Holdings: Digital optical communications

Digital optical communications:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Binh, Le Nguyen (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press 2009
Subjects:	Optical communications Digital communications Computer networks Optische Nachrichtenübertragung
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Physical Description:	XXVII, 579 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781420082050

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adam_text	Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................xix Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................xxi Author ..........................................................................................................................................xxiii Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................xxv Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Digital Optical Communications and Transmission Systems: Challenging Issues ..................1 1.2 Enabling Technologies ..............................................................................................................3 1.2.1 Modulation Formats and Generation of Optical Signals ..............................................3 1.2.1.1 Binary Level ...................................................................................................3 1.2.1.2 Binary and Multi-level ....................................................................................5 1.2.1.3 In-phase and Quadrature Phase Channels ......................................................6 1.2.1.4 External Optical Modulation ..........................................................................6 1.2.2 Advanced Modulation Formats ....................................................................................8 1.2.3 Incoherent Optical Receivers ........................................................................................8 1.2.4 Coherent Optical Receivers ..........................................................................................9 1.2.5 Transmission of Ultra-short Pulse Sequence ................................................................9 1.2.6 Electronic Equalization ..............................................................................................10 1.2.6.1 Feed Forward Equalizer ...............................................................................10 1.2.6.2 Decision Feedback Equalization ..................................................................11 1.2.6.3 Minimum Mean Square Error Equalization ................................................11 1.2.6.4 Placement of Equalizers ...............................................................................11 1.2.6.5 MLSE Electronic Equalizers .......................................................................11 1.2.7 Ultra-short Pulse Transmission ...................................................................................11 1.3 Organization of Book Chapters ..............................................................................................12 References .......................................................................................................................................14 Chapter 2 Photonic Transmitters ......................................................................................................................19 2.1 Optical Modulators .................................................................................................................19 2.1.1 Phase Modulators ........................................................................................................19 2.1.2 Intensity Modulators ...................................................................................................20 2.1.2.1 Phasor Representation and Transfer Characteristics ....................................20 2.1.2.2 Bias Control ..................................................................................................22 2.1.2.3 Chirp-free Optical Modulators ....................................................................22 2.1.3 Structures of Photonic Modulators .............................................................................24 2.1.4 Typical Operational Parameters ..................................................................................24 2.2 Return-to-Zero Optical Pulses ................................................................................................24 2.2.1 Generation ...................................................................................................................24 2.2.2 Phasor Representation ................................................................................................27 2.2.2.1 Phasor Representation of CSRZ Pulses .......................................................28 2.2.2.2 Phasor Representation of RZ33 Pulses ........................................................28 vii viii Contents 2.3 Differential Phase Shift Keying .............................................................................................. ЗО 2.3.1 Background ................................................................................................................. ЗО 2.3.2 Optical DPSK Transmitter ..........................................................................................31 2.4 Generation of Modulation Formats .........................................................................................32 2.4.1 Amplitude-modulation OOK-RZ Formats ..................................................................32 2.4.2 Amplitude-modulation Carrier-Suppressed RZ (CSRZ) Formats .............................34 2.4.3 Discrete Phase-modulation NRZ Formats ..................................................................34 2.4.3.1 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) .....................................................34 2.4.3.2 Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) ...............................35 2.4.3.3 NRZ-DPSK ..................................................................................................35 2.4.3.4 RZ-DPSK .....................................................................................................35 2.4.3.5 Generation of M-ary Amplitude Differential Phase Shift Keying (M-ary ADPSK) Using One MZIM .............................................................35 2.4.4 Continuous Phase-modulation PM-NRZ Formats ......................................................38 2.4.4.1 Linear and Non-linear MSK .........................................................................39 2.4.4.2 MSK as a Special Case of Continuous Phase FSK (CPFSK) ......................40 2.4.4.3 MSK as Offset Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (ODQPSK) ... 41 2.4.4.4 Configuration of Photonic MSK Transmitter Using Two Cascaded Electro-optic Phase Modulators ...................................................................42 2.4.4.5 Configuration of Optical MSK Transmitter Using Mach-Zehnder Intensity Modulators: I-Q Approach ............................................................43 2.4.5 Single Side Band (SSB) Optical Modulators ..............................................................43 2.4.5.1 Operating Principles .....................................................................................43 2.4.5.2 Optical RZ-MSK ..........................................................................................45 2.4.6 Multi-carrier Multiplexing (MCM) Optical Modulators ............................................47 2.4.7 Spectra of Modulation Formats ..................................................................................51 2.5 Spectral Characteristics of Digital Modulation Formats ........................................................51 2.6 Remarks ..................................................................................................................................54 References ........................................................................................................................................62 Chapter 3 Optical Receivers and Transmission Performances ........................................................................65 3.1 Inroduction ..............................................................................................................................65 3.2 Digital Optical Receivers ........................................................................................................67 3.2.1 Photonic and Electronic Noise ....................................................................................67 3.2.1.1 Electronic Noise of Receiver ........................................................................67 3.2.1.2 Shot Noises ...................................................................................................67 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. .3 Biasing Current Shot Noises .........................................................................67 .4 Quantum Shot Noise .....................................................................................68 .5 Thermal Noise ..............................................................................................68 .6 ASE Noise of Optical Amplifier ...................................................................68 1.7 Optical Amplifier Noise Figure ....................................................................68 3.2.1.8 Electronic Beating Noise ..............................................................................69 3.2.1.9 Accumulated ASE Noise in Cascaded Optical Amplifiers ..........................69 3.3 Performance Evaluation of Binary Amplitude Modulation Format .......................................70 3.3.1 Received Signals ........................................................................................................70 3.3.1.1 Case 1: OFF or a Transmitted 0 is Received .............................................71 3.3.1.2 Case 2: ON Transmitted 1 Received .........................................................71 3.3.2 Probability Distribution Functions .............................................................................72 Contents ix 3.3.3 Receiver Sensitivity .....................................................................................................73 3.3.4 Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Noise Impact .......................................................75 3.3.4.1 OSNR ............................................................................................................75 3.3.4.2 Determination of the Impact of Noise ..........................................................76 3.4 Quantum Limit of Optical Receivers under Different Modulation Formats ................................................................................................................76 3.4.1 Direct Detection ..........................................................................................................77 3.4.2 Coherent Detection .....................................................................................................79 3.4.3 Coherent Detection with Matched Filter ....................................................................79 3.4.3.1 Coherent ASK Systems ................................................................................80 3.4.3.2 Coherent Phase and Frequency Shift Keying Systems ................................80 3.5 Binary Coherent Optical Receiver ..........................................................................................84 3.6 Non-coherent Detection for Optical DPSK and MSK ............................................................86 3.6.1 Photonic Balanced Receiver .......................................................................................86 3.6.2 Optical Frequency Discrimination Receiver (OFDR) ...............................................86 3.7 Transmission Impairments ......................................................................................................87 3.7.1 Chromatic Dispersion (CD) .........................................................................................87 3.7.2 Chromatic Linear Dispersion ......................................................................................88 3.7.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) .........................................................................91 3.7.4 Fiber Non-linearity ......................................................................................................92 3.8 MATLAB® Simulink® Simulator for Optical Communications Systems ..............................92 3.8.1 Fiber Propagation Model ............................................................................................93 3.8.1.1 Non-linear Schroedinger Equation (NLSE) .................................................93 3.8.1.2 Symmetrical Split-Step Fourier Method ......................................................93 3.8.1.3 Modeling of Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) .....................................94 3.8.1.4 Optimizing the Symmetrical SSFM .............................................................95 3.8.1.5 Fiber Propagation in Linear Domain ............................................................95 3.8.2 Non-linear Effects via Fiber Propagation Model ........................................................95 3.8.2.1 SPM Effects ..................................................................................................95 3.8.2.2 XPM Effects .................................................................................................97 3.8.2.3 FWM Effects ................................................................................................98 3.8.2.4 SRS Effects ..................................................................................................99 3.8.2.5 SBS Effects ................................................................................................101 3.9 Performance Evaluation ........................................................................................................102 3.9.1 BER from Monte Carlo Method ................................................................................102 3.9.2 BER and Q-factor from Probability Distribution Functions .....................................102 3.9.3 Histogram Approximation ........................................................................................103 3.9.4 Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) ....................................................................103 3.9.5 Eye Opening Penalty (EOP) .....................................................................................104 3.9.6 Statistical Evaluation Techniques .............................................................................104 3.9.6.1 Multi-Gaussian Distributions (MGD) via Expectation Maximization (EM) Theorem ............................................................................................105 3.9.6.2 Selection of Number of Gaussian Distributions for MGD Fitting ............. 106 3.9.6.3 Selection of Threshold for GPD Fitting ......................................................108 3.9.6.4 Validation of Novel Statistical Methods .....................................................109 3.9.7 Novel BER Statistical Techniques ............................................................................ 114 3.9.7.1 Multi-Gaussian Distributions (MGD) and Expectation Maximization (EM) Theorem ............................................................................................ 114 3.10 Effects of Source Linewidth ................................................................................................115 3.11 Remarks ...............................................................................................................................117 x Contents 3.12 Appendices .......................................................................................................................... 118 3.12.1 Sellmeir s Coefficients for Different Core Materials ............................................118 3.12.2 Total Equivalent Electronic Noises .......................................................................118 3.13 Problems Chapter 3............................................................................................................. П9 References ......................................................................................................................................128 Chapter 4 Coherent Photonic Transmission ...................................................................................................131 4.1 Coherent Detection ...............................................................................................................131 4.1.1 Optical Heterodyne Detection ...................................................................................133 4.1.1.1 ASK Coherent System .................................................................................135 4.1.1.2 Envelop Detection .......................................................................................135 4.1.1.3 Synchronous Detection ...............................................................................137 4.1.2 PSK Coherent System ...............................................................................................137 4.1.2.1 Differential Detection .................................................................................138 4.1.3 Optical Homodyne Detection ...................................................................................138 4.1.4 FSK Coherent System ...............................................................................................139 4.2 Coherent and Non-coherent Photonic Transmission Technologies ......................................140 4.2.1 Integrated Optics .......................................................................................................140 4.2.2 Optical Source and Modulation ................................................................................140 4.2.2.1 Demands on Laser Linewidth ....................................................................140 4.2.2.2 Differential Detection ................................................................................141 4.2.2.3 CPFSK Differential Detection ...................................................................141 4.2.2.4 Balanced Receiver ......................................................................................142 4.2.2.5 Phase Diversity Receiver ...........................................................................143 4.2.2.6 Channel-Selective Receiver .......................................................................143 4.3 Photonic Filters and Phase Comparators ..............................................................................146 4.3.1 Transmission Characteristics ....................................................................................147 4.4 Coherent Phase and Differential Phase Shift Keying ...........................................................148 4.5 Fiber Propagation and Non-linearities ..................................................................................152 4.5.1 Linear Dispersion: Analytical Approach ..................................................................152 4.5.1.1 Signal Propagation and the Governing NLSE Equation ............................152 4.5.1.2 Fiber Transfer Function ..............................................................................153 4.5.1.3 Pulse Shapes ...............................................................................................154 4.5.2 Non-linear Impairments ...........................................................................................157 4.5.3 Non-linear Phase Noise ............................................................................................157 4.6 Optical Multi-level Modulation: General Theory .................................................................160 4.6.1 Optical Multilevel Modulation: General Theory ......................................................161 4.6.2 Multi-phase and Amplitude Format Optical Transmitters .......................................162 4.7. Coherent OFDM ...................................................................................................................163 4.7.1 Principles ...................................................................................................................163 4.7.2 Experimental Implementation of Coherent Detection ..............................................165 4.8 Remarks ................................................................................................................................167 References ......................................................................................................................................168 Chapter 5 Differential Phase Shift Keying Photonic Systems .......................................................................171 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 171 5.2 Optical DPSK Modulation and Formats ...............................................................................172 Contents x¡ 5.2.1 Generation of Return-to-Zero Pulses........................................................................172 5.2.2 Phasor Representation ..............................................................................................175 5.2.3 Phasor Representation of CS-RZ Pulses..................................................................175 5.2.4 Phasor Representation of RZ33 Pulses.....................................................................176 5.2.5 Discrete Phase Modulation (DPSK).........................................................................178 5.2.5.1 Principles of DPSK and Theoretical Treatment of DPSK and DQPSK Transmission..............................................................................................178 5.2.5.2 Optical DPSK Transmitter......................................................................... 179 5.2.6 DPSK Balanced Receiver .........................................................................................179 5.3 DPSK Transmission Experiment..........................................................................................181 5.3.1 Components and Operational Characteristics.......................................................... 181 5.3.2 Spectra of Modulation Formats ................................................................................181 5.3.3 Dispersion Tolerance of Optical DPSK Formats ......................................................182 5.3.4 Optical Filtering Effects ...........................................................................................184 5.3.5 Performance of CSRZ-DPSK over a Dispersion Managed Optical Transmission Link .......................................................................................185 5.3.6 Mutual Impact of Adjacent 10 G and 40 G DWDM Channels .................................186 5.4 DQPSK Modulation Format .................................................................................................186 5.4.1 DQPSK ....................................................................................................................187 5.4.2 Offset DQPSK Modulation Format ..........................................................................194 5.4.2.1 Influence of the Minimum Symbol Distance on the Receiver Sensitivity ..............................................................................196 5.4.2.2 Influence of Self Homodyne Detection on the Receiver Sensitivity ..........197 5.4.3 MATLAB® Simulink® Model ..................................................................................197 5.4.3.1 The Simulink® Model .................................................................................197 5.4.3.2 Eye Diagrams .............................................................................................197 5.5 Comparisons of Different Formats and ASK and DPSK .....................................................200 5.5.1 BER and Receiver Sensitivity ...................................................................................200 5.5.1.1 RZ ASK and NRZ ASK .............................................................................200 5.5.1.2 RZ DPSK and NRZ DQPSK ......................................................................202 5.5.1.3 RZ ASK and NRZ DQPSK ........................................................................202 5.5.2 Dispersion Tolerance ................................................................................................204 5.5.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion Tolerance ..................................................................205 5.5.4 Robustness Towards Non-linear Effects ...................................................................205 5.5.4.1 Robustness Towards SPM ...........................................................................205 5.5.4.2 Robustness Towards XPM ..........................................................................206 5.5.4.3 Robustness Towards FWM ........................................................................207 5.5.4.4 Robustness Towards SRS ...........................................................................207 5.5.4.5 Robustness Towards SBS ...........................................................................208 5.6 Remarks ................................................................................................................................209 References ......................................................................................................................................209 Appendix: MATLAB® Simulink® Model for DQPSK Optical System ........................................211 Chapter 6 Continuous Phase Modulation Format Optical Systems ...............................................................215 6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................215 6.2 Generation of Optical MSK Modulated Signals ...................................................................217 6.2.1 Optical MSK Transmitter Using Two Cascaded Electro-Optic Phase Modulators ......................................................................................................217 6.3 Detection of M-ary CPFSK Modulated Optical Signal ........................................................219 xii Contents 6.3.1 Optical MSK Transmitter Using Parallel I-Q Mach-Zehnder Intensity Modulators .................................................................................................221 6.3.1.1 Linear MSK ................................................................................................221 6.3.1.2 Weakly Non-linear MSK ............................................................................221 6.3.1.3 Strongly Non-linear MSK ...........................................................................223 6.3.2 Optical MSK Receivers ............................................................................................224 6.4 Optical Binary-Amplitude MSK Format ..............................................................................225 6.4.1 Generation .................................................................................................................225 6.5 Optical Minimum Shift Keying ............................................................................................226 6.6 Numerical Results and Discussions ......................................................................................228 6.6.1 Transmission Performance of Linear and Non-linear Optical MSK Systems ..........229 6.6.2 Transmission Performance of Binary Amplitude Optical MSK Systems ................232 6.7 Remarks ................................................................................................................................234 References ......................................................................................................................................235 Chapter 7 Multi-level Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying Optical Transmission .........................................237 7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................237 7.2 Amplitude and Differential Phase Modulation .....................................................................239 7.2.1 ASK Modulation .......................................................................................................239 7.2.1.1 NRZ-ASK Modulation ...............................................................................239 7.2.1.2 RZ-ASK Modulation ..................................................................................239 7.2.1.3 CSRZ-ASK Modulation .............................................................................239 7.2.1.4 Differential Phase Modulation ....................................................................241 7.2.2 Comparison of Different Optical Modulation Formats ............................................249 7.2.3 Multilevel Optical Transmitter .................................................................................249 7.2.4 Single Dual-Drive MZIM Transmitter for MADPSK ..............................................252 7.3 MADPSK Optical Transmission ...........................................................................................254 7.3.1 Performance Evaluation ............................................................................................255 7.3.2 Implementation of MADPSK Transmission Models ................................................257 7.3.2.1 System Modeling ........................................................................................257 7.3.3 Transmitter Model .....................................................................................................258 7.3.4 Receiver Model .........................................................................................................258 7.3.5 Transmission Fiber and Dispersion Compensation Fiber Model ..............................258 7.4 Transmission Performance ....................................................................................................258 7.4.1 Signal Spectrum, Signal Constellation and Eye Diagram ........................................258 7.4.2 BER Evaluation .........................................................................................................260 7.4.2.1 ASK Sub-System Error Probability ............................................................261 7.4.3 DQPSK Sub-System Error Probability Evaluation ...................................................262 7.4.4 MADPSK System BER Evaluation ...........................................................................265 7.4.5 Chromatic Dispersion Tolerance ...............................................................................266 7.4.6 Critical Issues ............................................................................................................268 7.4.6.1 Noise Mechanism and Noise Effect on MADPSK .....................................270 7.4.6.2 Transmission Fiber Impairments ................................................................271 7.4.6.3 Non-linear Effects on MADPSK ................................................................272 7.4.6.4 Offset Detection ..........................................................................................272 7.5 Star 16-QAM Optical Transmission .....................................................................................274 7.5.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................275 7.5.2 Design of 16-QAM Signal Constellation ..................................................................277 Contents xiii 7.5.2.1 Signal Constellation ....................................................................................277 7.5.2.2 Optimum RR for Star Constellation ...........................................................278 7.5.3 Detection Methods ....................................................................................................280 7.5.3.1 Direct Detection ..........................................................................................280 7.5.3.2 Coherent Detection .....................................................................................281 7.5.3.3 Homodyne Receiver ...................................................................................281 7.5.3.4 Heterodyne Receiver ...................................................................................281 7.5.3.5 Intradyne Receiver ......................................................................................281 7.5.4 Star 16-QAM Format ................................................................................................282 7.5.4.1 Transmitter Design .....................................................................................282 7.5.4.2 Receiver for 16-star QAM ..........................................................................284 7.5.4.3 Coherent Detection Receiver without Phase Estimation ............................284 7.5.4.4 Coherent Detection Receiver with Phase Estimation .................................286 7.5.4.5 Direct Detection Receiver ..........................................................................287 7.6 Coherent Receiver without Phase Estimation .......................................................................288 7.6.1 Linear Channel ..........................................................................................................288 7.6.2 Non-linear Effects .....................................................................................................291 7.7 Remarks .................................................................................................................................293 7.8 Other Multilevel and Multi-subcarrier Modulation Formats for lOOGb/s Ethernet Transmission ...........................................................................................................293 7.8.1 Remarks on Multilevel Modulation ..........................................................................294 7.8.2 Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (oOFDM) [27]....................295 7.8.3 100 Gb/s 8-DPSK_2-ASK 16-Star QAM .................................................................296 7.8.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................296 7.8.3.2 Configuration of 8-DPSK _ 2-ASK Optical Transmitter ............................296 7.8.3.3 Configuration of 8-DPSK _ 2-ASK Detection Scheme ..............................298 7.8.3.4 Transmission Performance of 100Gb/s 8-DPSKJ2-ASK Scheme ..............299 7.9 Concluding Remarks .............................................................................................................300 7.9.1 Offset MADPSK Modulation ....................................................................................303 7.9.2 Multi-level Amplitude-minimum Shift Keying (MAMSK) Modulation ..................303 7.9.3 Star QAM Coherent Detection ..................................................................................303 References ......................................................................................................................................304 Chapter 8 Frequency Discrimination Receiver for Optical MSK ..................................................................307 8.1 Operational Principles of ONFDR ........................................................................................307 8.2 Receiver Modeling ................................................................................................................309 8.3 Receiver Design ....................................................................................................................312 8.3.1 Bandwidth of the Optical Filter ................................................................................312 8.3.2 Center Frequency of the Optical Filter .....................................................................313 8.3.3 Selection of Optimal Values of Optical Delay Line .................................................316 8.4 Selection of Optimum Bandwidth and Center Frequency of Optical Frequency Discrimination Filters ...........................................................................................................314 8.5 Receiver Performance ...........................................................................................................316 8.5.1 Numerical Results Validating Receiver Design ........................................................316 8.6 Robustness to Chromatic Dispersion of ONFDR .................................................................317 8.6.1 40-Gb/s Transmission ...............................................................................................317 8.6.2 Dispersion Tolerance ................................................................................................319 8.6.3 10-Gb/s Transmission ...............................................................................................321 xiv Contents 8.6.4 Robustness to Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) of ONFDR ............................321 8.6.5 Resilience to Non-linearity (SPM) of ONFDR ........................................................321 8.6.6 Transmission Limits of OFDR-based Optical MSK Systems ..................................322 8.7 Dual-level Optical Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) ..............................................................324 8.7.1 Generation Scheme ....................................................................................................324 8.7.2 Incoherent Detection Technique ...............................................................................326 8.7.3 Optical Power Spectrum ...........................................................................................326 8.7.4 Receiver Sensitivity ...................................................................................................326 8.7.5 Remarks .....................................................................................................................328 8.8 Remarks ................................................................................................................................329 References .....................................................................................................................................329 Chapter 9 Partial Responses and Single-sideband Modulation Formats .......................................................331 9.1 Partial Responses: Duo-Binary Modulation Formats ...........................................................331 9.1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................331 9.1.2 The DBM Formatter .................................................................................................332 9.1.3 40-Gb/s DB Optical Fiber Transmission Systems ....................................................333 9.1.4 Electro-Optic Duo-Binary Transmitter .....................................................................335 9.1.5 The DuoB Encoder ....................................................................................................336 9.1.6 The External Modulator ............................................................................................336 9.1.7 DuoB Transmitters and Pre-Coder ............................................................................339 9.1.8 Alternative Phase DB Transmitter ............................................................................339 9.1.9 Fiber Propagation .....................................................................................................339 9.2 Duo-Binary Direct Detection Receiver ................................................................................343 9.3 System Transmission and Performance ...............................................................................345 9.3.1 The DB Encoder ........................................................................................................346 9.3.2 The Transmitter .........................................................................................................347 9.3.3 Transmission Performance .......................................................................................350 9.3.4 Alternating Phase and Variable Pulse Width DuoB: Experimental Setup and Transmission Performance .......................................................................................354 9.3.4.1 Transmission Setup .....................................................................................354 9.3.4.2 Test-bed for Variable Pulse Width Alternating Phase Duo-Binary Modulation Optical Transmission ..............................................................356 9.3.5 Remarks ....................................................................................................................365 9.4 DWDM VSB Modulation-format Optical Transmission ......................................................365 9.4.1 Transmission System .................................................................................................366 9.4.2 VSB Filtering and DWDM Channels .......................................................................368 9.4.3 Transmission Dispersion and Compensation Fibers .................................................369 9.4.4 Transmission Performance .......................................................................................372 9.4.4.1 Effects of Channel Spacing on Q-Factor ....................................................373 9.4.4.2 Effects of GVD on ß-factor.......................................................................374 9.4.4.3 Effects of Filter Pass-band on the Q-Factor ...............................................374 9.5 Single Side Band Modulation ...............................................................................................378 9.5.1 Hubert Transform SSB MZ Modulator Simulation ..................................................378 9.5.2 SSB Demodulator Simulation ...................................................................................379 9.6 Concluding Remarks .............................................................................................................379 References ......................................................................................................................................379 Contents xv Chapter 10 Temporal Lens and Adaptive Electronic/Photonic Equalization ..................................................381 10.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................381 10.2 Space-Time Duality and Equalization ...............................................................................382 10.2.1 Space-Time Duality ...............................................................................................383 10.2.1.1 Paraxial Diffraction ................................................................................383 10.2.1.2 The Governing Non-linear Schrödinger (NLS) Equation .....................384 10.2.1.3 Diffractive and Dispersive Phases .........................................................384 10.2.1.4 Spatial Lens ............................................................................................385 10.2.1.5 Time Lens ...............................................................................................386 10.2.1.6 Temporal Imaging ..................................................................................386 10.2.1.7 Electro-optic Phase Modulator as a Time Lens .....................................387 10.2.2 Equalization in Transmission System ....................................................................389 10.2.2.1 Equalization with Sinusoidal Driven-Voltage Phase Modulator ............390 10.2.2.2 Equalization with Parabolic Driven-Voltage Phase Modulator .............391 10.3 Simulation of Transmission and Equalization ...................................................................392 10.3.1 Single Pulse Transmission ....................................................................................392 10.3.1.1 Equalization of Second Order Dispersion .............................................392 10.3.1.2 Equalization of Third-Order Dispersion ................................................395 10.3.2 Pulse Train Transmission .......................................................................................396 10.3.2.1 Second-Order Dispersion ......................................................................396 10.3.2.2 Equalization of Third-Order Dispersion ...............................................399 10.3.3 Equalization of Timing Jitter and Polarization-Mode Dispersion ........................399 10.4 Equalization in 160-Gb/s Transmission Systems ................................................................400 10.4.1 System Overview ....................................................................................................400 10.4.1.1 System Configurations ............................................................................400 10.4.1.2 Experimental Setup ................................................................................402 10.4.2 Simulation Model Overview ..................................................................................403 10.4.2.1 System Overview ...................................................................................403 10.4.2.2 Transmitter Block ..................................................................................404 10.4.2.3 Transmission Link .................................................................................404 10.4.2.4 De-multiplexer .......................................................................................406 10.4.2.5 Equalizer System ...................................................................................407 10.4.2.6 Errors Calculation ..................................................................................410 10.4.3 Simulation Results .................................................................................................412 10.4.3.1 Single Pulse Transmission .....................................................................412 10.4.3.2 160-Gb/s Transmission and Equalization .............................................414 10.5 Conclusions .........................................................................................................................420 References ....................................................................................................................................421 Chapter 11 Electronic Signal Processing in Optical Transmission Systems ...................................................425 11.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................425 11.2 Electronic Digital Processing Equalization ........................................................................428 11.3 System Representation of Equalized Transfer Function .....................................................431 11.3.1 Generic Equalization Formulation .........................................................................431 11.3.1.1 Signal Representation and Channel Pure Phase Distortion ....................431 xvi Contents 11.3.1.2 Equalizers at Receiver ............................................................................432 11.3.1.3 Equalizers at the Transmitter .................................................................441 11.3.1.4 Equalization Shared Between Receiver and Transmitter .......................443 11.3.1.5 Performance of FFE and DFE ................................................................444 11.3.2 Impulse and Step Responses of the Single Mode Optical Fiber ............................444 11.4 Electrical Linear Double Sampling Equalizers for Duobinary Modulation Formats for Optical Transmission .......................................................................................446 11.5 Non-linear MLSE Equalizers for MSK Optical Transmission Systems .............................452 11.5.1 Non-linear MLSE ...................................................................................................453 11.5.2 Trellis Structure and Viterbi Algorithm .................................................................453 11.5.2.1 Trellis Structure ......................................................................................454 11.5.2.2 Viterbi Algorithm ...................................................................................454 11.5.3 Optical Fiber as a Finite State Machine .................................................................454 11.5.3.1 Construction of State Trellis Structure ...................................................455 11.6 MLSE Equalizer for Optical MSK Systems .......................................................................455 11.6.1 Configuration of MLSE Equalizer in OFDR .........................................................455 11.6.2 MLSE Equalizer with Vitertic Algorithm .............................................................455 11.6.3 MLSE Equalizer with Reduced-State Template Matching ....................................457 11.7 MLSE Scheme Performance ..............................................................................................459 11.7.1 Performance of MLSE Schemes in 40 Gb/s Transmission .....................................459 11.7.2 Transmission of 10 Gb/s Optical MSK Signals Over 1472 km SSMF Uncompensated Optical Link ................................................................................460 11.7.3 Performance Limits of Viterbi-MLSE Equalizers .................................................461 11.7.4 Viterbi-MLSE Equalizers for PMD Mitigation ......................................................465 11.7.5 On the Uncertainty and Transmission Limitation of Equalization Process ...........469 11.8 Uncertainty in Optical Signal Transmission .......................................................................470 11.8.1 Uncertainty in ASK Modulation Optical Receiver without Equalization .............470 11.8.2 Uncertainty in MSK Optical Receiver with Equalization .....................................471 11.9 Electronic Dispersion Compensation of Modulation Formats ............................................472 11.10 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................477 References .....................................................................................................................................478 Chapter 12 Optical Soliton Transmission .........................................................................................................481 12.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................481 12.2 Fundamentals of Non-linear Propagation Theory ..............................................................481 12.3 Numerical Approach ..........................................................................................................483 12.3.1 Beam Propagation Method ....................................................................................483 12.3.2 Analytical Approach — Inverse Scattering Method ...............................................483 12.3.2.1 Soliton N= 1 by Inverse Scattering .......................................................485 12.3.2.2 Soliton N = 2 by Inverse Scattering .......................................................485 12.4 Fundamental and Higher Order Solitons............................................................................486 12.4.1 Soliton Evolution for N= 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5...............................................................486 12.4.2 Soliton Breakdown .................................................................................................488 12.5 Interaction of Fundamental Solitons...................................................................................488 12.5.1 Two Solitons Interaction with Different Pulse Separation ....................................488 12.5.2 Two Solitons Interaction with Different Relative Amplitude ................................488 12.5.3 Two Solitons Interaction under Different Relative Phase ......................................490 12.5.4 Three Soliton Interaction with Different Relative Phase .......................................490 12.5.5 Three Solitons Interaction with Different Relative Phase and r= 1.5...................490 Contents xvii 12.6 Soliton Pulse Transmission Systems and Inverse Scattering Method ...............................492 12.6.1 Inverse Scattering Method Revisited .....................................................................493 12.6.2 N-Solitons Solution (Explicit Formula) .................................................................501 12.6.3 Special Case A =N ................................................................................................503 12.6.4 N-Soliton Solutions (Asymptotic Form as τ— »±0°)..............................................504 12.6.5 Bound States and Multiple Eigenvalues ................................................................506 12.7 Interaction between Two Solitons in an Optical Fiber ........................................................506 12.7.1 Soliton Pair with Initial Identical Phases ...............................................................507 12.7.2 Soliton Pair with Initial Equal Amplitudes ............................................................507 12.7.3 Soliton Pair with Initial Unequal Amplitudes .......................................................507 12.7.4 Design Strategy ......................................................................................................508 12.8 Generations of Solitons.......................................................................................................510 12.8.1 Generation of Bound-Solitons in Actively Phase Modulation Mode-Locked Fiber Ring Resonators ............................................................................................510 12.8.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................510 12.8.1.2 Formation of Bound States in a FM Mode-Locked Fiber Laser ............510 12.8.1.3 Experimental Setup and Results ............................................................512 12.8.1.4 Simulation of Dynamics of Bound States in a FM Mode-locked Fiber Laser .............................................................................................515 12.8.2 Active Harmonic Mode-Locked Fiber Laser for Soliton Generation ....................522 12.8.2.1 Experiment Setup ...................................................................................522 12.8.2.2 Tunable Wavelength Harmonic Mode-locked Pulses ............................524 12.8.2.3 Measurement of the Fundamental Frequency .......................................526 12.8.2.4 Effect of the Modulation Frequency ......................................................526 12.8.2.5 Effect of the Modulation Depth/Index ..................................................527 12.8.2.6 Effect of Fiber Ring Length ..................................................................527 12.8.2.7 Effect of Pump Power ............................................................................530 12.9 Remarks ..............................................................................................................................530 References .....................................................................................................................................531 Chapter 13 OFDM Optical Transmission Systems ..........................................................................................533 13.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................533 13.1.1 Principles of oOFDM .............................................................................................533 13.1.1.1 OFDM as a Multi-carrier Modulation Format ........................................537 13.1.2 FFT and IFFT Based OFDM Principles ................................................................539 13.2 Optical OFDM Transmission Systems ................................................................................539 13.2.1 Impacts on Non-linear Modulation Effects on Optical OFDM .............................541 13.2.2 Dispersion Tolerance .............................................................................................542 13.2.3 Resilience to PMD Effects .....................................................................................543 13.3 OFDM and DQPSK Formats for 100 Gb/s Ethernet ..........................................................543 13.4 Concluding Remarks ...........................................................................................................544 References ......................................................................................................................................544 Chapter 14 Comparison of Modulations Formats for Long-Haul Optically Amplified Transmission Systems and Networks ........................................................................................................547 14.1 Identification of Modulation Features for Combating Impairment Effects ........................547 14.1.1 Binary Digital Optical Signals ...............................................................................547 xviii Contents 14.1.2 M-ary Digital Optical Signals................................................................................548 14.1.3 Multi Sub-carrier Digital Optical Signals..............................................................548 14.1.4 Modulation Formats and Electronic Equalization .................................................548 14.2 Amplitude, Phase and Frequency Modulation Formats......................................................549 14.2.1 ASK and DPSK & DPSK and DQPSK..................................................................549 14.2.1.1 Dispersion Sensitivity of Different Modulation Formats of ASK and DPSK ...............................................................................................549 14.2.2 NRZ-ASK and NRZ DPSK ...................................................................................549 14.2.3 RZ-ASK and RZ-DPSK .........................................................................................551 14.2.4 CSRZ ASK and CSRZ-DPSK ...............................................................................551 14.2.5 ASK and DPSK Spectra .........................................................................................552 14.2.6 ASK and DPSK in Long-Haul Transmission .........................................................554 14.2.7 Non-linear Effects in ASK and DPSK in Long-Haul Transmission ......................554 14.2.7.1 Performance of DWDM RZ-DPSK and CSRZ-DPSK ..........................554 14.2.7.2 Non-linear Effects on CSRZ-DPSK and RZ-DPSK ..............................554 14.2.7.3 Non-linear Effects on CSRZ-ASK and RZ-ASK ...................................556 14.2.8 Continuous Phase Versus Discrete Phase Shift Keying ........................................557 14.2.9 Multi Sub-carrier Versus Single/Dual Carrier Modulation ...................................557 14.2.10 Multi-level Versus Binary or IQ Modulation .........................................................559 14.2.11 Single Sideband and Partial Response Modulation ................................................560 14.3 Modulation Formats and All-optical Networking ..............................................................561 14.3.1 Advanced Modulation Formats in Long-Haul Transmission Systems ...................561 14.3.2 Advanced Modulation Formats in All-optical Networks ......................................561 14.4 Hybrid 40 Gb/s over 10 Gb/s Optical Networks: 328 km SSMF+DCF for 320 km Tx: Impact of Adjacent 10 G/40 G channels .............................................................................562 14.5 Ultra-fast Optical Networks ................................................................................................563 14.5.1 OTDM Networking ................................................................................................563 References ......................................................................................................................................564 Chapter 15 Index ..............................................................................................................................................567
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language	English
lccn	2008043512
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spelling	Binh, Le Nguyen Verfasser aut Digital optical communications Le Nguyen Binh Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press 2009 XXVII, 579 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Optical communications Digital communications Computer networks Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd rswk-swf Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017348967&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Binh, Le Nguyen Digital optical communications Optical communications Digital communications Computer networks Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4172668-6
title	Digital optical communications
title_auth	Digital optical communications
title_exact_search	Digital optical communications
title_full	Digital optical communications Le Nguyen Binh
title_fullStr	Digital optical communications Le Nguyen Binh
title_full_unstemmed	Digital optical communications Le Nguyen Binh
title_short	Digital optical communications
title_sort	digital optical communications
topic	Optical communications Digital communications Computer networks Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd
topic_facet	Optical communications Digital communications Computer networks Optische Nachrichtenübertragung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017348967&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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