Czerwonym młotem w orła białego: propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z Polską 1919 - 1920
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Warszawa
Wydawnictwo DiG
2008
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: The red hammer strikes the white eagle |
| Physical Description: | 335, [1] s., [12] s. tabl. il. kolor. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788371815638 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | THE RED HAMMER STRIKES
THE WHITE EAGLE
SOVIET PROPAGANDA IN THE WAR AGAINST POLAND
1919-1920
SUMMARY
In the eastern part of Europe the last days of
1918,
which coincided with the end
of a bloody world war, witnessed a confrontation of two newly emergent state
organisms: the year-old Bolshevik Russia and the Polish state, renascent after
123
years of partitions. Armed hostilities commenced at the beginning of
1919
turned
into a war that lasted for almost two years.
At the time, Europe was the scene of myriad trouble spots; conflicts relating to,
i. a. frontiers broke out in numerous places. The features, which distinguished
the Polish-Soviet war from other local clashes, included its territorial range
(the hostilities encompassed large parts of Poland, Belorussia, and Ukraine; they
affected also Lithuania and Germany and, politically, the whole of Europe), and the
number of combatants (millions of Russian and Polish soldiers as well as of allied
formations).
The armed conflict was accompanied by a war conducted on a political, diplo¬
matic, ideological and propaganda level. A confrontation of totally different poli¬
tical systems and world outlooks determined the character of the clash between
Poland and Bolshevist Russia. The Bolsheviks, who had been ruling Russia since the
end of
1917,
intended to carry the flame of the revolution to the West and then
across the whole world. Sovereign Poland, separating Red Russia from Germany,
which at the time was in the throes of revolutionary turmoil, was an obstacle for the
march of the revolution . The Bolshevik leaders planned for the annihilation of
White Poland by the Workers -Peasants Red Army established in January
1918.
In view of its successes in the Russian civil war, the Kremlin regarded such a scenario
as realistic.
Józef
Pilsudski, the Chief-of-State and Commander-in-Chief, was well aware of
the looming threats. His objective was to reinforce the young Polish state and to
drive back the Bolshevik tide as far away from Polish frontiers as possible. The state
borders had not been conclusively delineated and controversial territories remained
the reason for conflicts with neighbouring countries. The domestic situation in
a state undergoing consolidation in the wake of the partition era and tackling the
joint heritage of the partitions and post-war poverty was by no means peaceful. The
SUMMARY
307
end of the world war denoted a period of growing social radicalism. The newly
created councils of workers delegates and demonstrations held under the red
banner inevitably brought to mind eastern solutions.
Social unrest in Poland
—
as in the whole of Europe
—
was favoured by the
Bolsheviks who skilfully roused it. Immediately after the Bolshevik coup in Russia
(when the Polish state was not yet reborn) revolutionary agitation and propaganda
(agit-prop) reached the West via assorted channels. The Soviet agit-prop campaign
preceded military undertakings. A propaganda war was imposed upon Poland prior
to the armed conflict. The political weapons deployed by the Russia of Lenin and
Trotsky
—
violent agitation and propaganda aimed against the White Poles and
favouring a Soviet Poland
—
significantly supported military efforts (once they
took place) and a political-diplomatic campaign. In this war Poland was compelled
to face not only the force of the Red Army but also the mighty thrust of the Soviet
agit-prop.
A psychological war waged in human minds, and thus upon the level of the
consciousness, called for original solutions, and a battle for intangible issues was
waged by resorting to concrete (also material) measures. The outcome of such
campaigns proved to be concrete and outright palpable. The Bolsheviks enjoyed
considerable success in convincing Western public opinion about the pacific
intentions of Soviet Russia engaged in combating Polish imperialism . At times the
propaganda war was just as ruthless and brutal as the one conducted with real arms
and ammunition.
How did the Soviet agit-prop front function? What was the nature of Bolshevik
propaganda in the war against Poland? What were its roots, what sort of tools
and methods did it use, who was its author and executor, what were its force
and consequences? Was the propaganda apparatus in the Russian Soviet Federal
Socialist Republic efficient? What was the essence of the Soviet agit-prop? Was it a
dangerous phenomenon or simply an insignificant verbosity? These are only some of
the research questions justifying the decision to examine the topic.
From the seventeenth century (vide the papal institution
oí
Sacra
Congregatie»
de
Propaganda Fide), propaganda
—
well known in the much more distant past
—
was variously defined and described. The origin of its modern version should be
connected with the First World War and the mass-scale employment of measures
influencing the consciousness of the opponent. Apparently, its outcome was to
a relevant degree determined by the skilful propaganda of the coalition members.
The experiences of the
1914-1918
period were subsequently put to use in the
successive period. Now, propaganda, which in previous centuries was the domain of
amateurs, gained a professional status and transformed itself into a mass-scale
phenomenon, with a special apparatus becoming indispensable for carrying out a
successful campaign. Hence the description of the twentieth century as the age of
propaganda may be regarded as justified.
It was precisely post-October Russia that became the birthplace of the pro¬
paganda state. The global character of Soviet propaganda and the establishment
in a short time of a powerful apparatus appear to be particularly noteworthy.
308
SUMMARY
Propaganda became the realm of all the more important organs of the Bolshevist
state, with censorship as one of the pillars of the system.
To what extent was Soviet agit-prop prepared for a war with Poland? Did
experiences won while battling against domestic anti-Bolshevist forces and Western
imperialists prove sufficient? The Bolshevik Party, fortified in propaganda clashes
at least since the early twentieth century, had at its disposal resources of themes and
motifs as well as an ideological vocabulary making it possible to describe reality in
accordance with the established dogmas. The usage of simplified Marxist formulas,
the process of resorting to an arsenal of such notions as class warfare or class
struggle, and the application of such contrasts as revolution
—
counter-revolution
or socialism
—
capitalism in unambiguously white or black interpretations can
be treated as one aspect of Soviet propaganda at the time of the war against
Poland. The second facet was the vast domain of references to the history of
Russia
—
naturally, treated in a highly selective manner
—
and tsarist propaganda
institutions. This was the core
oí
sui
generis logic of propaganda. Use was made of
the experiences of officially condemned and despised persons, and of the practices
of the nineteenth-century authorities which struggled against Polishness and the
Poles. The stereotypes, slogans and concepts from, e.g. the period following the
January Uprising of
1863
were also revived. This current to a considerable degree
continued the centuries-old war conducted against Poland by politicians, publicists
and artists (including the most outstanding men of letters) in the Russian press and
books as well as on the international forum.
The author describes the specificity of Soviet propaganda in the
1919-1920
war
as differentia
sovietica. In
this particular instance, we are dealing with a variant
of agit-prop better or worse adapted to specific conditions. Despite references to
the past, the anti-Polish propaganda deployed by Soviet Russia differed from its
counterparts prevalent in earlier epochs. The internationalist component of the
Soviet propaganda directed against Poland at times diverged from propaganda
addressed to recipients in other circumstances.
Soviet Russia deployed various measures in the war against its western
neighbour. Spoken and written agitation (meetings, speeches, leaflets, brochures
and posters) was used. Poland and the Poles became prominent topics of press
publications, the
ROSTA
(Russian Telegraphic Agency) satirical windows ,
special agitation poetry, songs and films. The numerous activists and artists engaged
in anti-Polish propaganda of the period included the especially noteworthy Demian
Biedny
and Vladimir Mayakovsky. Their bellicose poems and, in the case of the
latter, satirical drawings incomparably kindled the will to struggle against White
Poland .
All the endeavours of the Soviet propagandists proved futile since the ultimate
solutions took place on the battlefields. Nonetheless, Polish victory did not put an
end to the westward stream of propaganda. Even the Treaty of Riga
(1921),
ending
the war, mentions agitation.
SUMMARY
309
The presented book is an interdisciplinary publication. Not only does its deal
with political history and the history of culture, but it also contains references to the
history of ideas, literature and art. This is an attempt at an historian s new approach
to traditional sources, including iconography and literature.
The completion of the monograph was preceded by extensive research in various
archives and libraries. The author tried to make use of assorted sources: archival
documents, iconography, prints and the press from the Polish-Soviet war and,
finally, numerous published sources including collections of agitation poetry. The
amassed material made it possible to attempt recreating Soviet agit-prop from the
period of the war against Poland. Is the resultant image complete? Such a feat would
be impossible, but the author hopes that her proposal can be regarded as reliable.
Among the archival resources special mention is due to the Warsaw and Moscow
collections. In Warsaw the author conducted surveys at the Archives of Modern
Records
(AAN)
and the Central Military Archive (CAW).
During several stays in Moscow she carried out research at, i. a. RGASPI
(Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv
sotsiaľno-politicheskoi
istorii), RGVA
(Rossiiskii
gosudarstvennyi voennyi arkhiv)
and the Department of the Fine Arts at the
Russian State Library (Rossiiskaia gosudarstvermaia
biblioteka,
Otdel izoizdanyi).
The result of two scientific sojourns in Paris is material from Service
Historique
de l Armée de Terre, Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine
(BDIC) and
—
additionally
—
Archives du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (Quai
d Orsay).
Further supplements are provided by documents from The National
Archives in London.
The contents are arranged in a problem-chronological order. Such a solution
has enabled the author to try to depict the great gamut of Soviet agitation and
propaganda. Chapter I deals with the organisation of agit-prop and it portrays its
mechanisms.
The most extensive, second chapter, of essential significance for the book, is an
almost day-by-day presentation of the course of the propaganda war waged against
Poland (via an analysis of the numerous artefacts of agitation and propaganda).
The chapter about the propaganda activity of Polish communists in the Russian
Soviet Federal Socialist Republic focuses on one of the branches of Soviet agit-prop.
The Polish Bolsheviks, totally subordinate to the headquarters in Moscow, were
treated by their Soviet comrades in a purely instrumental manner, as evidenced not
only by the undertakings of the Polish communists but also the language they used
(permeated with the ideology and rhetoric of the civil war).
The fourth chapter examines the indoctrination of Polish prisoners of war held
in the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. The Bolsheviks perceived the
education of the POWs as a prognostic of future successes. Upon their return to
Poland the indoctrinated inmates were to work for the sake of the revolution, in
other words, to strive towards the disintegration of their own state.
The copious conclusion not only contains a summary but also proposes a classifi¬
cation of propaganda from the viewpoint of its recipients, and discusses the more
310
SUMMARY
important symbols, motifs and currents present in the anti-Polish message of Soviet
agit-prop. The author also considers here in an abbreviated form various foreign
opinions about Bolshevik propaganda (while in the book itself she applied a reverse
perception: the viewpoint of the Bolsheviks). Finally, she tackles the difficult
question of the impact and effectiveness of Soviet agit-prop.
Soviet propagandists regarded the Polish-Bolshevik war as a testing ground, with
the experiments proving useful for planning future undertakings. During the Second
World War and the following decades the Soviet Union benefitted from experiences
won in the
1919-1920
period. All that, which in a simplified version is known
as Stalinist propaganda, was an improved variant of agit-prop from the first
post-revolutionary years, adapted to new conditions. Some of the methods and
functioning stereotypes devised at the time turned out to be alive up to this day.
Translated by
Aleksandra Rodzińska-ChojnowsL·
INSTYTUT HISTORII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
ALEKSANDRA JULIA LEINWAND
CZERWONYM MŁOTEM
W ORŁA BIAŁEGO
Propaganda sowiecka w wojnie
z Polską 1919-1920
WYDAWNICTWO
DiG
Warszawa 2008
SPIS TREŚCI
WSTĘP 7
ROZDZIAŁ I:
JAK HARTOWAŁA SIĘ SOWIECKA PROPAGANDA 17
Ludzie - instytucje - mechanizmy 17
ROZDZIAŁ II:
ZMIEŚĆ KONTRREWOLUCYJNĄ PRZEGRODĘ 63
Część 1: listopad 1917-kwiecień 1920 63
Część 2: kwiecień 1920-lipiec 1920 99
Część 3: lipiec 1920-1921 138
ROZDZIAŁ III:
JĘZYKIEM WOJNY DOMOWEJ 182
ROZDZIAŁ IV:
„DO WIDZENIA W CZERWONEJ POLSCE! 223
ZAMKNIĘCIE 257
PE3IOME 301
SUMMARY 306
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW 311
BIBLIOGRAFIA 315
INDEKS OSÓB 329
|
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| contents | Bibliogr. s. [315]-327. Indeks |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)316552147 (DE-599)BVBBV035457813 |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:35:43Z |
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| language | Polish |
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| physical | 335, [1] s., [12] s. tabl. il. kolor. 24 cm |
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| publisher | Wydawnictwo DiG |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Leinwand, Aleksandra J. Verfasser aut Czerwonym młotem w orła białego propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z Polską 1919 - 1920 Aleksandra Julia Leinwand ; Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk Warszawa Wydawnictwo DiG 2008 335, [1] s., [12] s. tabl. il. kolor. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: The red hammer strikes the white eagle Bibliogr. s. [315]-327. Indeks Propaganda sowiecka / Polska jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / propaganda jhpk Propaganda sowiecka - Polska jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - propaganda jhpk Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 gnd rswk-swf Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 s Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017377724&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017377724&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Leinwand, Aleksandra J. Czerwonym młotem w orła białego propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z Polską 1919 - 1920 Bibliogr. s. [315]-327. Indeks Propaganda sowiecka / Polska jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / propaganda jhpk Propaganda sowiecka - Polska jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - propaganda jhpk Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 gnd Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076206-3 (DE-588)4076374-2 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Czerwonym młotem w orła białego propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z Polską 1919 - 1920 |
| title_auth | Czerwonym młotem w orła białego propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z Polską 1919 - 1920 |
| title_exact_search | Czerwonym młotem w orła białego propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z Polską 1919 - 1920 |
| title_full | Czerwonym młotem w orła białego propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z Polską 1919 - 1920 Aleksandra Julia Leinwand ; Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| title_fullStr | Czerwonym młotem w orła białego propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z Polską 1919 - 1920 Aleksandra Julia Leinwand ; Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Czerwonym młotem w orła białego propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z Polską 1919 - 1920 Aleksandra Julia Leinwand ; Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| title_short | Czerwonym młotem w orła białego |
| title_sort | czerwonym mlotem w orla bialego propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z polska 1919 1920 |
| title_sub | propaganda sowiecka w wojnie z Polską 1919 - 1920 |
| topic | Propaganda sowiecka / Polska jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / propaganda jhpk Propaganda sowiecka - Polska jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - propaganda jhpk Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 gnd Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Propaganda sowiecka / Polska Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / propaganda Propaganda sowiecka - Polska Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - propaganda Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 Propaganda Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017377724&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017377724&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leinwandaleksandraj czerwonymmłotemworłabiałegopropagandasowieckawwojniezpolska19191920 |