Concepts of epidemiology: integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2008
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXVII, 417 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199543144 0199543143 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Concepts of epidemiology |b integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology |c Raj S. Bhopal |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Glossary
xxix
1
What is epidemiology? The nature and scope of a biological, clinical, social,
and ecological science and of its variables
01
1.1
The individual and the population
01
1.2
Definition of epidemiology and a statement of its central paradigm
02
1.3
Directions in epidemiology and its uses
03
1.4
Epidemiology as a science, practice, and craft
04
1.5
The nature of epiderniologkal variables
06
1.6
Definition and diagnosis of disease: an illustration of the interdependence of
clinical medicine and epidemiology
11
1.7
The basic tools of epidemiology: measuring disease frequency
and study design
13
1.8
Seeking the theoretical foundations of epidemiology
Summary
15
Sample examination questions
17
2
The epidemiological concept of population
19
2.1
The individual and the population
19
2.2
Harnessing variety in individual and group level disease
and risk factor patterns
23
2.3
Disease patterns as an outcome of individuals living
in changing social groups
24
2.4
Sick populations and sick
individuais
27
2.5
Individual and population level epidemiological variables
33
2.6
Epidemiology and demography: interdependent population sciences
35
2.7
The dynamic nature of human population
41
2.8
Applications of the epidemiological population concept
42
2.9
Conclusion
44
Summary
44
Sample examination questions
45
3
Variation in disease by time, place, and person: A framework
for analysis of genetic and environmental effects
47
3.1
Introduction
47
3.2
Reasons for analysing disease variations: environment and genetics
48
3.3
Introducing human genetic variation and genetic epidemiology
50
3.3.1
The human genome
50
3.3.2
Genomic variation as the basis of human disease and population
variation
52
XXÍi
CONTENTS
3.3.3
Susceptibility to diseases, chronic diseases and genetics
55
33
A Tools of genetic epidemiology
57
3.3.5
Population level differences in disease and genetics:
the example of race
58
3.4
Variations and associations: real or artefact?
60
3.5
Applying the real/artefact framework
64
3.6
Disease clustering and clusters in epidemiology
71
3.7
Applications of observations of disease variation
77
3.8
Epidemiological theory underpinning or arising from this chapter
80
3.9
Conclusion
80
Summary
80
Sample examination questions
81
4
Error, bias, confounding and risk modification/interaction
in epidemiology
83
4.1
Introduction
83
4.2
A classification of error and bias
86
4.2.1
Bias in the research question, theme or hypothesis
87
4.2.2
Choice of population- selection bias
90
4.2.3
Non-participation: non-response bias
92
4.2.4
Comparing disease patterns and risk factor-disease outcome
relationships in populations which differ (context for confounding)
93
4.2.5
Risk/effect modification, susceptibility and interaction
97
4.2.6
Measurement errors: differential and non-differential
J
03
4.2.7
Misclassification bias: non-differential measurement errors, and
regression to the mean
104
4.2.8
Analysis and interpretation
109
4.2.9
Publication
109
4.2.10
Judgement and action
110
4.3
A practical application of the research chronology schema
of bias and error HI
4.4
Conclusion 111
Summary
115
Sample examination questions
116
Further exercises
118
5
Cause and effect: The epidemiological approach
123
5.1
Introduction: causality in science and philosophy
123
5.2
Epidemiological causal strategy and reasoning: the example
of Semmelweiss
126
5.3
Models of cause in epidemiology
128
5.3.1
Interplay of host, agent, and environment
128
5.3.2
Necessary and sufficient cause, proximal and distal cause and the
interacting component causes, models
135
CONTENTS
xxiii
5.4
Guidelines (elsewhere criteria) for epidemiological reasoning on cause and
effect
140
5.4.1
Comparison of epidemiological and other guidelines
for causal reasoning
140
5.4.2
Application of guidelines to associations
145
5.4.3
Judging the causal basis of the association
151
5.4.4.
Reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analysis
151
5.4.5
Interpretation of data,
paradigras,
study design, and causal criteria
156
5.5
Epidemiological theory illustrated by this chapter
156
5.6
Conclusion
157
Summary
160
Sample examination questions
161
6
Interrelated concepts in the epidemiology of disease: natural history,
spectrum, iceberg, population patterns, and screening
163
6.1
Natural history of disease, the incubation period and
acute/chronic diseases
164
6.2
The population pattern of disease: changes over time (secular trends)
169
6.3
Spectrum of disease: a clinical concept fundamental to epidemiology
171
6.4
The unmeasured burden of disease: the metaphors of the iceberg and the
pyramid
172
6.5
Screening: picking up disease or disease susceptibility early
175
6.5.1
Introduction: definition, purposes, and ethics
175
6.5.2
Choosing what to screen for: criteria of Wilson and Jungner
176
6.5.3
Sensitivity, specificity and predictive powers of screening tests
178
6.5.4
Setting the cut-off point for a positive screening test:
introducing the relation between sensitivity and specificity
and the ROC curve
182
6.5.5
Distributions of the factors we are screening for—explaining the
relations between sensitivity and specificity
184
6.6
Applications of the concepts of natural history, spectrum, population pattern
and screening
190
6.7
Epidemiological theory: symbiosis with clinical medicine
and social sciences
193
6.8
Conclusion
193
Summary
195
Exercises from the first edition
196
Sample examination questions
197
Appendix
200
7
The concept of risk and fundamental measures of disease frequency:
incidence and prevalence
201
7.1
Introduction: risks, risk factors, and causes
201
7.2
Quantifying disease frequency, risk factors, and their relationships: issues of
terminology
202
xxiv CONTENTS
7.3
Incidence and incidence rate: the concepts of person-time incidence, and
cumulative incidence
205
7.4
Numerator: defining, diagnosing, coding disease accurately
211
7.5
Denominator
216
7.6
Prevalence and prevalence rate
218
7.7
Relationship of incidence and prevalence
224
7.8
Choice of incidence or prevalence measures
228
7.9
Presenting rates: overall and specific
228
7.10
Conclusion
229
Summary
230
Sample examination questions
230
An exercise on incidence and prevalence from the first edition
233
Appendix
234
8
Presentation and interpretation of epidemiological data on risk
235
8.1
Introduction
235
8.2
Proportional morbidity or mortality ratio (PMR)
236
8.3
Adjusted overall rates: standardization and the calculation of the SMR
(Standardized mortality ratio)
238
8.3Л
Direct Standardisation
240
8.3.2
Indirect Standardisation
241
8.4
Relative measure: relative risk
245
8.5
The odds ratio (OR)
248
8.6
Measurements to assess the impact of a risk factor in groups and populations:
attributable risk and related measures
254
8.6.1
Attributable risk/exposed group: estimating benefits of changing
exposure in the at risk group
255
8.6.2
Population attributable risk and population impact number: estimating
the benefits of reducing exposure in the population as a whole
259
8.7
Presentation and interpretation of epidemiological data in applied settings
261
8.8
Avoidable morbidity and mortality and life-years lost
263
8.9
Comparison of summary measures of health status
265
8.10
DALY, disability adjusted life years, and QALY, quality adjusted life years
267
8.11
Numbers needed to treat (NNT) or to prevent (NNP); and the number of
events prevented in your population (NBPP)
269
8.12
Describing the health status of a population
270
8.13
The construction and development of health status indicators
273
8.14
Conclusion
274
Summary
276
Sample examination questions
277
9
Epidemiological study design and principles of data analysis: an integrated
suite of methods
285
9.1
Introduction: interdependence of study design in epidemiology, and the
importance of the base population
286
CONTENTS
xxv
9.2
Classifications
of study
design:
five
dichotomies
288
93
Case series: clinical and population based register studies
290
9.3.1.
Overview
290
9.3.2
Design of a case series
293
9.3.3
Analysis of case series
294
9.3.4
Unique insights from case series
295
9.4
Cross-sectional study
296
9.4.1
Overview
296
9.4.2
Design
297
9.4.3
Value and limitations
299
9.4.4
Cross-sectional studies in relation to the iceberg, spectrum and natural
history of disease
300
9.4.5
Cross-sectional studies in relation to case series, calculating of incidence,
and comparative potential
300
9.5
Case-control study
302
9.5.1
Overview
302
9.5.2
Design and analysis
302
9.5.3
Population base for case-control studies
305
9.6
Cohort study
251 306
9.6.1
Overview
306
9.6.2
Design
308
9.7
Trials
-
population based experiments
311
9.7.1
Overview
311
9.7.2
Design
311
9.8
Overlap in the conceptual basis of the case series, cross-sectional, case-control,
cohort, and trial designs; and their strengths and weakenesses
314
9.9
Ecological studies: mode of analysis?
320
9.9.1
Overview
320
9.9.2
Some fallacies·, ecological, atomistic and homogeneity
321
9.10
Size of the study
322
9.11
Data analysis and interpretation
323
9.11.1
Planning the analysis
324
9.11.2
Focus
325
9.11.3
Errors
325
9.11.4
Validity
326
9.11.5
Handling continuous data using correlation and regression:
contributions to causal
thinking
326
9.11.6
Generalization
328
9.11.7
Burden
328
9.11.8
Comparability
328
9.11.9
Summarising the contrasts
329
9.11.10
Interactions
330
9.11
Л
1
Accounting for error, bias and confounding
330
»V¡
CONTENTS
9.11.12
Causality
330
9.11.13
Write-up
330
9.12
Conclusion
331
Summary
332
Sample examination questions
333
Appendix
340
10
Epidemiology in the future: Theory, ethics, context, and
critical appraisal
347
10.1
The interrelationship of theory, methods, and application: responding to
criticisms of modern epidemiology
347
10.2
Fundamental influences on health and disease in populations
349
10.3
Theory and practice: role of epidemiology
351
10.4
Practice to theory to techniques and back.
352
10.4.1
Setting priorities in health and health care: illustrative topic
1 352
10.4.2
Impact on health of local polluting industries: Teesside study of
environment and health: illustrative topic
2 355
10.5
Paradigms: the evolution of sciences, including epidemiology
357
10.6
Epidemiology: forces for change
358
10.7
Scope of epidemiology and specialization
359
10.8
The context of epidemiological practice
—
academic and
service, USA and UK
360
10.9
The practice of epidemiology in public health
361
10.10
Ethical basis and proper conduct of epidemiology: the need for a code
362
10.10.1
The tobacco industry
362
10.10.2
Authorship
363
10.10.3
Ethnicity and race
363
10.11
Ethical guidelines
366
10.12
Critical appraisal in epidemiology: separating fact from error and fallacy
367
10.12.1
Some fallacies
369
10.12.2
The nature of critical appraisal
371
10.13
Some questions relevant to the appraisal of epidemiological research
371
10.14
Building on an epidemiological education: role of historical landmarks
373
10.14.1
James
Línd
and scurvy
373
10.14.2
Edward
Jenner
and smallpox
374
10.14.3
John Snow and cholera
374
10.14.4
The emergence of epidemiology
375
10.15
A reflection on the future of epidemiology
376
Summary
379
Sample examination questions
380
References and further reading
381
Appendix
401
Index
411
|
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| id | DE-604.BV035368816 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:32:17Z |
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| language | English |
| lccn | 2008279185 |
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| physical | XXXVII, 417 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Bhopal, Raj S. Verfasser (DE-588)1071627996 aut Concepts of epidemiology integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal 2. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2008 XXXVII, 417 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Épidémiologie Epidemiology Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd rswk-swf Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 s b DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017172734&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bhopal, Raj S. Concepts of epidemiology integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology Épidémiologie Epidemiology Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015016-1 |
| title | Concepts of epidemiology integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology |
| title_auth | Concepts of epidemiology integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology |
| title_exact_search | Concepts of epidemiology integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology |
| title_full | Concepts of epidemiology integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal |
| title_fullStr | Concepts of epidemiology integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concepts of epidemiology integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal |
| title_short | Concepts of epidemiology |
| title_sort | concepts of epidemiology integrating the ideas theories principles and methods of epidemiology |
| title_sub | integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology |
| topic | Épidémiologie Epidemiology Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Épidémiologie Epidemiology Epidemiologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017172734&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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