The New Zealand legal system: structures, processes and legal theory
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wellington
LexisNexis NZ
2006
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| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XLIV, 416 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780408718394 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The New Zealand legal system |b structures, processes and legal theory |c Morag McDowell |
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE V
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS IX
TABLE OF CASES XXI
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XXVII
TABLE OF FIGURES XXXIX
INTRODUCTION XLI
SO WHAT DOES THE STUDY OF LAW INVOLVE? XLII
FEATURES OF THE NEW ZEALAND LEGAL SYSTEM XLIII
STUDYING LAW XLIII
CONCLUSION XLIV
FURTHER READING XLIV
PART ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO LAW
CHAPTER 1: THE NATURE OF LAW 3
1.1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.2 FUNCTIONS OF LAW 4
1.3 LAW AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF MORAL STANDARDS 4
1.3.1 MILL S CLASSICAL LIBERALISM 5
1.3.2 OBJECTIONS TO CLASSICAL LIBERALISM 5
1.3.3 HART S DEFENCE 6
1.3.4 PATERNALISM 8
1.4 VALIDITY OF LAW 8
1.5 POSITIVIST THEORIES OF LAW 9
1.5.1 LAW AS THAT WHICH IS DECLARED TO BE LAW 9
1.5.2 KELSEN S PURE THEORY OF LAW 10
1.5.3 RULE OF RECOGNITION 11
1.6 NATURAL LAW THEORIES 12
1.6.1 LAW AS A PRODUCT OF NATURE 13
1.6.2 LAW BASED ON REASON 14
1.6.3 LAW AS PROPER LEGAL STRUCTURE 14
1.6.4 LAW FOUNDED ON PRINCIPLES 15
1.7 POST-MODERN APPROACHES TO THE LAW 17
1.7.1 LEGAL REALISM 17
1.7.2 LEGAL PRAGMATISM 18
1.7.3 ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO THE LAW 20
1.7.4 MARXISM 24
1.7.5 FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE 25
1.7.6 CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES 27
1.8 OTHER LEGAL TRADITIONS 29
1.9 ROMANO-GERMANIC TRADITION 29
1.9.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 29
1.9.2 SOURCES OF LAW 30
(A) LEGISLATION 30
(B) CASE LAW 31
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(C) LEGAL WRITINGS 31
(D) FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 31
1.9.3 COURTS AND JUDICIARY 32
1.9.4 CONCEPT OF LAW 33
1.10 CHINESE LEGAL SYSTEM 33
1.10.1 INFERIORITY OF LAW 33
1.10.2 CONCEPT OF LAW 34
1.10.3 LEGISLATION 34
1.10.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 35
1.11 ISLAMIC CONCEPTS OF LAW 35
1.11.1 SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAW 36
1.11.2 ISLAMIC LAW IN THE MODERN WORLD 37
1.11.3 ISLAMIC LAW AND SECULAR LAW 38
CHAPTER 2: CLASSIFICATIONS AND SOURCES OF LAW 41
2.1 ARRANGING LEGAL RULES - AN INTRODUCTION 41
2.2 DIVISIONS OF LAW 42
2.2.1 PUBLIC LAW 42
(A) CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 43
(B) ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 43
(C) CRIMINAL LAW 44
(D) REVENUE LAW 45
2.2.2 PRIVATE LAW 45
(A) CONTRACT LAW 45
(B) TORTS 46
(C) LAND AND PROPERTY LAW 47
(D) FAMILY LAW 47
(E) RESTITUTION 48
2.2.3 INTERNATIONAL LAW 48
2.2.4 EQUITY 49
(A) TRUSTS AND SUCCESSION 49
(B) SUCCESSION 50
2.3 SOURCES OF LAW 50
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION 50
(A) HISTORICAL SOURCES 50
(B) AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES 51
(C) MATERIAL/LITERARY SOURCES 51
(D) TREATIES - A SPECIAL CASE 51
2.3.2 HISTORICAL SOURCES 51
(A) COMMON LAW - AN INTRODUCTION 51
(B) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMON LAW AND EQUITY 52
(C) COMMON LAW AND EQUITY TODAY 55
(D) COMMON LAW IN CONTRAST TO STATUTE LAW 58
2.3.3 PRIMARY SOURCES OF LAW 59
(A) LEGISLATION 59
(B) LEGISLATIVE PROCESS 61
(C) DELEGATED LEGISLATION 71
(D) CONTROLS ON DELEGATED LEGISLATION 73
(E) PRECEDENT 76
(F) CUSTOM AND USAGE 77
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(G) MAORI CUSTOM 78
(H) RESIDUAL POWERS AND PRIVILEGES 78
2.3.4 LITERARY OR MATERIAL SOURCES 79
(A) PRIMARY SOURCES 79
(A) SECONDARY SOURCES 79
2.3.5 TREATIES - A SPECIAL CASE 80
PART TWO: THE NEW ZEALAND LEGAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3: NEW ZEALAND S CONSTITUTION 85
3.1 INTRODUCTION 85
3.1.1 WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM CONSTITUTION ? 86
(A) GENERAL MEANING 86
(B) WRITTEN CONSTITUTION 86
3.2 FOUNDING OF BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND RULE IN NEW ZEALAND 88
3.2.1 PRE-1840 HISTORY 89
(A) ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH SOVEREIGNTY:
AN OUTLINE OF HISTORICAL EVENTS AND LEGISLATION 89
3.2.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF GOVERNMENT * RELEVANT LEGISLATION 90
(A) NEW SOUTH WALES CONTINUANCE ACT 1840 AND
LETTERS PATENT 1840 ( THE CHARTER ) 90
(B) CONSTITUTION ACT 1846 (IMP) 91
(C) NEW ZEALAND CONSTITUTION ACT 1852 (IMP) 91
(D) ENGLISH LAWS ACTS 1854,1858,1908 (NZ) 92
(E) COLONIAL LAWS VALIDITY ACT 1865 (IMP) 92
(F) ABOLITION OF PROVINCES ACT 1875 93
3.2.3 MOVES TOWARDS LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL INDEPENDENCE 93
(A) STATUTE OF WESTMINSTER 1931 (IMP) 93
(B) STATUTE OF WESTMINSTER ADOPTION ACT 1947 94
(C) NEW ZEALAND CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT
(REQUEST AND CONSENT) ACT 1947 94
(D) LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL ABOLITION ACT 1950 95
(E) NEW ZEALAND CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT ACT 1973 95
3.2.4 MODERN CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 96
3.3 FEATURES OF THE NEW ZEALAND CONSTITUTION 96
(A) UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION 96
(B) CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY 97
(C) RESPONSIBLE AND REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 97
(D) RULE OF LAW 97
(E) GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, THEIR FUNCTIONS AND THE
WESTMINSTER SYSTEM 97
3.4 INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT 98
3.4.1 LEGISLATURE 98
3.4.2 EXECUTIVE 99
3.4.3 JUDICIARY 99
3.5 SEPARATION OF POWERS 102
3.5.1 APPLICATION OF THE THEORY TO THE NEW ZEALAND STYLE OF GOVERNMENT
103
(A) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEGISLATURE AND EXECUTIVE 103
(B) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEGISLATURE AND JUDICIARY 104
(C) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE JUDICIARY AND EXECUTIVE 107
3.5.2 CONCLUSION 108
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3.6 PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY 108
3.6.1 PARLIAMENT IS THE SUPREME LAWMAKING BODY 108
3.6.2 LEGISLATION IS THE HIGHEST FORM OF LAW 109
3.6.3 NO OTHER PERSON OR BODY CAN INVALIDATE OR SET ASIDE
PARLIAMENTARY LAW 109
3.6.4 PARLIAMENT CAN DELEGATE ITS LAW-MAKING POWERS 110
3.6.5 PARLIAMENT CANNOT BIND ITS SUCCESSORS ILL
3.6.6 IMPLIED REPEAL: THE LATEST EXPRESSION OF PARLIAMENT WILL PREVAIL
ILL
3.6.7 PARLIAMENT IS NOT BOUND BY CITIZEN-INITIATED REFERENDA 112
3.7 SOURCES OF THE NEW ZEALAND CONSTITUTION 112
3.7.1 RULE OF LAW 112
(A) OTHER USAGES 112
(B) DICEY S PRINCIPLES 113
(C) RULE OF LAW * A SUMMARY 117
3.7.2 LEGISLATION 118
(A) NEW ZEALAND LEGISLATION 118
(B) IMPERIAL LEGISLATION 118
3.7.3 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS 120
(A) AN ATTEMPT AT DEFINITION 120
(B) CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONS 121
(C) WHY ARE CONVENTIONS OBEYED? 122
(D) WHAT HAPPENS IF THEY ARE NOT OBEYED? 122
(E) SHOULD CONVENTIONS BE ENACTED AS LAW? 123
(F) SOME EXAMPLES 123
(G) SUMMARY 124
3.7.4 LETTERS PATENT 124
3.7.5 JUDICIAL DECISION 125
3.7.6 PARLIAMENTARY AND EXECUTIVE RULES AND PROCEDURES 127
3.7.7 TREATY OF WAITANGI 127
(A) ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH SOVEREIGNTY 129
(B) ESTABLISHMENT OF GOVERNMENT 129
(C) MOVES TOWARDS CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL INDEPENDENCE 130
(D) MODERN CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 131
CHAPTER 4: NEW ZEALAND S CONSTITUTION * MODERN DEVELOPMENTS 131
4.1 INTRODUCTION * HOW GOVERNMENT WORKS 131
4.1.1 EXECUTIVE POWER 131
(A) CABINET 131
(B) CAUCUS 133
4.1.2 THE EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE EXECUTIVE POWER 133
4.1.3 ADDRESSING THE PROBLEMS * CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM 134
4.2 LEGISLATIVE REFORM 135
4.2.1 CONSTITUTION ACT 1986 135
(A) THE CRISIS 135
(B) TRANSFER OF POWER 136
(C) CONSTITUTIONAL REASSESSMENT 137
4.2.2 NEW ZEALAND BILL OF RIGHTS ACT 1990 140
(A) THE WHITE PAPER 140
(B) NEW ZEALAND BILL OF RIGHTS ACT 1990 141
(C) RIGHTS 141
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(D) OPERATIONAL PROVISIONS 142
(E) THE CONSTITUTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS TODAY 146
(F) CONCLUSION 147
4.2.3 OTHER ENACTMENTS 147
(A) OMBUDSMEN ACT 1975 148
(B) OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT 1982 149
(C) PRIVACY ACT 1993 150
(D) HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1993 (AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS
AMENDMENT ACT 2001) 151
4.3 ELECTORAL REFORM 153
4.3.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PREVIOUS ELECTORAL SYSTEM
* FIRST-PAST-THE-POST 153
4.3.2 ELECTORAL REFORM 154
4.3.3 HOW MMP WORKS 154
(A) PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION 154
(B) PARLIAMENTARY SEATS AND ELECTORAL DISTRICTS 155
(C) PARTY LISTS 155
(D) THRESHOLD 155
(E) MAORI REPRESENTATION 155
(F) ELECTORAL COMMISSION 156
(G) THE ELECTORAL (INTEGRITY) AMENDMENT ACT 2001 156
(H) SAFETY CLAUSE 157
4.3.4 GOVERNMENT UNDER MMP 157
(A) THE EFFECTS OF MMP ON EXECUTIVE AND PARLIAMENT FUNCTION 158
(B) OTHER EFFECTS OF MMP 160
4.4 PARLIAMENTARY REFORM 160
4.4.1 REVISED STANDING ORDERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 160
(A) THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS 161
(B) BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE 162
4.4.2 SELECT COMMITTEES 164
(A) COMPOSITION AND PROCEDURE 165
(B) CRITICISMS OF EFFECTIVENESS 166
(C) CONCLUSION 167
4.5 ALTERNATIVE REFORMS? 168
4.6 CONCLUSION 168
CHAPTER 5: TREATY OF WAITANGI/TE TIRITI O WAITANGI 171
5.1 INTRODUCTION 171
5.2 NEW ZEALAND S COLONIAL HISTORY 172
5.3 TREATY OF WAITANGI 174
5.3.1 DRAFTING THE TREATY OF WAITANGI 174
5.3.2 TEXT 175
TE TIRITI O WAITANGI (MAORI TEXT) 175
THE TREATY OF WAITANGI (ENGLISH TEXT) 176
5.3.3 INTERPRETATIONS OF THE TEXT 177
(A) PREAMBLE 177
(B) ARTICLE 1 177
(C) ARTICLE H 177
(D) ARTICLE III ,, 178
5.3.4 SIGNING OF THE TREATY 179
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5.4 LEGAL STATUS OF THE TREATY 179
5.4.1 INTERNATIONAL STATUS * A TREATY OF CESSION? 179
5.4.2 JUDICIAL CONSIDERATION 181
5.4.3 LEGISLATION 192
(A) LEGISLATION ALLOWING REGARD TO BE HAD TO THE TREATY 192
(B) LEGISLATION WITH A MAORI DIMENSION 193
(C) THE TREATY AS AN INTERPRETATION TOOL 193
(D) LEGISLATION FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF
TREATY OF WAITANGI SETTLEMENTS 194
5.4.4 CONSTITUTIONALISING THE TREATY 194
5.5 COMMON LAW RECOGNITION OF MAORI RIGHTS 195
5.5.1 DOCTRINE OF ABORIGINAL TITLE (CUSTOMARY TITLE) 195
(A) DOCTRINE 195
(B) NATURE OF ABORIGINAL TITLE 195
(C) ATTITUDE OF NEW ZEALAND COURTS 196
5.6 RESOLUTION OF MAORI GRIEVANCES 200
5.6.1 WAITANGI TRIBUNAL 200
(A) FUNCTION 200
(B) COMPOSITION 201
(C) PROCEDURE 201
(D) THE TRIBUNAL S FINDINGS AND THEIR IMPACT 202
5.6.2 MAORI LAND COURT * RESOLUTION OF MAORI LAND CLAIMS 203
5.7 NEGOTIATION AND SETTLEMENT 203
5.7.1 THE FISHERIES SETTLEMENT 204
(A) BACKGROUND 204
(B) SEALORDDEAL 204
5.7.2 SETTLING TREATY CLAIMS 206
(A) DETAILS OF THE SETTLEMENT PROCESS 206
5.7.3 SETTLEMENTS 208
5.8 SUMMARY OF THE TREATY S LEGAL POSITION 209
CHAPTER 6: NEW ZEALAND S COURT SYSTEM 213
6.1 INTRODUCTION 213
6.2 DEFINITIONS 213
6.2.1 WHAT IS A COURT ? 213
(A) SUMMARY OF THE NEW ZEALAND COURT STRUCTURE 214
(B) FUNCTIONS OF A COURT 214
6.2.2 WHAT IS JURISDICTION ? 215
(A) DEFINITION 215
(B) SOURCES OF JURISDICTION 216
(C) VARIOUS TYPES OF JURISDICTION 217
6.3 CHARACTERISTICS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW ZEALAND COURT SYSTEM 219
6.3.1 A HIERARCHICAL COURT SYSTEM 219
6.3.2 ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM 219
6.3.3 OPEN JUSTICE AND ACCESS TO THE COURTS 220
6.3.4 JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE 222
6.3.5 COURTS OF RECORD 222
6.4 THE NEW ZEALAND COURT HIERARCHY * COURTS OF GENERAL JURISDICTION 222
6.4.1 THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW ZEALAND 222
(A) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND * THE PRIVY COUNCIL IN NEW ZEALAND 222
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(B) THE PRIVY COUNCIL DEBATE AND ENACTMENT OF THE
SUPREME COURT ACT 2003 223
(C) HISTORY, FUNCTION, AND COMPOSITION 224
(D) JURISDICTION 225
(E) PROCEDURE 225
6.4.2 NEW ZEALAND COURT OF APPEAL 226
(A) HISTORY, FUNCTION, AND COMPOSITION 226
(B) JURISDICTION 226
(C) PROCEDURE 227
6.4.3 HIGH COURT 227
(A) HISTORY, FUNCTION, AND COMPOSITION 227
(B) JURISDICTION 228
(C) PROCEDURE 229
6.4.4 DISTRICT COURTS 230
(A) HISTORY, FUNCTION, AND COMPOSITION 230
(B) JURISDICTION 231
(C) PROCEDURE 233
6.4.5 DIVISIONS OF THE DISTRICT COURTS: FAMILY COURT 233
(A) HISTORY, FUNCTION AND COMPOSITION 233
(B) JURISDICTION 234
(C) PROCEDURE 234
6.4.6 DISPUTES TRIBUNALS 235
(A) HISTORY, FUNCTION, AND COMPOSITION 235
(B) JURISDICTION 236
(C) PROCEDURE 236
6.4.7 YOUTH COURT 236
(A) HISTORY, FUNCTION, AND COMPOSITION 236
(B) JURISDICTION 237
(C) PROCEDURE 237
(D) THE YOUTH DRUG COURT 238
6.5 COURTS OF SPECIALIST JURISDICTION 238
6.5.1 MAORI LAND COURT 238
6.5.2 EMPLOYMENT COURT 239
6.5.3 ENVIRONMENT COURT 240
6.5.4 CORONERS 240
6.6 ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS 241
6.7 JUDGES 243
6.7.1 JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE 243
(A) APPOINTMENT PROCEDURES 244
(B) CONVENTIONS 245
(C) IMMUNITY FROM CIVIL ACTION 246
6.7.2 COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE JUDICIARY AND REMOVAL FROM THE BENCH 246
(A) CONSTITUTION ACT 1986 246
(B) COMPLAINTS AND PROCEDURE FOR REMOVAL 246
6.7.3 JUDICIARY AS LAW AND POLICYMAKERS 247
(A) DISCRETION IN INTERPRETATION 247
(B) DEVELOPMENT OF COMMON LAW 248
(C) POLITICAL OR CONTROVERSIAL CASES 248
6.8 JURIES 248
6.9 ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 250
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CHAPTER 7: THE LEGAL PROFESSION 253
7.1 INTRODUCTION 253
7.2 THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION 254
7.2.1 ADVOCATES IN DISPUTE 254
7.2.2 ADVISERS ON FUTURE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS 254
7.2.3 WIDER ROLE OF LAWYERS 254
7.2.4 FUNDAMENTAL OBLIGATIONS OF LAWYERS 254
7.3 ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE LAWYER S ROLE 255
7.4 BECOMING A LAWYER 256
7.4.1 BARRISTER/SOLICITOR DISTINCTION 256
7.5 THE LAW SOCIETY 256
7.5.1 THE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS 257
(A) ADMISSION AND PRACTICE RESTRICTIONS 257
(B) DISCIPLINE 257
(C) RULES 257
(D) COMPETENCE AND DISPUTES 257
(E) INDEMNITY AGAINST LOSS BY DISHONESTY 258
(F) SUPERVISION OF PRACTITIONERS 258
(G) LAW REFORM 258
(H) EDUCATION 258
7.5.2 THE REPRESENTATIVE FUNCTIONS 259
7.5.3 LAW LIBRARIES 259
7.6 THE RULES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT 259
7.7 MISCONDUCT 261
7.8 UNSATISFACTORY CONDUCT 263
7.9 DISCIPLINE AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION 264
7.10 LEGAL COMPLAINTS REVIEW OFFICER 265
7.11 ETHICAL DUTIES 266
7.11.1 SPECIAL COMMODITY 266
7.11.2 SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP 266
7.11.3 ROLE IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM 266
7.11.4 DUTIES OF THE LAWYER 267
(A) LOYALTY 267
(B) CONFLICT OF INTEREST 267
(C) CONFIDENCE 269
(D) REPRESENTATION 270
7.12 CONCLUSION 271
PART THREE: STUDYING THE LAW
CHAPTER 8: STATUTORY INTERPRETATION 275
8.1 INTRODUCTION 275
8.1.1 SPECIAL NATURE OF A STATUTE 275
8.1.2 MEANING OF WORDS 277
(A) PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEANING 277
(B) SEMANTIC FIELD 277
(C) VAGUENESS 277
(D) AMBIGUITY 278
(E) REGISTER 278
(F) CONTEXT 278
8.1.3 INTERPRETING STATUTES: A WARNING 279
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8.1.4 READING CAREFULLY 279
8.2 APPROACHES TO INTERPRETATION 280
8.2.1 NATURAL AND ORDINARY MEANING 280
8.2.2 PURPOSIVE APPROACH 282
8.3 THE DANGERS OF LITERALISM 285
8.4 STATUTES ALWAYS SPEAKING 286
8.5 A NOTE ON GRAMMAR 287
8.6 SPECIAL RULES FOR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS? 288
8.7 INTERNAL CONTEXT AND INTRINSIC AIDS 290
8.7.1 SCHEME OF THE ACT 290
8.7.2 COMMONLY OCCURRING WORDS * 291
(A) MAY , SHALL 292
(B) NOTWITHSTANDING 292
(C) SUBJECT TO 293
(D) DEEMED 293
(E) PROVIDED THAT 293
8.7.3 SECTION HEADINGS 294
8.7.4 PREAMBLE 294
8.7.5 LONG TITLE 295
8.7.6 PURPOSE AND OBJECT SECTIONS 295
8.7.7 PARTS AND PART HEADINGS 296
8.7.8 INTERPRETATION SECTIONS 296
8.7.9 OTHER INTERNAL INDICATIONS OF MEANING 297
8.8 EXTERNAL CONTEXT AND EXTRINSIC AIDS 301
8.8.1 OTHER STATUTES 301
(A) INTERPRETATION ACT 1999 301
(B) NEW ZEALAND BILL OF RIGHTS ACT 1990 301
8.8.2 IMPLIEDREPEAL 304
8.8.3 RELATED STATUTES 305
8.8.4 COMMON LAW 305
8.8.5 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 306
8.8.6 TREATY OF WAITANGI 308
8.8.7 PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES AND MATERIALS 309
8.8.8 OTHER EXTRINSIC AIDS 311
8.9 PRESUMPTIONS OF CONSTRUCTION 313
8.9.1 ASSOCIATED WORDS COLOUR EACH OTHER (NOSCITUR A SOCIIS) 313
8.9.2 GENERAL WORDS CONCLUDING A LIST (EJUSDEM GENERIS) 314
8.9.3 EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC EXAMPLE EXCLUDES THE GENERAL
(EXPRESSIO UNIUS) 314
8.9.4 SPECIFIC PROVISION PREVAILS OVER THE GENERAL (GENERALIA
SPECIALIBUS) 315
8.10 CONCLUSION 316
CHAPTER 9: CASE LAW 317
9.1 THE CONCEPT OF CASE LAW 317
9.2 DETERMINING THE RATIO 318
9.2.1 IDENTIFYING THE ISSUE 318
9.2.2 WAMBAUGH S BUT FOR TEST 319
9.2.3 GOODHART S MATERIAL FACT APPROACH 320
9.2.4 MATERIAL FACTS 320
9.2.5 GENERALISATION 321
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9.2.6 OBJECTIONS TO GOODHART S MATERIAL FACT APPROACH 321
9.2.7 DETERMINING THE RATIO IN PRACTICE 323
9.2.8 AMERICAN REALISTS 324
9.3 OBITER DICTA 324
9.4 DISTINGUISHING 325
9.4.1 RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE DISTINGUISHING 326
9.4.2 OVERRULING AND NOT FOLLOWING 327
9.5 READING A CASE WITH MULTIPLE JUDGMENTS 328
9.6 THE PLACE OF REASONS 330
9.7 POSTSCRIPT ON RATIO DECIDENDI 330
9.8 DOCTRINE OF PRECEDENT 331
9.8.1 RATIONALE BEHIND THE DOCTRINE 331
9.8.2 PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR PRECEDENT 332
9.8.3 HOW A COURT DEALS WITH PRECEDENTS 333
9.8.4 RULES OF PRECEDENT IN NEW ZEALAND COURTS 334
9.8.5 THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW ZEALAND AND ITS PREVIOUS DECISIONS 334
9.8.6 THE NEW ZEALAND COURT OF APPEAL AND ITS PREVIOUS DECISIONS 336
9.8.7 NEW ZEALAND DISTRICT COURTS AND HIGH COURTS 338
9.8.8 PRIVY COUNCIL DECISIONS 338
9.8.9 PERSUASIVE CASES 341
9.9 PROSPECTIVE OVERRULING 342
9.10 OBJECTIONS TO THE CASE LAW SYSTEM 343
9.11 CONCLUSION 344
CHAPTER 10: LEGAL ARGUMENT AND REASONING 345
10.1 INTRODUCTION 345
10.2 KINDS OF REASONING 347
10.3 DEDUCTIVE REASONING 347
10.3.1 DEDUCTIVE LOGIC IN LEGAL REASONING 348
10.3.2 ARGUING AGAINST DEDUCTIVE REASONING 350
(A) DENY THE PREMISES 350
(B) CRITICISE THE REASONING 350
(C) CLARIFY WORD MEANING 351
(D) TESTING BY LOGICAL ANALOGY 351
10.4 ARGUING BY ANALOGY 352
10.4.1 ARGUING AGAINST ANALOGIES 353
10.4.2 ATTACK THE ANALOGY 354
10.4.3 COUNTER-EXAMPLE 355
10.5 INDUCTION: LOOKING FOR PRINCIPLES 355
10.5.1 ARGUING AGAINST INDUCTIVE REASONING 357
10.6 COMPLEX ARGUMENTS 358
10.7 LIMITS OF FORMAL REASONING: THE ROLE OF DISCOURSE 358
10.7.1 FORMAL REASONS 359
(A) AUTHORITY 359
(B) COHERENCE 360
10.7.2 SUBSTANTIVE REASONS 361
(A) AXIOMS AND PRINCIPLES 361
(B) RIGHTNESS AND VALUE REASONS 361
10.7.3 POLICY 362
10.8 CONCLUSION 362
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APPENDICES: LEGAL METHOD
APPENDIX 1: LEGAL WRITING 367
AL.L INTRODUCTION 367
A1.2 WRITING CLEARLY 367
AL.2.1 MASTERING THE INFORMATION 368
AL.2.2 ANALYSIS 368
AL.2.3 PLANNING 368
AL.2.4 WRITING 369
AL.2.5 EDITING 369
A1.3 PLAINENGLISH 369
AL.3.1 VOCABULARY 370
AL.3.2 SENTENCE STRUCTURE 370
AL.3.3 LONE 370
AL.3.4 PARAGRAPHS 371
AL.3.5 STRUCTURE 371
A1.4 ANSWERING LEGAL PROBLEMS (OPINIONS) 372
AL.4.1 KNOW THE PROBLEM 372
AL.4.2 IDENTIFY THE LEGAL ISSUES 372
AL.4.3 IDENTIFY AND APPLY THE LAW 372
AL.4.4 ARGUE 373
AL.4.5 CONCLUDE 373
A1.5 ESSAY-STYLE QUESTIONS 373
A1.6 EXAMINATIONS 374
AL.6.1 STUDY 374
AL.6.2 PRACTICAL PREPARATION 374
AL.6.3 READ THE PAPER 374
AL.6.4 ALLOCATE TIME 375
AL.6.5 UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM 375
AL.6.6 PLAN 375
AL.6.7 WRITING 375
AL.6.8 ANSWERING THE PROBLEM 376
AL.6.9 SPECIAL NEEDS 376
AL.6.10 OPEN BOOK EXAMS 376
A1.7 PLAGIARISM 376
APPENDIX 2: LEGAL MATERIALS 379
A2.1 INTRODUCTION 379
A2.2 LITERARY SOURCES 380
A2.2.1 ELECTRONIC AND PAPER LIBRARIES 380
(A) INDEXES 381
(B) ELECTRONIC PUBLISHERS 381
(C) JOURNALS 381
(D) LAW PORTALS AND META-SITES 381
A2.2.2 LEGISLATION 382
A2.3 CASE LAW 383
A2.4 REFERENCE WORKS 384
A2.5 TEXTS 385
A2.6 ARTICLES 385
A2.7 OTHER SOURCES OF LEGAL INFORMATION 386
XIX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDIX 3: READING CASES 387
A3.1 INTRODUCTION 387
A3.2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 387
A3.2.1 NAME 390
A3.2.2 DETAILS OF THE COURT 390
(A) NEW ZEALAND 390
(B) ENGLAND 391
(C) AUSTRALIA 392
(D) CANADA 393
(E) US 393
A3.2.3 THE JUDGES 393
A3.2.4 HEADNOTES 394
A3.2.5 JUDGMENT 395
A3.3 TYPES OF CASES 396
A3.3.1 UNREPORTED CASES 396
A3.3.2 OLD CASES 396
INDEX 397
XX
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| title | The New Zealand legal system structures, processes and legal theory |
| title_auth | The New Zealand legal system structures, processes and legal theory |
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| title_full_unstemmed | The New Zealand legal system structures, processes and legal theory Morag McDowell |
| title_short | The New Zealand legal system |
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| title_sub | structures, processes and legal theory |
| topic | Recht Law New Zealand |
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