse E. Purdy ... |
| title_short | Learning and memory |
| title_sort | learning and memory |
| topic | Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lernpsychologie Gedächtnis |
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