Verfügbarkeit: Requirements engineering for software and systems

Requirements engineering for software and systems:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Laplante, Phillip A. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press 2009
Schriftenreihe:	Auerbach series on applied software engineering
Schlagworte:	Software engineering System design Requirements engineering
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Beschreibung:	XXI, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781420064674

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Acknowledgments .........................................................................................xv Introduction ................................................................................................xvii About the Author .........................................................................................xxi 1 Introduction to Requirements Engineering ...........................................1 Motivation ...................................................................................................1 What Is Requirements Engineering? ............................................................2 You Probably Don t Do Enough Requirements Engineering ........................3 What Are Requirements? .............................................................................4 Requirements Versus Goals .................................................................4 Requirements Level Classification ......................................................4 Requirements Specifications Types .....................................................6 Functional Requirements ...........................................................6 Nonfunctional Requirements ....................................................7 Domain Requirements ............................................................10 Domain Vocabulary Understanding .................................................11 Requirements Engineering Activities .........................................................11 Requirements Elicitation/Discovery .................................................11 Requirements Analysis and Reconciliation .......................................12 Requirements Representation and Modeling ....................................12 Requirements Validation ..................................................................12 Requirements Management ..............................................................13 The Requirements Engineer .......................................................................13 Requirements Engineering Paradigms .......................................................13 Requirements Engineer as Software Systems Engineer .....................14 Requirements Engineer as Subject Matter Expert .............................14 Requirements Engineer as Architect .................................................14 Requirements Engineer as Business Process Expert ...........................14 Ignorance as Virtue ...........................................................................15 Role of the Customer? ................................................................................15 VII viii ■ Contents Problems with Traditional Requirements Engineering ...............................16 Complexity .......................................................................................17 Four Dark Corners (Zave and Jackson) ......................................................18 Difficulties in Enveloping System Behavior ................................................19 The Danger of All in Specifications ...............................................21 References ..................................................................................................22 2 Mission Statement, Customers, and Stakeholders ................................23 Mission Statements ....................................................................................23 Encounter with a Customer? ......................................................................24 Stakeholders ...............................................................................................26 Negative Stakeholders .......................................................................27 Stakeholder Identification .................................................................27 Stakeholder Questions .............................................................27 Stakeholder/Customer Classes .................................................29 Customer Wants and Needs .......................................................................30 What Do Customers Want? ..............................................................30 What Don t Customers Want? ..........................................................33 Why Do Customers Change Their Minds? ...............................................34 Stakeholder Prioritization ..........................................................................35 Communicating with Customers and Other Stakeholders .........................36 Managing Expectations ....................................................................37 Stakeholder Negotiations ...........................................................................38 References .................................................................................................40 3 Requirements Elicitation ......................................................................41 Introduction ..............................................................................................41 Elicitation Techniques Survey ...................................................................42 Brainstorming ..................................................................................42 Card Sorting ....................................................................................42 Designer as Apprentice ....................................................................44 Domain Analysis ..............................................................................45 Ethnographic Observation ................................................................45 Goal-Based Approaches ...................................................................46 Group Work .....................................................................................48 Interviews .........................................................................................48 Introspection ....................................................................................50 Joint Application Design (JAD) ........................................................50 Laddering .........................................................................................51 Protocol Analysis ..............................................................................52 Prototyping .......................................................................................53 Quality Function Deployment .........................................................54 Questionnaires ..................................................................................55 Contents ■ ix Repertory Grids ................................................................................56 Scenarios ...........................................................................................57 Task Analysis ....................................................................................57 User Stories .......................................................................................58 Viewpoints ........................................................................................59 Workshops ........................................................................................60 Elicitation Summary ..................................................................................60 Which Combination of Requirements Elicitation Techniques Should Be Used? ...............................................................................60 Prevalence of Requirements Elicitation Techniques ..........................63 Elicitation Support Technologies ...............................................................63 Using Wikis for Requirements Elicitation .........................................63 Mobile Technologies .........................................................................65 Content Analysis ..............................................................................65 References .................................................................................................66 4 Writing the Requirements Document ..................................................69 Requirements Representation Approaches .................................................69 IEEE Standard 830-1998...........................................................................71 IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing Non-Functional Requirements .........................................................72 IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing Functional Requirements ..................................................................73 Operating System ....................................................................74 Command Validation ..............................................................75 ISO/IEC Standard 25030.................................................................76 Use Cases ...................................................................................................78 Behavioral Specifications ...........................................................................79 The Requirements Document ....................................................................81 Users of a Requirements Document ..................................................82 Requirements Document Requirements ...........................................82 Preferred Writing Style ............................................................83 Text Structure ..........................................................................83 Best Practices and Recommendations .......................................................84 References ..................................................................................................86 7 5 Requirements Risk Management .........................................................87 What Is Requirements Risk Management? ........................................... Requirements Validation and Verification ..................................................89 Techniques for Requirements V&V .................................................90 Goal-Based Requirements Analysis ........................................90 Requirements Understanding ..................................................91 Contents Validating Requirements Use Cases .........................................92 Prototyping .............................................................................92 The Requirements Validation Matrix ................................................92 The Importance of Measurement in Requirements Verification and Validation ..................................................................................93 Goal/Question/Metric Analysis ...............................................94 Standards for Verification and Validation ..................................................95 IEEE Standard 830...........................................................................96 Correctness ..............................................................................97 Ambiguity ...............................................................................97 Completeness ...........................................................................98 Consistency .............................................................................99 Ranking ..................................................................................99 Verifiability ............................................................................100 Modifiability .........................................................................100 Traceability ............................................................................100 NASA Requirements Testing ...................................................................101 NASA ARM Tool ...........................................................................101 Imperatives .....................................................................................103 Continuances ..................................................................................103 Directives ........................................................................................105 Options ..........................................................................................105 Weak Phrases ..................................................................................105 Incomplete .............................................................................106 Subjects .................................................................................107 Specification Depth ...............................................................107 Readability Statistics .............................................................108 Summary of NASA Metrics ...................................................108 References ................................................................................................ Ill 6 Formal Methods .................................................................................113 Motivation ...............................................................................................113 What Are Formal Methods? ....................................................................114 A Little History ..............................................................................115 Using Formal Methods ...................................................................116 Formal Methods Types ...................................................................116 Examples .................................................................................................117 Formalization of Train Station in В ................................................117 Formalization of Space Shuttle Flight Software Using МигФ ..........121 Formalization of an Energy Management System Using Category Theory .............................................................................122 Example: An Energy Management System ............................124 Requirements Validation ................................................................126 Contents ■ xi Theorem Proving............................................................................ 128 Program Correctness .............................................................128 Hoare Logic ...........................................................................129 Model Checking .............................................................................133 Objections, Myths, and Limitations ........................................................134 Objections and Myths ....................................................................134 Limitations of Formal Methods ......................................................135 Final Advice .............................................................................................136 References ................................................................................................137 7 Requirements Specification and Agile Methodologies .......................139 Introduction to Agile Methodologies .......................................................139 Principles Behind the Agile Manifesto ............................................140 Extreme Programming (XP) ....................................................................142 Scrum ......................................................................................................143 Requirements Engineering for Agile Methodologies ................................144 General Practices in Agile Methodologies .......................................145 Agile Requirements Best Practices ..................................................145 Requirements Engineering in XP ...................................................147 Requirements Engineering in Scrum ..............................................147 Writing User Stories .................................................................................148 Agile Requirements Engineering ..............................................................150 Challenges for Requirements Engineering in Agile Methodologies ..........152 Bibliography ............................................................................................153 8 Tool Support for Requirements Engineering .....................................155 Introduction ............................................................................................155 Traceability Support ................................................................................156 Commercial Requirements Engineering Tools .........................................159 DOORS .........................................................................................160 Rational RequisitePro .....................................................................160 Requirements and Traceability Management ..................................160 CaliberRM .....................................................................................160 QFD/Capture .................................................................................161 Open Source Requirements Engineering Tools ........................................161 FreeMind ........................................................................................161 Open Source Requirements Management Tool (OSRMT) ......................163 FitNesse ..........................................................................................166 Requirements Engineering Tool Best Practices ........................................167 References ................................................................................................168 9 Requirements Management ................................................................171 Introduction ............................................................................................171 Managing Divergent Agendas .........................................................171 xii ■ Contents Expectation Revisited: Pascal s Wager ......................................................173 Global Requirements Management ..........................................................174 Antipatterns in Requirements Management .............................................176 Environmental Antipatterns ...........................................................177 Divergent Goals .....................................................................177 Process Clash .........................................................................178 Management Antipatterns ..............................................................178 Metric Abuse .........................................................................178 Mushroom Management .......................................................179 Other Paradigms for Requirements Management ....................................180 Requirements Management and Improvisational Comedy .............180 Requirements Management as Scriptwriting ..................................181 Reference Models for Requirements Management ...................................182 ISO 9000-3 (1997).........................................................................183 Six Sigma ........................................................................................183 Capability Maturity Model (CMMI) .............................................184 IEEE 830........................................................................................185 IEEE 12207 (2002)........................................................................185 ISO/IEC 25030..............................................................................185 A Case Study: FBI Virtual Case File ........................................................186 References ................................................................................................187 10 Value Engineering of Requirements ...................................................189 What, Why, When, and How of Value Engineering? ...............................189 What Is Value Engineering? ............................................................189 When Does Value Engineering Occur? ..........................................190 Estimating Using COCOMO and Its Derivatives ...................................190 COCOMO .....................................................................................191 WEBMO ........................................................................................192 COSYSMO ....................................................................................193 Estimating Using Function Points ...........................................................194 Function Point Cost Drivers ...........................................................194 Feature Points .................................................................................196 Use Case Points ..............................................................................196 Requirements Feature Cost Justification ..................................................197 Return on Investment .....................................................................197 Net Present Value ...........................................................................198 Internal Rate of Return ..................................................................199 Profitability Index ..........................................................................200 Payback Period ................................................................................201 Discounted Payback Period ............................................................201 References ................................................................................................202 Contents ■ xiii Appendix Software Requirements Specification for a Smart Home, Version 2.0, September 20, 2008..........................................203 Glossary .......................................................................................................229 Index ...........................................................................................................233
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spelling	Laplante, Phillip A. Verfasser (DE-588)121624943 aut Requirements engineering for software and systems Phillip A. Laplante Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press 2009 XXI, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Auerbach series on applied software engineering Includes bibliographical references and index Software engineering System design Requirements engineering Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 gnd rswk-swf Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017322173&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Laplante, Phillip A. Requirements engineering for software and systems Software engineering System design Requirements engineering Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 gnd
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title	Requirements engineering for software and systems
title_auth	Requirements engineering for software and systems
title_exact_search	Requirements engineering for software and systems
title_full	Requirements engineering for software and systems Phillip A. Laplante
title_fullStr	Requirements engineering for software and systems Phillip A. Laplante
title_full_unstemmed	Requirements engineering for software and systems Phillip A. Laplante
title_short	Requirements engineering for software and systems
title_sort	requirements engineering for software and systems
topic	Software engineering System design Requirements engineering Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 gnd
topic_facet	Software engineering System design Requirements engineering
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