Multiwavelength optical networks: architectures, design and control
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2009
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXIII, 966 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780521881395 0521881390 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9780521881395 |c hbk |9 978-0-521-88139-5 | ||
| 020 | |a 0521881390 |c £50.00 |9 0-521-88139-0 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Stern, Thomas E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Multiwavelength optical networks |b architectures, design and control |c Thomas E. Stern ; George Ellinas ; Krishna Bala |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIII, 966 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Optical communications | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Computer network architectures | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Computer network architectures | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Optical communications | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a WDM |0 (DE-588)4528448-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Optische Nachrichtenübertragung |0 (DE-588)4172668-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Optische Nachrichtenübertragung |0 (DE-588)4172668-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a WDM |0 (DE-588)4528448-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ellinas, Georgios |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bala, Krishna |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bamberg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017392060&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804138931901431808 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Figures
page
xvii
Tables
xxix
Preface
to the Second Edition
xxxi
Acknowledgments
xxxv
The Big Picture
1
1.1
Why Optical Networks?
1
1.2
Objectives of an Optical Network Architecture
4
1.3
Optics versus Electronics: The Case for Transparent
Multiwavelength Networks
9
1.4
Optics and Electronics: The Case for Multilayered Networks
12
1.5
Network Hierarchies
16
1.6
A Little History
18
1.7
Overview and Road Map
22
The Layered Architecture and Its Resources
28
2.1
Layers and Sublayers
29
2.2
Network Links: Spectrum Partitioning
34
2.3
Optical Network Nodes: Routing, Switching, and Wavelength
Conversion
39
2.3.1
Static Nodes
40
2.3.2
Dynamic Nodes
46
2.3.3
Wavelength Converters
63
2.4
Network Access Stations
67
2.4.1
Transmitting Side
70
2.4.2
Receiving Side
71
2.5
Overlay Processors
74
2.5.1
Regeneration
76
2.5.2
Wavelength Interchange
76
2.6
Logical Network Overlays
77
2.6.1
SONET Networks
79
2.6.2
ATM Networks
81
viii Contents
2.6.3
IP Networks
83
2.6.4
MPLS and Its Extensions
84
2.7
Summary
85
2.8
Problems
87
Network Connections
91
3.1
Connection Management and Control
96
3.1.1
Optical Connections
100
3.1.2
Logical Connections
100
3.2
Static Networks
102
3.2.1
Point-to-Point and Multipoint Connections
104
3.2.2
Packet Switching in the Optical Layer: The MAC Sublayer
111
3.2.3
Additional Comments on Broadcast-and-Select
121
3.3
Wavelength-Routed Networks
122
3.3.1
Routing and Channel Assignment
124
3.3.2
Routing and Channel Assignment Examples
128
3.4
Linear Lightwave Networks: Waveband Routing
133
3.4.1
Routing and Channel Assignment
135
3.4.2
Multipoint Subnets in LLNs
140
3.4.3
A Seven-Station Example
143
3.5
Logically-Routed Networks
151
3.5.1
Point-to-Point Logical Topologies
153
3.5.2
Multipoint Logical Topologies: Hypernets
156
3.6
Summary
162
3.7
Problems
163
Enabling Technology
165
4.1
Evolution of Transmission and Switching Technology
166
4.2
Overview of the Optical Connection
167
4.3
Optical Fibers
168
4.3.1
Principles of Guided-Wave Propagation
168
4.3.2
Optical Fiber Technology: Transmission Impairments
174
4.3.3 Solitons 187
4.3.4
Photonic Crystal Fibers
188
4.4
Amplifiers
190
4.4.1
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
191
4.4.2
Raman Amplifiers
198
4.4.3
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
201
4.4.4
Amplification Trends in Metro Optical Networks: Amplets
204
4.5
Optical Transmitters
205
4.5.1
Lasers
205
4.5.2
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers
211
4.5.3
Modulation Technology
212
Contents
4.6
Optical Receivers in Intensity-Modulated Direct-Detection
Systems
217
4.6.1
Photodetectors
217
4.6.2
Front-End Amplifier: Signal-to-Noise Ratio
219
4.6.3
Digital Signal Detection: Noise, Interference, and Bit
Error Rate
221
4.6.4
Analog Systems: Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
227
4.7
The End-to-End Transmission Channel
228
4.7.1
Modulation Formats
229
4.7.2
Forward Error Correction
231
4.7.3
Equalization
233
4.8
Coherent Optical Systems
234
4.9
Performance Impairments in a Network Environment
235
4.9.1
Cross-Talk
235
4.9.2
Signal Power Divergence
239
4.9.3
Chirp-Induced Penalty
240
4.9.4
Optical Filter Concatenation: Distortion-Induced Penalty
240
4.9.5
Polarization Mode Dispersion Impact on
System Performance
241
4.10
Optical and Photonic Device Technology
241
4.10.1
Couplers and Switches
242
4.10.2
Reciprocity
255
4.10.3
Nonreciprocal Devices
257
4.10.4
Optical Filtering Technology
257
4.10.5
Multiwavelength Switch Technology
266
4.11
Wavelength Conversion and Signal Regeneration
274
4.11.1
All-Optical Wavelength Conversion
275
4.11.2
Opaque Wavelength Conversion and Signal Regeneration
278
4.12
Optical Switch Architectures
281
4.12.1
Space Switches
281
4.12.2
Wavelength-Selective Switches
288
4.13
Performance Evaluation: Methodology and Case Studies
297
4.13.1
Physical-Layer Simulation: Three-Step Approach
298
4.13.2
WDM Network Simulation Case Studies
301
4.14
Problems
311
Static Multipoint Networks
324
5.1
Shared Media: The Broadcast Star
324
5.2
Representative Multiplexing and Multiple-Access Schemes
327
5.2.1
Time-Wavelength-Division Multiplexing/Multiple
Access
328
5.2.2
Subcarriers
336
5.2.3
Code Division Multiple Access
352
Contents
5.3
Traffic Constraints in Shared-Channel Networks
367
5.3.1
Balanced Traffic
370
5.3.2
Unbalanced Traffic
370
5.4
Capacity Allocation for Dedicated Connections
371
5.4.1
Fixed-Frame Scheduling for Stream Traffic
371
5.4.2
Fixed-Frame Scheduling for Packet Traffic
383
5.5
Demand-Assigned Connections
389
5.5.1
Blocking Calculations in WDMA Networks
390
5.5.2
Blocking in Combined Time-Wavelength-Division
Networks
395
5.6
Packet Switching in the Optical Layer
399
5.6.1
Uncontrolled Scheduling: Random Access
401
5.6.2
Scheduling with Loss
403
5.6.3
Lossless Scheduling: Reservations
405
5.6.4
Perfect Scheduling
407
5.6.5
Dynamic versus Fixed Capacity Allocation
408
5.7
The Passive Optical Network
409
5.7.1
ATM and Fixed-Frame PONs
412
5.7.2
Ethernet-Based PONs
414
5.7.3
WDM PONs
416
5.7.4
Optical-Wireless Access
420
5.7.5
Recent Trends
422
5.8
Summary
424
5.9
Problems
425
Wavelength/Waveband-Routed Networks
432
6.1
Introduction
432
6.2
Physical Topologies
434
6.3
Wavelength-Routed Networks: Static Routing
and Channel Assignment
442
6.3.1
Flow Bounds: Matching the Physical
and Logical Topologies
444
6.3.2
Nonblocking Stations
448
6.3.3
RCA as a Graph Coloring Problem
449
6.3.4
Rings
452
6.3.5
Ring Decomposition of General Mesh Networks
458
6.3.6
Multistar Wavelength-Routed Networks
462
6.3.7
RCA as an Optimization Problem
464
6.3.8
Heuristics for Static RCA
474
6.4
Wavelength-Routed Networks: Dynamic Routing
and Channel Assignment
484
6.4.1
Some Basic Routing and Channel Assignment Algorithms
484
Contents
6.4.2
Case Study: Bidirectional
Rings 491
6.4.3
Performance of Dynamic Routing Rules on Meshes
494
6.4.4
Case Study: An Interconnected Ring
495
6.4.5
Routing Multicast Connections in WRNs
497
6.5
Linear Lightwave Networks: Static Routing Rules
507
6.5.1
Routing of Optical Paths
509
6.5.2
Optical Connections:
λ
-Channel
Assignment
516
6.5.3
Significance of Nonblocking Access Stations in LLNs
518
6.5.4
Local Access to LLNs
519
6.5.5
Routing Waveband and Channel Assignment on the
Petersen Network
521
6.5.6
Channel Assignment
528
6.5.7
Multistar Linear Lightwave Networks
540
6.6
Linear Lightwave Networks: Dynamic Routing Rules
544
6.6.1
Point-to-Point Connections
544
6.6.2
Routing Multicast Connections in LLNs
558
6.7
Problems
568
Logically-Routed Networks
576
7.1
Introduction: Why Logically-Routed Networks?
576
7.1.1
Multitier Networks: Grooming
581
7.2
Point-to-Point Logical Topologies: Multihop Networks
585
7.2.1
ShuffleNets
587
7.2.2
Families of Dense Logical Topologies
589
7.3
Multihop Network Design
591
7.3.1
Logical-Layer Design
591
7.3.2
Physical-Layer Design
594
7.3.3
Traffic Grooming in Point-to-Point
Logical Topologies
597
7.4
Multipoint Logical Topologies: Hypernets
607
7.4.1
Capacity of a Multipoint Subnet
611
7.4.2
Families of Dense Hypernets
613
7.4.3
Kautz Hypernets
615
7.4.4
Hypernet versus Multihop
628
7.4.5
Multicast Virtual Connections
631
7.5
Hypernet Design
632
7.5.1
Logical-Layer Design
632
7.5.2
Physical-Layer Design
634
7.5.3
Traffic Grooming in Multipoint Logical
Topologies
637
7.5.4
Multistar Realizations
639
7.6
Summary
641
7.7
Problems
642
xü Contents
8 Survjvability:
Protection
and Restoration
647
8.1
Objectives of Protection and Restoration
648
8.2
Current Fault Protection and Restoration Techniques in
the Logical Layer
650
8.2.1
Point-to-Point Systems
650
8.2.2
SONET Self-Healing Rings
654
8.2.3
SONET Self-Healing Ring Interconnection Techniques
657
8.2.4
Architectures with Arbitrary Mesh Topologies
663
8.3
Optical-Layer Protection: Point-to-Point and Ring Architectures
669
8.3.1
Point-to-Point Systems
669
8.3.2
Self-Healing Optical Rings
672
8.4
Optical-Layer Protection: Mesh Architectures
677
8.4.1
Shared Optical Layer Line-Based Protection
679
8.4.2
Optical Path-Based Protection
692
8.4.3
Segment Protection
700
8.4.4
Survivability Techniques for Multicast Connections
702
8.5
Summary
703
8.6
Problems
706
9
Optical Control Plane
714
9.1
Introduction to the Optical Control Plane
716
9.1.1
Control-Plane Architecture
719
9.1.2
Control-Plane Interfaces
719
9.1.3
Control-Plane Functions
721
9.2
Overview of Multiprotocol Label Switching
722
9.2.1
Packet Transport through an MPLS Network
722
9.2.2
MPLS Protocol Stack
727
9.2.3
MPLS Applications
728
9.3
Overview of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
729
9.3.1
Link Management in GMPLS
731
9.3.2
Routing in GMPLS
734
9.3.3
Signaling in GMPLS
742
9.4
Conclusions
751
10
Optical Packet-Switched Networks
756
10.1
Optical Packet-Switched Network Architectures
758
10.1.1
Unbuffered Networks
759
10.1.2
Deflection Routing
764
10.1.3
Performance Analysis of Deflection Routing
766
10.1.4
Buffering: Time Domain Contention Resolution
770
10.1.5
Buffering and Wavelength Conversion: Time/Wavelength
Domain Contention Resolution
778
Contents xiii
10.1.6
Comparison of Contention Resolution Techniques for
Asynchronous OPS Networks
782
10.1.7
Hybrid Electronic and Optical Buffering
784
10.2
OPS Enabling Technologies
787
10.2.1
Packet Synchronization
788
10.2.2
All-Optical 2R or 3R Regeneration
788
10.2.3
Optical Switching
788
10.2.4
Wavelength Conversion
789
10.2.5
Optical Header Processing
789
10.2.6
Optical Buffering
789
10.3
OPS Network
Testbed
Implementations
791
10.3.1
CORD
Testbed
791
10.3.2
KEOPS
Testbed
793
10.3.3
WASPNET
Testbed
796
10.4
Optical Burst Switching
798
10.4.1
Just Enough Time Protocol
801
10.4.2
Just In Time Protocol
803
10.4.3
Contention Resolution in
OBS
Networks
806
10.5
Optical Label Switching
808
10.5.1
All-Optical Label Swapping
809
10.5.2
Contention Resolution Techniques
811
10.5.3
OLS Network Implementations
811
10.6
Conclusions
820
10.7
Problems
822
11
Current Trends in Multiwavelength Optical Networking
828
11.1
Business Drivers and Economics
828
11.1.1
Cost Issues for WDM Point-to-Point Systems
831
11.1.2
Cost Issues for WDM Rings
832
11.1.3
Cost Issues for WDM Cross-Connect Networks
833
11.1.4
Open versus Closed WDM Installations
835
11.2
Multiwavelength Optical Network
Testbeds
838
11.2.1
Optical Networks Technology Consortium
838
11.2.2
All-Optical Network Consortium
839
11.2.3
European Multiwavelength Optical Network Trials
839
11.2.4
Multiwavelength Optical Network
840
11.2.5
National Transparent Optical Networks Consortium
840
11.2.6
The Importance of the
Testbeds
in Driving the
Telecommunications Infrastructure
840
11.3
Metropolitan Area Networks
841
11.3.1
Metro Network Unique Characteristics
841
11.3.2
Defining the Metropolitan Networking Domain
842
xiv Contents
11.3.3 Metro Network Evolution 844
11.3.4 Metro Networking State
of the Art
847
11.4 Long-Haul and Ultra Long-Haul Networks 854
11.4.1
Current Considerations in Wide Area
Network
Architectures
854
11.4.2
Some Recent Commercial Network Deployments
856
11.5
New Applications and Services
858
11.5.1
Wavelength-on-Demand
858
11.5.2
Virtual Private Optical Networks
858
11.5.3
Bandwidth Trading
859
11.6
Conclusions
861
869
872
872
873
873
874
875
875
876
A.2 Hypergraphs
877
A.2.1 Undirected Hypergraphs
877
A.2.2 Directed Hypergraphs
878
Fixed Scheduling Algorithm
879
B.
1
Column/Row-Expansion Algorithm
880
B.2 Decomposition into Permutation Matrices
883
B.3 Column/Row-Compression Algorithm
883
Markov Chains and Queues
884
C.I Random Processes
884
C.2 Markov Processes
885
C.3 Queues
887
C.3.1 The
MIMII
Queue
888
C.3.2 TheM|G|l Queue
888
C.3.3 Little s Formula
889
Graph Theory
A.
1
Graphs
A.1.1
Cycle Double Covers
A.
1.2
Eulerian Graphs
A.
1.3
Planar Graphs
A.
1.4
Matchings in Graphs
A.
1.5
Graph Coloring
A.
1.6
Digraphs
A.
1.7
Moore Bounds
A.
1.8
Max Flow-Min Cut
Contents xv
A Limiting-Cut Heuristic
890
D.
1
The Multicommodity Flow Problem and Limiting Cuts
890
D.2 A Heuristic
891
D.2.1 Swap(Z, Y)
891
D.2.2 Limcut
892
An Algorithm for Minimum-Interference Routing
in Linear Lightwave Networks
893
E.
1
The Image Network
893
E.2 The Min-Int Algorithm
894
E.3 Minimum Interference
895
Synopsis of the SONET Standard
896
A Looping Algorithm
900
Acronyms
903
Index
915
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Stern, Thomas E. Ellinas, Georgios Bala, Krishna |
| author_facet | Stern, Thomas E. Ellinas, Georgios Bala, Krishna |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Stern, Thomas E. |
| author_variant | t e s te tes g e ge k b kb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035472419 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TK5103 |
| callnumber-raw | TK5103.59 |
| callnumber-search | TK5103.59 |
| callnumber-sort | TK 45103.59 |
| callnumber-subject | TK - Electrical and Nuclear Engineering |
| classification_rvk | ST 152 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)212376045 (DE-599)GBV54883007X |
| dewey-full | 621.382/7 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.382/7 |
| dewey-search | 621.382/7 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.382 17 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Informatik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035472419 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:36:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521881395 0521881390 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017392060 |
| oclc_num | 212376045 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | XXXIII, 966 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Stern, Thomas E. Verfasser aut Multiwavelength optical networks architectures, design and control Thomas E. Stern ; George Ellinas ; Krishna Bala 2. ed. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2009 XXXIII, 966 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Optical communications Computer network architectures WDM (DE-588)4528448-9 gnd rswk-swf Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd rswk-swf Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 s WDM (DE-588)4528448-9 s DE-604 Ellinas, Georgios Verfasser aut Bala, Krishna Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017392060&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stern, Thomas E. Ellinas, Georgios Bala, Krishna Multiwavelength optical networks architectures, design and control Optical communications Computer network architectures WDM (DE-588)4528448-9 gnd Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4528448-9 (DE-588)4172668-6 |
| title | Multiwavelength optical networks architectures, design and control |
| title_auth | Multiwavelength optical networks architectures, design and control |
| title_exact_search | Multiwavelength optical networks architectures, design and control |
| title_full | Multiwavelength optical networks architectures, design and control Thomas E. Stern ; George Ellinas ; Krishna Bala |
| title_fullStr | Multiwavelength optical networks architectures, design and control Thomas E. Stern ; George Ellinas ; Krishna Bala |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiwavelength optical networks architectures, design and control Thomas E. Stern ; George Ellinas ; Krishna Bala |
| title_short | Multiwavelength optical networks |
| title_sort | multiwavelength optical networks architectures design and control |
| title_sub | architectures, design and control |
| topic | Optical communications Computer network architectures WDM (DE-588)4528448-9 gnd Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Optical communications Computer network architectures WDM Optische Nachrichtenübertragung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017392060&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sternthomase multiwavelengthopticalnetworksarchitecturesdesignandcontrol AT ellinasgeorgios multiwavelengthopticalnetworksarchitecturesdesignandcontrol AT balakrishna multiwavelengthopticalnetworksarchitecturesdesignandcontrol |