Modern instrumental analysis:
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| Other Authors: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam ; Heidelberg [u.a.]
Elsevier
2006
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| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Series: | Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry
47 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index. - Formerly CIP |
| Physical Description: | XXXII, 864 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 044452259X 9780444522597 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Modern instrumental analysis |c ed. by S. Ahuja ... |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam ; Heidelberg [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXXII, 864 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry |v 47 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index. - Formerly CIP | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Instrumental analysis | |
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| _version_ | 1804138677059715072 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Modern instrumental analysis
Autor: Ahuja, Satinder
Jahr: 2006
Contents
Contributors to Vol 47..................................... vii
Volumes in the Series...................................... ix
Preface.................................................xxix
Series Editor s Preface.....................................xxxi
Chapter 1. Overview
Satinder Ahuja
1.1 Introduction........................................................................1
1.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation......................................2
1.3 Evaluations of Basic Physical Properties..............................2
1.4 Thermal Methods................................................................3
1.5 General Principles of Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic
Analysis..............................................................................3
1.6 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy..................................................3
1.7 X-ray Diffraction and Fluorescence......................................4
1.8 Atomic Spectroscopy............................................................4
1.9 Emission Spectroscopic Measurements................................5
1.10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy..........................5
1.11 Mass Spectrometry..............................................................6
1.12 Theory of Separations..........................................................6
1.13 Thin-Layer Chromatography................................................7
1.14 Gas Chromatography..........................................................7
1.15 High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography................................7
1.16 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography....................................8
1.17 Electromigration Methods....................................................8
1.18 Electrochemical Methods......................................................9
1.18.1 Potentiometry........................................................9
1.18.2 Voltammetry..........................................................9
1.19 Hyphenated Methods..........................................................10
1.20 Unique Detectore................................................................10
1.20.1 Optical sensors......................................................11
1.20.2 Bioactivity detectors..............................................11
1.20.3 Drug detectors......................................................12
xiii
Contents
1.21 Problem Solving and Guidelines for Method Selection--------13
References..........................................
Chapter 2. Sampling and sample preparation
Satinder Ahuja and Diane Diehl ^
2.1 Introduction....................................
2.2 Sampling.......................................
2.2.1 Sample size reduction.......................
2.2.2 Sampling error........................................................^
2.3 Sample Preparation..............................................................20
2.3.1 Types of samples....................................................23
2.4 Solid-Phase Extraction........................................................31
2.5 Enhanced Sample Throughput............................................38
2.6 Summary and Conclusions..................................................38
References....................................................................................38
Further Reading............................................................................40
Review Questions..........................................................................40
Chapter 3. Evaluation of basic physical properties
Neil Jespersen
3.1 Introduction........................................................................41
3.2 Theory................................................................................42
3.2.1 Melting and boiling points......................................42
3.2.2 Viscosity..................................................................44
3.2.3 Density....................................................................44
3.2.4 Refractive index......................................................45
3.2.5 Conductivity............................................................45
3.3 Instrumentation..................................................................45
3.3.1 Melting and boiling points......................................45
3.3.2 Accuracy and precision............................................46
3.3.3 Attributes of a good melting point determination . . 47
3.3.4 The melting process................................................48
3.3.5 Boiling points..........................................................49
3.3.6 Viscosity (rheology)..................................................49
3.3.7 Density........................................................53
3.3.8 Refractive index....................................................55
3.3.9 Operation..................................................57
3.3.10 Analysis using refractometry..................................57
3.3.11 Conductivity......................................gg
Review Questions..............n,
........................................................ol
xiv
Contents
Chapter 4. Thermal analysis
Harry G. Brittain and Richard D. Bruce
4.1 Introduction........................................................................63
4.2 Determination of Melting Point............................................64
4.3 Differential Thermal Analysis..............................................68
4.3.1 Background............................................................68
4.3.2 Methodology............................................................69
4.3.3 Applications............................................................71
4.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry........................................73
4.4.1 Background............................................................73
4.4.2 Methodology............................................................74
4.4.3 Applications............................................................76
4.5 Thermogravimetry..............................................................92
4.5.1 Background............................................................92
4.5.2 Methodology............................................................92
4.5.3 Applications............................................................93
4.6 Alternate Methods of Thermal Analysis................................105
4.6.1 Modulated differential scanning calorimetry
(MDSC)..................................................................105
4.6.2 Evolved gas analysis (EGA)....................................106
4.6.3 Thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA)........................106
4.6.4 Thermoptometry....................................................106
4.6.5 Dielectric analysis....................................................106
References....................................................................................107
Review Questions..........................................................................109
Chapter 5. General principles of spectroscopy and spectroscopic analysis
Neil Jespersen
5.1 Introduction........................................................................Ill
5.1.1 Spectral regions......................................................112
5.1.2 Spectra....................................................................113
5.1.3 Origin of the spectra................................................114
5.2 Spectroscopic Analysis..........................................................119
5.2.1 Qualitative relationships..........................................119
5.2.2 Quantitative relationships......................................120
5.2.3 Single component analysis......................................123
5.2.4 Mixture analysis......................................................125
5.2.5 Method of standard additions..................................126
5.2.6 Photometric error....................................................128
xv
Contents
____ 130
5.3 Instrumentation............ ,V ...........iqo
5.3.1 Sources of electromagnetic radiation............
5.3.2 Optical components........................
5.3.3 Detectors................................
5.3.4 Transmitting surfaces.......................
5.3.5 Sample handling...........................
5.4 Putting the Parts Together.........................
5.4.1 Spectrometers for the visible region............ Ido
5.4.2 Rapid spectroscopy.........................
5.5 Statistics for Spectroscopy....................... • • • 14^
5.5.1 Signal averaging...........................
5.5.2 Statistics for a calibration curve............... I46
5.5.3 Signal-to-noise ratio........................
5.5.4 Limit of detection.......................... *4^
5.5.5 Limit of quantitation....................... I4®
5.5.6 Sensitivity...............................
Review Questions...............-..................... ^4^
Chapter 6. Near-infrared spectroscopy
Emil W. Ciurczak
6.1 Introduction........................................................................157
6.2 Basic Theory........................................................................159
6.3 Instrumentation..................................................................164
6.4 Math Treatments................................................................166
6.5 Applications........................................................................171
References....................................................................................174
Further Reading............................................................................176
Review Questions..........................................................................176
Chapter 7. X-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence
Harry G. Brittain
7.1 X-ray Diffraction..................................................................177
7.1.1 Introduction..........................................177
7.1.2 Single-crystal x-ray diffraction................................185
7.1.3 X-ray powder diffraction..........................................196
7.2 X-ray Fluorescence.....................................................210
7.2.1 Introduction......................................................210
7.2.2 Principles of x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy............212
7.2.3 Experimental details............................oik
xvi
Contents
7.2.4 Qualitative XRF analysis........................................217
7.2.5 Quantitative XRF analysis......................................218
References....................................................................................222
Review Questions..........................................................................226
Chapter 8. Atomic spectroscopy
Terence H. Risby
8.1 Introduction........................................................................227
8.2 Theory................................................................................228
8.2.1 Atomic emission spectroscopy..................................228
8.2.2 Atomic absorption spectroscopy..............................229
8.2.3 Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy............................230
8.3 Instrumentation..................................................................231
8.3.1 Atom reservoirs......................................................232
8.3.2 Spectral sources......................................................235
8.3.3 Monochromators......................................................236
8.3.4 Read-out systems....................................................237
8.4 General Considerations........................................................237
8.4.1 Atomic emission spectroscopy..................................237
8.4.2 Atomic absorption spectroscopy..............................238
8.4.3 Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy............................239
8.5 Analytical Method................................................................240
8.5.1 Sample preparation................................................240
8.5.2 Selection of an analytical procedure........................241
8.5.3 Quantification........................................................243
8.5.4 Speciation................................................................244
8.6 Conclusions..........................................................................244
Review Questions..........................................................................245
Further Reading............................................................................245
Chapter 9. Emission methods
C.H. Lochmuller
9.1 Introduction........................................................................247
9.2 Atomic Emission Spectrometry............................................248
9.3 X-ray Emission....................................................................250
9.3.1 Detectors for x-rays................................................252
9.4 Molecular Luminescence/Fluorescence..................................252
9.4.1 Statistical aspects of fluorescence decay..................256
Further reading............................................................................257
Review Questions..........................................................................257
xvii
Contents
Chapter 10. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Linda Lohr, Brian Marquez and Gary Martin ^
10.1 Introduction...................................
10.2 Theory and Basic Principles..............................................^
10.3 Instrumentation................................
10.3.1 Spectrometer overview....................
10.3.2 Quadrature detection..........................................268
10.3.3 Probes..................................................................268
10.3.4 Accessories..........................................................28^
10.4 NMR Methods for Liquids ................................................272
10.4.1 ID Proton NMR methods....................................272
10.4.2 ID Carbon-NMR methods....................................277
10.4.3 Homonuclear 2D methods....................................279
10.4.4 Heteronuclear 2D methods..................................284
10.5 NMR of Solids Methods......................................................294
10.5.1 Introduction to solid-state NMR..........................294
10.5.2 Basic principles of SSNMR..................................296
10.5.3 Common SSNMR experiments............................301
10.5.4 Practical considerations for SSNMR....................305
10.6 Applications........................................................................307
10.6.1 Overview.................................................307
10.6.2 Case studies for liquids ......................................307
10.6.3 Case studies for solids ........................................309
References....................................................................................313
Review Questions..........................................................................316
Chapter 11. Mass spectrometry
David J. Burinsky
11.1 Introduction......................................................................319
11.2 Sample Introduction..........................................................322
11.3 Ionization Methods............................................................323
11.3.1 Electron ionization (EI)........................................324
11.3.2 Chemical ionization (CI)......................328
11.3.3 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) 329
11.3.4 Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). . . 330
11.3.5 Field ionization (FI)........................................331
11.3.6 Electrospray ionization (ESI)................................332
11.3.7 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
(MALDI)..............................................................334
11.3.8 Fast-atom bombardment (FAB) ionization............336
xviii
Contents
11.3.9 Ion bombardment or secondary ion mass
spectrometry (SIMS)............................................338
11.3.10 Plasma desorption (PD) ionization......................339
11.3.11 Field desorption (FD) ionization..........................339
11.4 Mass Analyzers..................................................................340
11.4.1 Magnetic sector analyzer......................................343
11.4.2 Quadrupole mass filter........................................346
11.4.3 Ion traps..............................................................348
11.4.4 Time-of-flight mass analyzer................................356
11.5 Detectors............................................................................359
11.6 Computers..........................................................................362
11.7 Separation Techniques......................................................364
11.7.1 Gas chromatography............................................364
11.7.2 Liquid chromatography........................................369
11.8 Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS and MSn)..................375
11.8.1 Applications........................................................381
11.9 Qualitative analysis............................................................383
11.10 Quantitative analysis..........................................................387
References....................................................................................390
Review Questions..........................................................................394
Chapter 12. Theory of separation methods
C.H. Lochmiiller
12.1 Introduction......................................................................397
12.2 The Great Divide................................................................397
12.2.1 Physical separation methods................................398
12.2.2 Chemical separation methods..............................399
12.3 Chemical Equilibria and the Properties of the Equilibrium
Constant............................................................................400
12.3.1 Thermodynamics and kinetics in separations . . . 401
12.3.2 Mechanisms for band broadening........................402
12.3.3 Multipath processes............................................403
12.3.4 Broadening by diffusion......................................404
12.3.5 Resistance to mass transfer (RTMT)....................404
12.3.6 Practical consequences........................................405
12.4 A Chemist s View of Equilibrium Constants......................406
12.4.1 Categories of forces..............................................407
12.4.2 Use of forces in manipulation of separations .... 409
12.4.3 Properties of equilibrium constants......................409
12.4.4 Choosing mobile and stationary phases................410
xix
Contents
..............................411
Further Reading..........................
Review Questions.........................
Chapter 13. Thin-layer chromatography
Pamela M. Grillini 413
13.1 Introduction......................................................................413
13.2 Theory and Basic Principles.......................
13.3 Instruments and Their Use...... . .................
13.4 Qualitative and Quantitative Applications.............
13.5 Special Topics....................................................................^
Acknowledgments..........................................................................^
References....................................................................................^
Review Questions.....................................
Chapter 14. Gas chromatography
Nicholas H. Snow
14.1 Introduction...................................
14.1.1 Historical overview..............................................444
14.1.2 Current status.......................................444
14.1.3 Major bibliography..............................................445
14.1.4 Online resources..................................................446
14.2 Theory..............................................................................447
14.2.1 Retention times....................................................447
14.2.2 Gas flows............................................................449
14.2.3 Band broadening..................................................450
14.2.4 Resolution............................................................451
14.3 Instrumentation................................................................453
14.3.1 Overview..............................................................453
14.3.2 Gas handling and pneumatics..............................454
14.3.3 Inlets and sample injection..................................455
14.3.4 Column oven and columns..................................459
14.3.5 Detectors............................................................463
14.4 Data Systems and Handling..............................................468
14.4.1 Chart recorders and integrators..........................470
14.4.2 Computer-based data systems..............................471
14.4.3 Data analysis considerations................................472
14.5 Applications........................................................................476
14.6 Looking Forward.................... _ a7R
XX
Contents
References....................................................................................480
Review Questions..........................................................................482
Chapter 15. High-pressure liquid chromatography
Satinder Ahuja
15.1 Evolution of HPLC............................................................486
15.1.1 High-pressure (or high-performance) liquid
chromatography..................................................486
15.2 Advantages Over GC, SFC, and CE....................................487
15.2.1 Advantages over GC............................................487
15.2.2 Advantages over SFC and CE..............................489
15.3 Separation Process............................................................489
15.3.1 Eddy diffusion......................................................491
15.3.2 Mass transfer......................................................492
15.3.3 Longitudinal diffusion..........................................492
15.4 Retention Parameters in HPLC..........................................493
15.4.1 Capacity factor....................................................493
15.4.2 Retention time....................................................494
15.4.3 Zero retention time..............................................494
15.4.4 Relating capacity factor to retention time............494
15.4.5 Retention volume................................................495
15.4.6 Peak width..........................................................496
15.4.7 Total number of theoretical plates........................496
15.4.8 Height equivalent of a theoretical plate................497
15.5 Resolution and Retention Time..........................................497
15.5.1 Separation factor and resolution..........................498
15.6 Equipment........................................................................499
15.6.1 Modular versus integrated HPLC systems............499
15.6.2 Solvent delivery systems......................................500
15.6.3 Detectors............................................................503
15.6.4 Data handling......................................................509
15.7 Modes of Separation in HPLC............................................509
15.7.1 Adsorption chromatography................................510
15.7.2 Normal bonded phases........................................512
15.7.3 Reversed-phase chromatography..........................514
15.7.4 Ion-pair chromatography......................................517
15.7.5 Ion-exchange chromatography..............................519
15.7.6 Ion chromatography............................................521
xxi
Contents
15.8 Separation Mechanism in Reversed-phase HPLC................525
15.8.1 Stationary phase effects......................................525
15.8.2 Relationship of RPLC to partition in octanol. ... 528
15.8.3 Impact of other physicochemical parameters on
retention..............................................................532
15.8.4 Solubility and retention in HPLC........................536
15.9 Molecular Probes/Retention Index......................................537
15.10 Strategy of Separation........................................................540
15.10.1 Improving resolution............................................541
15.11 Mobile-Phase Selection and Optimization..........................543
15.11.1 General considerations........................................543
15.12 Applications......................................................................552
15.12.1 A case study........................................................553
Conclusions..................................................................................555
References....................................................................................555
Review Questions..........................................................................559
Chapter 16. Supercritical fluid chromatography
Mary Ellen P. McNally
16.1 Introduction......................................................................561
16.2 History of SFC ...............................................................563
16.3 Basic Principles in SFC......................................................564
16.3.1 Parameter optimization........................................566
16.3.2 Instrument requirements....................................567
16.4 Current Examples..............................................................568
16.4.1 Chiral separations................................................568
16.4.2 Polymer separations............................................570
16.4.3 High throughput screening of pharmaceuticals . . 571
16.5 Conclusions........................................................................573
References....................................................................................574
Review Questions:........................................................................574
Chapter 17. Electromigration methods: origins, principles, and
applications
M. Jimidar
17.1 Introduction......................................................................575
17.2 Fundamentals of CE..........................................................577
17.2.1 Electrophoretic mobility (p;)................................577
17.2.2 Electroosmotic mobility (fieof)..............................580
xxii
Contents
17.2.3 Electrophoretic migration....................................584
17.2.4 Efficiency............................................................586
17.2.5 Selectivity and resolution....................................593
17.3 Instrumentation................................................................594
17.3.1 Sample injection..................................................595
17.3.2 Detection............................................................599
17.3.3 Sensitivity enhancement......................................602
17.3.4 Time-corrected (normalized) areas......................604
17.3.5 Thermostatting....................................................605
17.4 Methods and Modes in CE..................................................606
17.4.1 Moving boundary CE..........................................606
17.4.2 Steady-state capillary electrophoresis..................607
17.4.3 Zone capillary electrophoresis..............................608
17.5 Conclusions........................................................................617
References....................................................................................618
Review Questions..........................................................................622
Chapter 18a. Potentiometry
Martin Telting-Diaz and Yu Qin
18a. 1 Introduction....................................................................625
18a.2 General Principles............................................................626
I8a.3 Reference Electrodes........................................................627
18a.3.1 Silver/silver chloride reference electrode............627
18a.3.2 Calomel electrode..............................................629
18a.3.3 Liquid junction potential....................................630
18a.4 Indicator Electrodes..........................................................631
18a.4.1 Metal electrodes................................................631
18a.4.2 Glass membrane pH electrodes..........................633
18a.4.3 Ion-selective field effect transistors....................635
18a.4.4 Solid-state electrodes..........................................636
18a.4.5 Ion-selective polymer membranes......................638
18a.4.6 Modified ion-selective electrodes........................654
References....................................................................................656
Review Questions..........................................................................658
Chapter 18b. Voltammetry: Dynamic electrochemical techniques
Abul Hussam
18b. 1 Introduction....................................................................661
18b.2 Tools of the Trade............................................................662
xxiii
Contents
18b.2.1 Cells and electrodes......................................^
18b.2.2 Instrumentation: Potentiostats............
^ ..........668
18b.3 Electrode Processes................... • • •
18b.3.1 Diffusion current and mass transfer ........
18b.3.2 Faradaic current: Electron transfer kinetics . . 673
18b.3.3 Charging current: Effect of double layer..........674
18b.4 Techniques and Applications............................................675
18b.4.1 Chronoamperometry: The simplest
experiment......................................................675
18b.4.2 Linear and cyclic voltammetry..........................678
18b.4.3 Polarography....................................................680
18b.4.4 Pulse voltammetry............................................682
18b.4.5 Stripping voltammetry......................................685
18b.5 Future Outlook................................................................687
References....................................................................................688
Suggested Reading and Resources..................................................689
Review Questions..........................................................................689
Chapter 19. Hyphenated methods
Thomas R. Sharp and Brian L. Marquez
19.1 Introduction......................................................................691
19.2 Mass Spectrometry............................................................692
19.2.1 It all started with J.J............................................693
19.2.2 Molecular weight vs. relative-molecular
mass....................................................................693
19.2.3 Monoisotopic vs. chemical (average) relative
molecular mass....................................................694
19.2.4 Polyisotopic elements and isotope patterns..........695
19.2.5 High resolution measurements vs. accurate mass
measurements......................................................699
19.2.6 Ionization methods..............................................702
19.3 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry..........................703
19.3.1 Historical perspective..........................................704
19.3.2 GC-MS interfaces................................................704
19.3.3 Available ionization methods................................705
19.3.4 Applicability to chemical space ........................706
19.3.5 Identification of compounds..................................706
19.3.6 Mass spectral libraries....................................707
19.3.7 The GC-MS data model..............................709
xxiv
Contents
19.3.8 Full (Repetitive) scan data collection vs. selected
ion recording........................................................709
19.3.9 GC-MS Example—residual solvents analysis. . . . 710
19.4 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry......................716
19.4.1 Historical perspective..........................................716
19.4.2 Evolution of LC-MS interfaces............................717
19.4.3 LC-MS compatible mobile phases........................723
19.4.4 LC-MS accurate mass measurements..................728
19.4.5 An LC-MS example..............................................728
19.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy........................731
19.5.1 Background..........................................................731
19.6 Liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance..........732
19.6.1 Historical perspective..........................................732
19.6.2 Basic instrumentation..........................................734
19.6.3 Modes of operation..............................................739
19.6.4 Continuous flow..................................................739
19.6.5 Stop-flow..............................................................740
19.6.6 Peak parking......................................................742
19.6.7 Peak trapping......................................................743
19.6.8 Liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic
resonance-mass spectroscopy..............................744
19.6.9 Recent advances..................................................745
19.7 Conclusions........................................................................747
References....................................................................................748
Review Questions..........................................................................754
Chapter 20a. Optical sensors
Enju Wang
20a.l Introduction....................................................................755
20a.2 Sensor Design..................................................................755
20a.3 Detection Methods............................................................756
20a.3.1 IR spectroscopy-based optical sensors................759
20a.4 Sensing Principle of Sample Optical Sensors....................761
20a.4.1 Oxygen (02) gas sensors [3,31-35]....................762
20a.4.2 pH sensors [3,4,36-40]......................................763
20a.4.3 Acidic or basic gas sensors using pH-sensitive
dyes [41,42]......................................................764
20a.4.4 Cation sensors [3,4,43-51]................................765
20a.4.5 Anion sensing [3,4,52-57]................................768
20a.4.6 Biosensors [58-60]............................................770
xxv
Contents
............771
References............................................................775
Review Questions.....................................
Chapter 20b. Bioactivity detectors
Sue M. Ford ^
20b. 1 Background...................................
20b.1.1 Needs for bioactivity detection..........................777
20b.2 Methods..........................................................................^
20b.2.1 Traditional bioactivity methods........................777
20b.2.2 Methods and instruments based on molecular
recognition......................................................778
20b.2.3 Methods and instruments based on nucleotide
analysis............................................................779
20b.2.4 Methods and instruments based on chemical
and physical analysis........................................781
20b.3 Bioweapons......................................................................783
20b.3.1 Characteristics of bioweapons..........................783
20b.3.2 Detect-to-warn, detect-to-treat..........................784
20b.3.3 Stand-off detectors, point detectors, light
scattering........................................................785
References....................................................................................786
Review Questions..........................................................................788
Chapter 20c. Drug detectors
Sue M. Ford
20c. 1 Drug Detection in the Field..............................................789
20c. 1.1 Background considerations................................789
20c.l.2 Desirable characteristics of field detectors .... 789
20c.l.3 Sampling..........................................................790
20c.l.4 Background contamination..............................790
20c.2 Instrumentation................................................................79I
20c.2.1 Bulk detection........................................791
20c.2.2 Trace detection....................................791
References.....................................................
Review Questions....................................ygg
xxv i
Contents
Chapter 21. Problem solving and guidelines for method selection
Alan H. Ullman and Douglas E. Raynie
21.1 The Bulging Drums [1]......................................................799
21.2 Student Exercise................................................................809
21.3 The Analytical Approach....................................................812
21.3.1 Defining the problem and gathering information. 812
21.3.2 Formulating a hypothesis....................................815
21.3.3 Selecting an analytical approach..........................815
21.3.4 Implementing the analysis..................................820
21.3.5 Reducing the data and interpreting the results . . 820
21.3.6 Problem solved? Not until you report the results! 821
21.3.7 Summary............................................................821
21.4 Example Problems..............................................................822
21.4.1 Problem 1: The cruddy crude coconut oil............822
21.4.2 Problem 2: An off-flavor in cookies [3]................827
21.4.3 Problem 3: The fish kill mystery [4]....................832
21.4.4 Problem 4: The unknown pesticide [5]................836
21.4.5 Problem 5: The mummy s make-up [6]................839
21.4.6 Problem 6: The polymer production plant [8] . . . 844
References....................................................................................847
Review Questions..........................................................................847
Subject Index................................................................................849
xxvii
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Ahuja, Satinder |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | s a sa |
| author_facet | Ahuja, Satinder |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035354743 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QD75 |
| callnumber-raw | QD75 |
| callnumber-search | QD75 |
| callnumber-sort | QD 275 |
| callnumber-subject | QD - Chemistry |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)65468128 (DE-599)BSZ259319694 |
| dewey-full | 543.19 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 543 - Analytical chemistry |
| dewey-raw | 543.19 |
| dewey-search | 543.19 |
| dewey-sort | 3543.19 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie |
| edition | 1. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035354743 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:31:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 044452259X 9780444522597 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017158826 |
| oclc_num | 65468128 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-83 |
| physical | XXXII, 864 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry |
| series2 | Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry |
| spelling | Modern instrumental analysis ed. by S. Ahuja ... 1. ed. Amsterdam ; Heidelberg [u.a.] Elsevier 2006 XXXII, 864 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry 47 Includes bibliographical references and index. - Formerly CIP Instrumental analysis Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Instrumentelle Analytik (DE-588)4222592-9 gnd rswk-swf Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 s Instrumentelle Analytik (DE-588)4222592-9 s Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s DE-604 Ahuja, Satinder edt Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry 47 (DE-604)BV000900805 47 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017158826&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Modern instrumental analysis Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry Instrumental analysis Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Instrumentelle Analytik (DE-588)4222592-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129906-1 (DE-588)4038971-6 (DE-588)4222592-9 |
| title | Modern instrumental analysis |
| title_auth | Modern instrumental analysis |
| title_exact_search | Modern instrumental analysis |
| title_full | Modern instrumental analysis ed. by S. Ahuja ... |
| title_fullStr | Modern instrumental analysis ed. by S. Ahuja ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern instrumental analysis ed. by S. Ahuja ... |
| title_short | Modern instrumental analysis |
| title_sort | modern instrumental analysis |
| topic | Instrumental analysis Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Instrumentelle Analytik (DE-588)4222592-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Instrumental analysis Analytische Chemie Methode Instrumentelle Analytik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017158826&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000900805 |
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