Holdings: Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites

Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Beyer, Günter (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Bristol Plastics Information Direct 2009
Edition:	1. ed.
Subjects:	Nanocomposites (Materials) Polymeric composites Polymers Nanostrukturiertes Material Polymere Verbundwerkstoff
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	X, 378 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781906479046

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adam_text	Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 Developments in Commercial Polymer Nanocomposite Materials 1. Synthesis, structure, properties and characterization of organically modified clay minerals ..................................................................7 Hendrik Heinz, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, USA 1.1 Overview of clay minerals ...........................................................................7 1.2 Synthesis of organically modified clay minerals .....................................11 1.3 Structure of organically modified clay minerals .....................................12 1.3.1 Effect of cation density on the surface and the inorganic-organic interface .........................................................14 1.3.2 Low packing density .....................................................................15 1.3.3 Medium packing density .............................................................20 1.3.4 High packing density ...................................................................21 1.3.5 Non-quantitative ion exchange ...................................................22 1.4 Characterization and properties of organically modified clay minerals ................................................................................................26 1.4.1 X-ray diffraction, microscopy, and structural properties ........26 1.4.2 DSC, DTG, thermal transitions, and thermal decomposition ...............................................................................26 1.4.3 IR/Raman spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and chain conformation ...............................................................31 1.4.4 Dielectric, elastic, and tilt angle measurements .......................34 1.4.5 Surface tension measurements and cleavage energies .............38 Acknowledgment ...................................................................................................42 References ...............................................................................................................42 2. Polymer nanocomposites formulated with hectorite nanoclays ..............................................................................................................47 Günter Beyer, Kabelwerk Eupen AG, Eupen, Belgium 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................47 2.2 Thermal stability of hectorite-based nanoclays and nanocomposites ...........................................................................................48 2.2.1 Nanoclay stability .........................................................................49 2.2.2 Effect of the nanoclay on the degradation process of the matrix polymer ..................................................................49 Hi Industry Guide to Polymer Nanocomposites 2.2.3 Thermal stability of the produced nanocomposites .................51 2.3 Flame retardant properties of hectorite-based nanocomposites ..........51 2.4 Barrier properties of hectorite-based nanocomposites ..........................52 2.5 Nanocomposite foams formulated with hectorite nanoclay .................53 2.6 Nanoclay dispersion in thermoplastics ....................................................54 References ..............................................................................................................54 3. Polymer nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes ..............................57 Olivier Decroly, Nanocyl S.A, Sambreville, Belgium 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................57 3.2 Carbon nanotube nanocomposites ...........................................................59 3.2.1 Conductive carbon nanotube composites .................................60 3.2.2 Structural composite applications ..............................................61 3.2.3 Coatings applications ...................................................................62 References ...............................................................................................................63 Working with Polymer Nanocomposite Materials 4. Processing of polymer nanocomposites ........................................................67 Daniel Schmidt, Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, USA 4.1 What is processing and why is it necessary? ............................................67 4.2 What is needed to process a polymer nanocomposite? .........................67 4.2.1 Enhancing polymer mobility ......................................................68 4.2.2 The consequences of processing .................................................68 4.2.3 A balanced approach ....................................................................71 4.3 Does the polymer have to be a solid at room temperature? ..................71 4.4 Do we need to start with a polymer at all? ...............................................71 4.5 Can we do away with the pre-formed nanofiller as well? ......................71 4.6 What are our options as far as pre-formed nanofillers? .........................72 4.7 What makes a nanofiller disperse in a particular polymer during processing? ......................................................................................72 4.7.1 The thermodynamics of dispersion: entropy ............................74 4.7.2 The thermodynamics of dispersion: enthalpy ...........................75 4.7.3 Complications: crystallinity ........................................................76 4.7.4 Complications: multi-phase systems ..........................................77 4.7.5 Achieving thermodynamic compatibility - practical considerations ...............................................................................79 iv Contents 4.7.6 The kinetics of physical dispersion .............................................82 4.7.7 Dispersion kinetics in the presence of chemical reactions .....84 4.8 What should a well-processed polymer nanocomposite look like? .......................................................................................................86 4.8.1 The realities of nanocomposite processing ................................86 4.9 What are our options for nanocomposite processing? ...........................88 4.9.1 The importance of pre-processing ..............................................88 4.10 What processing techniques involve just polymer and nanofiller? ......90 4.10.1 Physical mixing/dry blending .....................................................90 4.10.2 Compaction ...................................................................................92 4.10.3 Solid state shear processing .........................................................93 4.10.4 Melt blending ................................................................................94 4.11 What additional options do we have with solutions and dispersions? ........................................................................................102 4.11.1 Physical mixingrwet blending ...............................................102 4.12 What about reactive processing? .............................................................107 4.13 Are there any additional considerations? ...............................................108 References .............................................................................................................109 5. Stabilisation of polymer nanocomposites ...................................................117 Rudolf Pfándner, Ciba Lampertheim GmbH, Lampertheim, Germany 5.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................117 5.2 Challenges of stabilisation of filled polymers ........................................117 5.3 Processing and long-term thermal stabilisation of polymer nanocomposites .........................................................................................120 5.4 Light stabilisation of polymer nanocomposites ....................................125 5.5 Summary and outlook ..............................................................................129 Acknowledgement ...............................................................................................129 List of stabilisers ...................................................................................................130 References .............................................................................................................132 6. Toxicology of nanoparticles relevant to polymer nanocomposites ................................................................................................137 Paul Borm, Centre of Expertise in Life Sciences (CEL), Hogeschool Zuyd, Heerlen, Netherlands 6.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................137 6.2 Toxicological effects of nanoparticles ....................................................138 Industry Guide to Polymer Nanocomposites 6.2.1 Particle definitions ......................................................................138 6.2.2 Effects of nanoparticles upon inhalation .................................140 6.3 Nanoparticles used in nanocomposites ..................................................141 6.3.1 Carbon nanotubes ......................................................................143 6.3.2 Metal oxide particles ..................................................................146 6.3.3 Silica and organoclays ................................................................148 6.4 Need for unifying concepts .....................................................................151 References .............................................................................................................153 Unique Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 7. Flame retardancy from polymer nanocomposites - from research to technical products .......................................................................159 Günter Beyer, Kabelwerk Eupen AG, Eupen, Belgium 7.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................159 7.2 Organoclay nanocomposites ...................................................................166 7.2.1 Processing and structure of EVA/organoclay-based nanocomposites ..........................................................................166 7.2.2 Thermal stability of EVA/organoclay-based nanocomposites ..........................................................................166 7.2.3 Flammability properties of EVA/organoclay-based nanocomposites ..........................................................................168 7.2.4 NMR investigation and FR mechanism of EVA/organoclay-based nanocomposites .................................171 7.2.5 Intercalation versus exfoliation in EVA/organoclay-based nanocomposites .................................172 7.2.6 Combination of the classical flame retardant filler ΑΤΗ with organoclays ..............................................................172 7.3 Cable applications .....................................................................................174 7.3.1 Coaxial cable passing UL 1666 fire test with an organoclay/ATH-based outer sheath ......................................174 7.3.2 Medium voltage cables with organoclay/ATH-based outer sheaths ................................................................................175 7.3.3 Energy cables passing prEN 50399 with an organoclay ATH-based outer sheath ...........................................................176 7.4 Synergistic effects with halogenated flame retardants ..........................177 7.5 Commercial examples of nanocomposite-based compounds .............180 7.6 Carbon nanotube composites ..................................................................180 7.6.1 General properties of carbon nanotubes ................................180 vi Contents 7.6.2 Synthesis and purification of CNTs .........................................181 7.6.3 Flammability of EVA/MWCNT compounds and EVA/MWCNT/organoclay compounds ..................................182 7.6.4 Crack density and surface results of charred MWCNT compounds ..................................................................................183 7.6.5 Flammability of LDPE/CNT compounds ...............................185 7.6.6 Cable with the new fire retardant system MWCNT/organoclay/ATH .......................................................187 7.7 Outlook ......................................................................................................192 7.8 Summary ....................................................................................................192 References .............................................................................................................193 8. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane flame retardancy ..........................201 Joseph Lichtenhan, Hybrid Plastics Inc., Hattiesburg, USA 8.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................201 8.2 POSS chemical technology and unique features ...................................201 8.3 Successful use of POSS as a fire retardant ..............................................204 8.4 Conventional fire retardants and POSS .................................................207 8.5 POSS and fire-retardant coatings for textiles ........................................208 8.6 Commercial applications .........................................................................209 8.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................210 References .............................................................................................................210 9. Barrier property enhancement by polymer nanocomposites ................213 Tie Lan and Ying Liang, Nanocor, Inc., Hoffman Estates, USA 9.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................213 9.1.1 Organoclay materials .................................................................213 9.2 Formation of polymer-clay nanocomposites .........................................216 9.3 Nano-effects in barrier enhancement .....................................................218 9.4 Summary ....................................................................................................224 References .............................................................................................................224 10. Status of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites for industrial applications ....................................................................................227 Jo Ann Ratto, Christopher Thellen and Jeanne Lucciarini, U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, USA 10.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................227 10.2 Biodegradable polymers ...........................................................................228 vii Industry Guide to Polymer Nanocomposites 10.3 Nanoparticles .............................................................................................229 10.3.1 Structure of montmorillonite layered silicates (MLS) ...........229 10.3.2 Morphology of polymer/MLS nanocomposites .....................230 10.4 Biodegradable nanocomposites ..............................................................231 10.5 Biodegradability ........................................................................................233 10.5.1 A recent study of PHB nanocomposites ..................................234 10.6 Processability issues ..................................................................................235 10.6.1 A recent study of PCL nanocomposites ...................................235 10.7 Attainable properties ................................................................................236 10.7.1 A recent study of PLA/PCL nanocomposites .........................236 10.8 Performance data ......................................................................................236 10.9 Commercially viable materials ................................................................237 10.9.1 A recent study comparing biodegradable nanocomposites to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ...........239 10.10 Applications ...............................................................................................239 10.10.1 A recent patent on biodegradable polymeric nanocomposite compositions ...................................................239 10.11 The future of biodegradable nanocomposites .......................................240 10.11.1 Life cycle assessment for biodegradable nanocomposites .....240 10.11.2 Safety of biodegradable nanocomposites ................................241 10.12 Summary ....................................................................................................241 References .............................................................................................................243 11. Thermal properties of polymers with graphitic nanofibres ....................245 Ernst Hammel, Andreas Eder, and Xinhe Tang, Electrovac AG, Klosterneuburg, Austria 11.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................245 11.2 Thermal interface materials .....................................................................252 11.3 Thermally conductive plastics .................................................................255 11.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................267 References .............................................................................................................268 Polymer Nanocomposites in Demanding Industrial Applications 12. Automotive industry applications of polymer nanocomposites ............273 William Rodgers, General Motors Corporation Research and Development Center, Warren, USA 12.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................273 vi» Contents 12.2 Requirements for the automotive industry ............................................277 12.2.1 Surface appearance .....................................................................277 12.2.2 Measurement techniques ...........................................................281 12.2.3 Aspect ratio ..................................................................................282 12.2.4 Minimization of mass ................................................................285 12.3 Manufacture of nanocomposite systems ................................................289 12.3.1 In-situ polymerization ...............................................................289 12.3.2 Melt processing ...........................................................................290 12.3.3 Injection moulding .....................................................................292 12.4 Applications of nanocomposites in the automotive industry .............293 12.4.1 Applications using carbon nanotubes ......................................293 12.4.2 Applications of organoclay nanocomposites ..........................294 12.4.2.1 Underhood applications ..............................................294 12.4.2.2 Exterior applications ...................................................295 12.4.2.3 Interior applications ....................................................297 12.5 The future of nanoclay composites .........................................................298 12.5.1 Alternative conventional filler materials .................................298 12.5.2 Exfoliation issues with olefinic resins ......................................298 12.5.3 New nanomaterials .....................................................................299 12.6 Concluding remarks .................................................................................300 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................300 References .............................................................................................................301 13. Polymer nanocomposites in aerospace applications .................................309 Michael Meador, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, USA 13.1 Background ................................................................................................309 13.2 Clays ............................................................................................................310 13.2.1 Background .................................................................................310 13.2.2 Cryotanks ....................................................................................311 13.2.2.1 Permeability ................................................................312 13.2.2.2 Toughness ....................................................................313 13.2.3 Other structures ..........................................................................313 13.3 Carbon-based nanostructured additives ................................................316 13.3.1 Carbon nanotubes ......................................................................316 13.3.1.1 Synthesis methods .......................................................318 13.3.1.2 Purification .................................................................319 13.3.1.3 Functionalization ........................................................320 ix Industry Guide to Polymer Nanocomposites 13.3.2 Carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites ...............................323 13.3.2.1 Electrical and thermal conductivity ...........................323 13.3.2.2 Mechanical properties .................................................326 13.3.3 Carbon nanotube-based fibres ..................................................327 13.3.4 Other nanoscale carbon additives ............................................329 13.3.4.1 Expanded graphite and nanocomposites ...................330 13.3.4.2 Graphite oxides and nanocomposites .........................331 13.3.4.3 Functionalizedgraphene sheets and nanocomposites ............................................................334 13.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................334 Glossary of materials and techniques referred to within this chapter ..........337 References .............................................................................................................343 Appendix- Glossary of abbreviations .....................................................................355 Index ....................................................................................................................361
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spelling	Beyer, Günter Verfasser aut Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites ed. by Günter Beyer 1. ed. Bristol Plastics Information Direct 2009 X, 378 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nanocomposites (Materials) Polymeric composites Polymers Nanostrukturiertes Material (DE-588)4342626-8 gnd rswk-swf Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd rswk-swf Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd rswk-swf Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 s Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 s Nanostrukturiertes Material (DE-588)4342626-8 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017386432&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Beyer, Günter Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites Nanocomposites (Materials) Polymeric composites Polymers Nanostrukturiertes Material (DE-588)4342626-8 gnd Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4342626-8 (DE-588)4046699-1 (DE-588)4062670-2
title	Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites
title_auth	Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites
title_exact_search	Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites
title_full	Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites ed. by Günter Beyer
title_fullStr	Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites ed. by Günter Beyer
title_full_unstemmed	Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites ed. by Günter Beyer
title_short	Industry guide to polymer nanocomposites
title_sort	industry guide to polymer nanocomposites
topic	Nanocomposites (Materials) Polymeric composites Polymers Nanostrukturiertes Material (DE-588)4342626-8 gnd Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd
topic_facet	Nanocomposites (Materials) Polymeric composites Polymers Nanostrukturiertes Material Polymere Verbundwerkstoff
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017386432&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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