Srbi u Hrvatskoj: 1918 - 1929
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Published: |
Beograd
Inst. za Noviju Istoriju Srbije
2008
|
| Series: | Biblioteka "Studije i monografije" / Institut za Noviju Istoriju Srbije
43 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Serbs in Croatia |
| Physical Description: | 853 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788670050600 |
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Садржај
САДРЖАЈ
ПРЕДГОВОР
. 1
увод
.
із
I
ОБЛИКОВ
АЊЕ ТЕРИТОРИЈЕ: ХРВАТСКА
И СРПСКИ
ЕТНИЧКИ
ПРОСТОР У
ХРВАТСКОЈ
. 33
1
1.
ХРВАТСКА:
ПРОСТОРНИ, ГЕОГРАФСКИ И
ДЕМОГРАФСКИ ПРЕГЛЕД
. 33
1
1.1.
Територија:
разматрагье
о
границама простираньа
. 33
1
1.2.
Географске особености
. 50
1
1.3.
Демографска структура
у светлости државне статистике
54
1
2.
СРПСКИ ЕТНИЧКИ ПРОСТОР
. 63
1
2.1.
Одређење
. 63
1
2.2.
Природна средина
и предеоне целине
. 65
1
2.3.
Демографски профил
. 73
ЗАЮЪУЧАК:ПРОСТОРИ СТАНОВНИШТВО
. 82
II
ПРИВРЕДНА СТРУКТУРА И ДРуШТВЕНИ РАЗВИТАК
. 85
11
1.
АГРАР, ТРГОВИНА И ЗАНАТСТВО,
ИНДУСТРИЈА
. 87
11
2.
САОБРАЋАЈНА
ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА
. 111
11
3.
ПРИВРЕДНЕ
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЈЕ
. 124
II
3.1.
Новчане установе
. 124
Банке
. 126
Штедионице
. 142
ИЗ.
2.
Српске
земљорадничке
задруге .
146
II
3. 3.
Српско привредно
друштво „Привредник"
. 156
ЗАЮЪУЧАК:
ПРИБРЕЛА
И
ЊЕН
РАЗВИТАК
. 162
III
НАЧИН
ЖИВЉЕЊА
-
ИЗМЕЂУ ТРАДИЦИОНАЛНОГ
ИМОДЕРНОГ
. 165
III
1.
СЕЛО: СВЕТ РАДА И НЕМАШТИНЕ
. 168
III
1.1.
Између
приватне
иницијативе
и државне
интервенције:
рад за развитак
и напредак
српског села
. 185
III
2.
У ПОТРАЗИ ЗА
БОЉИМ
ЖИВОТОМ:
МИГРАЦИЈЕ
. 203
5/1
Софија Божић
-
Срби
y
Хрватској
1918-1929.
III
2.1.
Миграциони
токови
y
оквиру Краљевине СХС
. 203
III
2.2.
Исељавање
у иностранство
. 214
III
3.
УРБАНА
КУЛТУРА:
СВЕТ СРПСКОГ
ГРАЂАНСТВА
.
ЗАКЉУЧАК: РуТАЛНО
И УРБАНО
. 227
IV
ПРОСВЕТА
И КУЛТУРА
СРБА
У
ХРБАТСКОЈ
. 231
IV
1.
СРПСКА ЗАЈЕДНИЦА
ИЗМЕЂУ
АНАЛФАБЕТИЗМА
И
ПРОСВЕЋЕНОСТИ:
СКОЛАРИЗАЦИЈА
. 233
IVI.
1.
Основно
образована .
233
Српскє вероисповедне
школе
. 245
IV
1.2.
(Не)успех
едукације
у светлости поду хвата
описменьаваїьа
248
IV
1.3.
Средње
образование
. 253
IV
1.4.
Српски
просветни радници:
бројност, образовна
структура,
положај, деловање.
275
IV
1.5.
Школе и национализам
. 289
IV
2.
КУЛТУРНО-ПРОСВЕТНА И
ХУМАНИТАРНА ДРуШТВА
304
IV
3.
ШТАМПА
. 327
IV
3.1.
Новине
. 327
IV
3.2.
Часописи
. 342
IV
3.3.
Календари и
алманаси
. 349
IV
4.
СРПСКА ПРАВОСЛАВНА ЦРКБА
-
НОСИЛАЦ
И ЧУВАР СРПСКОГ ИДЕНТИТЕТА И
ТРАДИЦИЈЕ
. 352
IV
4.1.
Организација
СГЩ на
тлу Хрватске
. 353
IV
4.2.
Манастирски комплекси
и црквена
здања
. 368
IV
4.3.
Свештенство
. 379
IV
4.4.
Верска
осећања Срба
. 397
IV
5.
„ПРЕЧАНИ" И
„СРБИЈАНЦИ":
ПРЕДСТАВЕ И
СТЕРЕОТИПИ
О
СРБИЈИ
у
ВИЂЕЊИМА
СРБА ИЗ ХРВАТСКЕ
. 400
ЗАЮЪУЧАК:
КУЛТУРА
И
ЊЕНИ САДРЖАЈИ
. 447
V
СРБИ у
ХРВАТСКОЈ
И ПОЛИТИЧКИ ЖИВОТ
КРАЉЕВИНЕ
СХС
. 453
V
1.
ПОЛИТИЧКЕ СТРАЖЕ,
НАРОДНИ ПОСЛАНИЦИ,
ДРЖАВНО
УСТРОЈСТВО.
456
V
1.1.
Почетак политичког организованна и
избори
за Уставотворну скупштину
1920.
године
. 456
V
1.2.
Између
демократа и радикала:
продубљивање
подела
и
парламентарни избори
1923.
године
. 478
V
1.3.
Старе
и
нове алтернативе: Самостална демократска странка
на
политичкој
сцени
и парламентарни избори
1925.
године
504
6/1
Садржај
V
1.4.
Подвојености
и
сукобљавака:
константа политичког
живота;
парламентарни избори
1927.
године .
519
V
1.5.
Срби
из Хрватске у
Народној скупштини
. 547
V
1. 6.
Питање унутрашњег уређења државе
. 565
V
2.
КРАЛЬ И СРБИ У
ХРВАТСКОЈ.
571
V
3.
СРБИ У
XPBATCKOJ:
ХЕГЕМОНИСТИ ИЛИ ПОТЛАЧЕНИ?
595
V
3.1.
Српско искуство хрватског национализма
. 600
V3.
2.
О
србофобији
код Хрвата
. 624
Срби из Хрватске о изворима
србофобије
. 625
Поглед
из
Србије.
633
Србофобија
из угла науке
. 638
V
3. 3.
Великосрпска
хегемонија:
мит
или стварност?
. 644
ЗАКЛЬУЧАК: ПОЛИТИКА И
НАЦИОНАЛНО
ПИТАЊЕ
. 672
VI
БИОГРАФСКЕ СЛИКЕ
. 677
VI
1.
0 МЕНТАЛИТЕТУ
. 679
VI
2.
ПОЛИТИЧАРИ
. 683
VI
3.
НАУЧНИЦИ
. 700
VI
4.
УМЕТНИЦИ
. 708
VI
5.
СБЕШТЕНИЦИ
. 734
VI
6.
ОСТАЛИ ПРЕГАОЦИ
. 740
ЗАКЛЬУЧАК: НАРОД И
ЊЕГОВИ
ПОСЛЕНИЦИ
. 748
ЗАКЛЬУЧАК
. 749
SUMMARY
. 759
ИЗБОРИ И ЛИТЕРАТУРА
. 767
ИМЕНИК ЛИЧНОСТИ
. 803
ИМЕНИК МЕСТА И ГЕОГРАФСКИХ
ПОЈМОВА
. 829
7/1
Summary
SERBS IN CROATIA
1918 -1929
SUMMARY
One of the outcomes of the great world war fire, that ended in
1918,
was
the alteration of West Balkan frontiers. Political will of Serbia, the will of victorious
powers, the will of the Yugoslav factor and the will of the Austrohungarian Serbs,
Croats and Slovenians, for the first time found themselves under a common state
roof, in the newly formed monarchy under the Karadjordjevic dynasty. The end of
war and the birth of the Kingdom of
SCS
(Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) meant a
turning point for all those nationalities; Serbia melted its individuality and stateho¬
od into a new state entity, while a quite long mixed history of foreign domination
over Croats, Slovenians and Serbs in Austrohungarian monarchy was finally over.
Croatian political circles from the very beginning tried to champion the idea of a so¬
vereign Croatian state
-
regardless of the Yugoslav frame
-
that would encompass
Dalmaţia
with
Dubrovnik
and
Бока
Kotorska,
as well as Srem including
Zemun,
even Bosnia and Herzegovina and
Vojvodina,
thus drawing Croatian borders as
seen by the Roman Catholic church, and these circles could not accept the intention
of the ruling power to erase the inherited system of historical provinces. These pro¬
vinces persistently survived in spite of the
Vidovdan
Constitution and the decree
of division of the state into
33
regions; that would include reorganizing Croatia into
a number of regions: namely, Zagreb and
Osijek
regions, Primorsko-krajiska and
Srem regions, as well as splitting
Dalmaţia
on Split and
Dubrovnik
regions. Croatia
with
Slavonia
covered the regions from the mouth of river
Sava
in the east to
Rijeka
in the west, from
Mura
in the north to
Velebit
and
Dinara
in the south, from
44°
84V
to
46°
32s4 of northern geographic altitude, and from
32°
54S to
38°
1(T eastern geo¬
graphic longitude;
Dalmaţia
was stretching along the Adriatic sea between
42° 15"
and
44°
4544 of northern geographic altitude, and between
3245"
and
36°
4544 of
eastern geographic longitude. That whole region was inhabited by a variety of Sla¬
vic and other European peoples of different creed, with Roman Catholic Croats as
a majority, and Orthodox Serbs as the second in numbers. Serbs made
24,1%
of the
population in Croatia and
Slavonia,
and
17%
in
Dalmaţia.
Even though scattered
759
Sofija Božić
-
Serbs in Croatia
1918-1929
in all regions, Serbs were most compact in the bordering belt along Bosnia and Her¬
zegovina, forming a long arch from
Zemun
to southern
Dalmaţia.
Serbs constituted
an absolute majority in counties of
Kotor, Benkovac
and
Knin
in
Dalmaţia,
then in
counties of VrginMost,
Glina, Dvor, Kostajnica, Gračac, Donji
Lapač, Korenica,
Ud¬
bina, Vojnić, Slunj, Pakrac, Zemun,
Irig, Mitrovica,
Ruma, Stara Pazova
and in the
township of Sremski
Karlovci.
These counties where Serbs made more than
50%
of
the population, and where they had lived continuously for generations and where
they settled peacefully in regards to other nations, represented the Serbian ethnical
space in Croatia. Serbs made from
25%
to
50%
of population in counties Grubisno
Polje, Osijek, Slatina, Petrinja, Brinje, Gospić, Otočac, Ogulin, Daruvar, Novska,
Vukovar, Ilok
and Sid. Thus the Serbian ethnogeographical line went along the
western borders of counties of
Knin, Benkovac, Gračac, Udbina, Korenica, Slunj,
Vojnić, Vrginmost, Glina, Petrinja, Kostajnica, Novska, Pakrac, Daruvar, Grubisno
polje, Podravska Slatina.
Within this
ethnogeographical
space the Serbian popu¬
lation, according to the classification of ethnogeographer and ethnopsychologist
Jovan
Cvijic, was of Dinaric and Panonian type, characterized by emotionality, ho¬
nor, justice, energy, courage, but, at the same tome, characterized by clannishness,
distrust, rigidity and a tendency to subordination to authority. These Serbs lived
predominantly in villages and accordingly their society had pronouncedly rural
traits.
Even though Croatia with
Slavonia
were among the most industrialized re¬
gions in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, increasing their inherited
lead over the eastern parts of the country, industrial plant were located, just like in
Dalmaţia,
mainly outside the regions with the dominant Serbian population. This
meant that in Serbian districts the basis of social structure was agrarian economy;
in other words, agriculture was the dominant occupation of this population. Agri¬
culture was based on grain, mainly wear and corn, vegetables and fruits, as well
as on industrial plants. Livestock meant cattle, hogs, sheep, goats, donkeys, horses
and poultry. Better arable land was mainly in the northern parts of Serbian ethni¬
cal regions that encompassed regions north of river
Sava,
including
Banija;
while
in the south
Lika, Kordun
and
Dalmaţia
were lacking in arable land. Yields were
poor also due to old-fashioned cultivation, and without the use of agrotechnical or
agrochemical means. Besides being agrarian and nonurbanized, the Serbian com¬
munity, with underdeveloped transport infrastructure, had all the traits of a static
society. Even the building of the
Lika
railroad (that begun in
1912
and was comple¬
ted in
1925)
left large parts of Serbian ethnical regions outside of the main transport
courses. Poor road network made it hard for villagers of distant villages to reach
even the nearest railroad station ten, twenty or more kilometres away
-
especially
during the heavy winter snow, plus the fact that the
Lika
railroad was quite unre¬
liable, just like the other railroad courses. Serbian counties did not have a good po¬
stal service, even less a telephone system. As the state had no distinct programme
aimed at developing the Serbian ethnic regions in Croatia, the peasantry tried to
760
Summary
realize its interests within larger state projects, just like, for example, the agrarian
reform and colonization. The lack of state intervention resulted also in individual
initiatives.
At work on economic transformation of the Serbian community were, already
by the end of the 19th century, Serbian monetary institutions, agricultural coope¬
ratives and the Serbian economy company
"Privrednik"
("Businessman"). Howe¬
ver, these organization spread their activities on the country as a whole, not only on
Serbian ethnic regions in Croatia, trying to cover the whole Yugoslav realm; and,
besides, they did not innovate a new
programirane
of action, functioning more-or-
less on principles and plans that they started from several decades earlier. Their
activities were within the established mode, and were not aimed to economically
innovate and industrialize the Serbian ethnic regions, that would mean to abandon
the old system of pre-industrialization era.
"Privrednik'
s"
efforts to give scholars¬
hips and educate poor but gifted boys and girls in order to develop a Serbian midd¬
le class based on commerce and crafts, also did not advance the existing mode.
Likewise, efforts and energy of a number of
intelectuais,
that took action outside
of existing institutions and organizations, did not have as their goal the change of
the social structure, but aspired through different initiatives in education, health
care and economy to raise the cultural and material status of backward Serbian
agrarian communities, and to be mediators between them and the state so to urge
state institutions to intensify investments in order to better the position of Serbian
peasantry in Croatia.
The Serbian village in Croatia was made of a number of families that lived
mostly within the traditional family cooperatives, that began to fall apart, but in
spite of that households were numerous because couples had many offspring. Hu¬
sband and father was the head of the family, while the woman, his faithful compa¬
nion and support from the day of marriage until death, took care of children and
of the household. Houses were modest and tight in space, built more as shelters
against bad weather and wild beasts, rather than homes following aesthetic princi¬
ples that would give comfort and pleasure. In such dwellings people lived together
with their livestock, on meager and uniform diet based mostly on plants, with the
shortage of clean drinking water, widespread alcohol dependence, lack of hygienic
practice and lack of elementary knowledge of health care
-
all these facts were some
of the very basic negative traits on the life of Serbian peasantry. The consequence
was a high mortality rate, especially among the youngest; the responsibility for this
lay also on the remoteness of medical institutions and the lacking number of health
workers the peasants could turn to.
The mode of life of individuals and families that, in search for land, left their
birthplaces and migrated to northern and southern regions of the Kingdom of
SCS
did not differ much. Together with newcomers from other regions, they settled new
colonies, migrating for good to
Vojvodina, Slavonija
and Kosovo and
Metohija.
The
761
Sofija Božić
-
Serbs in Croatia
1918-1929
state donated them arable land, most often as a reward to those who in the Big
War joined Serbia as volunteers. In new surroundings, far from their native home,
colonists faced a number of problems: building a home, providing food and water,
health care, and a new life within a multiethnic environment where newcomer Ser¬
bs were often unwelcomed, because the natives tended to look at the newcomers
as usurpers of land the natives laid claim to. The state made efforts to help the
colonists to start a new life by giving them certain privileges, but that did not help
much their position, while the politics of agrarian reform and the colonization as
such even augmented the problems. Some colonists found odds to be unbearable
and gave up, while the more resolute and energetic stayed on, slowly adapting to a
new space, retaining old customs and habits, overcoming obstacles and distrust of
the locals, and gradually becoming closer with the native population.
In order to make more money and better the life of the family, a number of
Serbs from Croatia went to European and overseas countries, a process that started
in 19th century. Emigration was intensive in the second part of the twenties, due to
several unfertile years, and stopped only around
1930.
In spite of its rural character, the Serbian community had its citizenry; with
intellectuals, artists, politicians, merchants and bankers that held prominent roles
in public life in Croatia. Though integrated in Croatian society, scarce and exposed
to assimilation, the Serbian citizenry, leaning on its own history and tradition, su¬
cceeded in preserving its national identity even in urban surroundings.
Backwardness and underdevelopment of the Serbian population in Croatia
was the consequence, above all, of unenlightened fate and complete lack of educa¬
tion, this due to the fact that the Christian powers saw Serbs only as frontiersmen
against Islam, good in martial arts, but deliberately kept away from reading and
writing and learning that would make Serbs part of the European family in its peak
achievements in science, arts and literature. Thus the Yugoslav state faced a serious
task to level out the huge inherited differences between the educational level of
Serbian and Croatian counties and regions. However, the research of that period
shows that the largest percentage of illiteracy was characteristic for the Serbian re¬
gions. Efforts to eliminate illiteracy gave meager results due to insufficient num¬
ber of schools and their inadequate locations, inadequate staff, poor educational
material, large number of pupils per class that lowered the educational level, plus
their high absentee rate during the peak agricultural works. On the other hand, the
network and location of secondary schools was much better. The state started by
opening many secondary schools, but in time, for lack of funds, began to close a
number of them or, at least, to close the higher level grades. These secondary scho¬
ols, located in townships, could not help the betterment of the Serbian community,
being far from Serbian villages. The most needed and important schools for Serbs
were schools for future teachers who would teach rural children. Especially nort¬
hern
Dalmaţia
lacked such profile of teachers, due to the fact that this special colle-
762
Suiranary
ge,
instead in
Knin,
was opened in
Šibenik
and without a boarding school where
students from continental parts could reside. Thus many Serbian villages were left
without Serbian teachers, this also being the result of the prevailing opinion that in
the new mutual state the nationality of instructors should not be important, the first
priority being to reach the set goal
-
literacy and betterment of the cultural level of
the population. Modest state financial possibilities resulted in a much lower num¬
ber of schools and in their neglect and, likewise, resulted in poor material conditi¬
ons of all employees in the educational system, that especially being the case with
elementary school teachers, underpaid and living in meager conditions, often with
extra curriculum commitments, as they were considered to be the champions of
enlightenment in their surroundings and to be examples in moral conduct. Within
the educational system many employees were active in politics, and their mem¬
bership in different political organizations had bad repercussions on their mutual
relationships. In multiethnic collectives and staffs the position of Serbian lecturers,
even students, was made more difficult by an anti-state and anti-regime and even
serbophobic standpoint of some of their Croatian colleagues. Such unprofessional
and nationalistic behaviour that imperilled the working atmosphere and was far
from the declared "spirit of state and national unity", and the incidents made by
the students, also often poisoned by nationalistic and political intolerance, did rece¬
ive an official answer: the government made thorough investigations characterized
by a high degree of tolerance, impartiality and justice, that sometimes resulted in
different kinds of penalties.
The most popular literature among the literate rural Serbs were books of folk
songs. They were also interested in works on agriculture and history, and the press
aimed at the rural population was also widely read, and that press used simple
style and language easily understood by the less educated population
-
"Srpsko
kolo"
being an example. Besides that periodical, with a long tradition that started
in the beginning of the 20th century,
"Privrednik"
also had a similar tradition and
reputation, and new newspapers and periodicals like
"Riječ", "Straža"
and
„Orza¬
va"
that quickly found their readeres. Local reading-rooms were making efforts to
procure the most important papers and to make a library with books of the most
prominent domestic and foreign authors, contemporary and classic, but, however,
in most settlements, especially in far off rural counties and distant from communi¬
cation lines, such institutions just did not exist. Many other cultural, educational
and humanitarian societies with a Serbian prefix, intensively founded in the pre¬
war period, did not succeed to restart, even though the Serbs, just like the Croats,
tried hard to form their own societies and to continue the work in the field of educa¬
tion end enlightenment. Even though the space for such activities was quite broad,
the state itself did not give them much attention. Such societies and activities were
left to their own fate and, with less than meager funds, had extreme difficulties to
widen their networks.
763
Sofija Božić
-
Serbs in Croatia
1918-1929
In an unfavorable situation was even the most important Serbian institution,
the Serbian Orthodox Church, still the main pillar and guardian of Serbian national
identity and tradition. Buildings of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the eparchies
of Gornjokarlovac,
Pakrac,
Sremskokarlovac, Dalmatia-Istria and
Boka Kotorska,
that encompassed the Serbs in Croatia,
Slavonia
and
Dalmaţia,
with
30
monaste¬
ries and several hundred churches, were neglected, damaged during the war and
corroded by time. Without the strength and means to reconstruct the Orthodox
temples, the Church expected a helping hand from the state that only partially fi¬
nanced the repair of Serbian sacral objects. In poor parishes and among pauperi¬
zed parishioners with weary piety, the clergy was likewise quite modest and poor.
Unenviable condition of the clergy prompted the state to act in order to better their
material status, but very few of the young were ready to study to become a priest,
so many parishes had no priest of their own, even though the authorities tried to
bring to studies those from eparchies with a deficiency of clergymen. The closure
of the theological seminary in
Zadar
had a clear negative effect on many eparchi¬
es; namely Gornjokarlovacka,
Pakračka,
Dalmatinsko-Istarska and Bokokotorska.
That school was closed after that region was annexed by Italy, and the newly foun¬
ded Orthodox Theological Faculty in Zagreb was planned to be the center for Serbs
from Croatia where they would receive the highest theological schooling, but this
project did not survive.
Thanks in the first place to the Serbian Orthodox Church, Serbs in Croatia,
Slavonia
and
Dalmaţia
remained firmly and for centuries in spiritual unity with
Serbs in other Balkan regions; and the idea of togetherness became even stronger
after the rebirth of the Serbian state in the 19th century. In the Kingdom of
SCS,
the Serbian people remained faithful to Serbia and the Kardjordjevic dinasty, with
a clear intention
-
in case of secession of Croatia, a menace from the very day of
the proclamation of the Yugoslav state
-
to reunite with Serbia, thus supporting
unitarism and centralism as the state system that unites them with Belgrade, not
with Zagreb. On the other hand, part of the Serbian political and
intelectual
elite,
namely the one that centered around the most prominent Sebian politician in Croa¬
tia, Svetozar Pribicevic, gradually took a more and more critical standpoint towar¬
ds Serbia and its people, their mentality and culture, towards the political parties
and political leaders in Serbia, all this threatening to provoke a polarization among
Serbs in Croatia and to break the ties that connected them to the compatriots in
their mother country. In any case, at parlamentary elections (in
1920,1923,1925
and
1927)
Serbs voted for the candidates of political parties from Serebia,
Radikalna
and
Demokratska
parties, and also gave votes to their leader Svetozar Pribicevic
who in
1924
headed the newly formed
Independant
Democratic Party
(Samostalna
Demokratska Stranka),
with devoted voters, until his break with Belgrade and his
embracing the politics of Zagreb, this resulting in a sharp fall of S. Pribicevic rating.
Attachment for Serbia is also seen through the relationship with the ruling dinasty:
individuals as well as institutions expected the intervention of the crown whenever
764
Summary
there were problems due to malfunction of the administration, financial help or
cases that needed mediation. All this according to special powers and possibility
of the ruler. In the view of Serbs the king was a person of highest confidence, the
person to whome they could confess their political worries about the state of the
country and the status of Serbs in Croatia. King
Aleksandar
Karadjordjevic himself
-
who in his youth was also coached by well known Dalmatian Catholic Serbs like
the painter
Marko Murat
and
Lujo
Vojnovic,
a prominent writer, diplomat and
historian
-
respected the Serbian
intelectual
elite in Croatia and, ruling the country,
listened to their advices, considering that the Serbs living in Croatia should be the
bridge in regulating the relations between Belgrade and Zagreb. Namely, tensions
in Serbo-Croatian/Croato-Serbian relations were characteristic for the political and
social life in the Kingdom of
SCS
from its very first days, and the consequences of
the Croatian propaganda
-
depicting Serbs as conquerors, enslavers, exploiters and
hegemonysts
-
hit the Serbs in Croatia. Because this stereotype was systematically
stuffed in the mind and subconsciousness of the Croats, and because of the serbop-
hobia and zealotry of the hardliners of the ex-Habsburg regime, and due to a tole¬
rant stand of the official state towards the opponents of Yugoslav the idea, Serbs
felt persistent pressure, even violence, often fearing for their proper lives. While the
Serbian political elite in power in Serbia thought that the Croatian discontent with
Yugoslavia was a result of erroneous perception that equated the Kingdom of
SCS
with the
Habsburg
monarchy, and at the same time the political opposition in Serbia
considered that dismantling of the centralized system of the state would appease
the Croats; Serbian politicians and intellectuals in Croatia, on the other hand, were
completely aware of the fact that the roots of the Croatian anti-state and anti-Serbi¬
an disposition were much deeper; they warned about the extreme nationalistic am¬
bitions of the Croats, blocked by Belgrade and Serbs, also warned of the Croatian
devotion to the
Habsburg
empire with which they linked their destiny and whose
disappearance from historical stage they could not recover from, and also pointing
at the Croatian Roman-Catholicism that considered the Orthodox compatriots as
foreigners. Contemporary science identified many reasons of political, economic
and psychological nature that built up this serbophobia among Croats, proving
the falsehood of the claim that Croats and Croatia were imperilled and unequal in
the first Yugoslav state. The thesis that rang of a great Serbian hegemony, a thesis
spread by Croatian political circles, is undermined even by the analysis of the par¬
liamentary elections. This analysis shows, among other things, that the number of
Serbian members of parliament from Croatia, up to the middle of the twenties, did
not correspond with the percentage of Serbs within the population of Croatia, that
some of the MP representing Serbs were not from Croatia itself, that the MP were
not a homogeneous body, but divided between radical and democratic parties and
deologies, that a group of Serbian parliamentary representatives sided with the
Croatian political subjects etc. This thesis was like a stereotype propaganda injected
in the psyche of the Croatian people; and just another proof of its falsehood are the
765
Sofija Božić
-
Serbs in Croatia
1918-1929
results of the analysis of the national structure of the employees in the state admi¬
nistration in Croatia,
Slavonia
and
Dalmaţia;
showing that the percentage of em¬
ployed Serbs was not in harmony with their number in those regions, often falling
far back from the percentage of the Serbian population.
On the public scene of the Kingdom of
SCS
were many politicians from
Croatia, from different parties, and the best known, most influential and most con¬
troversial was, certainly, Svetozar Pribicevic. A number of these politicians were
elected to the Parliament, presenting problems dealing with internal and external
state policies, often raised questions dealing with education, economy, transport
etc. that were important for the peasantry they represented, while some of them
rose to become ministers. Within the Serbian corpus in Croatia many prominent
scientists and artists were born; first of all the ingenious Nikola
Tesla
and the famo¬
us
Milutin
Milankovic, who enriched humanity and rightfully rose to world fame.
There were also other prominent Serbs from. Croatia, gifted writers and poets, pa¬
inters and sculptors, working in traditional or avant-garde style, participating in
the mainstream of Yugoslav arts, often heading such artistic movements, thus en¬
riching the art legacy of the whole Serbian entity. Important roles were also played
by clergymen, industrialists, publishers, and men devoted to national needs, some
known and some lesser known, but all of them enthusiasts belonging to the Serbian
corpus in Croatia.
What could we, at the end, stress as an overall impression we came to studying
Serbs in Croatia and Yugoslavia? Certainly the fact that in the first ten years period
of existence of the Yugoslav state the Serbs remained a marginalized cornrnunity,
that their material, educational and cultural position did not basically change com¬
pared to times of the
Habsburg
rule, so it did not happen to be, as they hoped, an
epoch of undisturbed, peaceful and fruitful progress, as they expected when they
joined the state that should have been the realization of their dreams of liberation
and unification of the whole Serbian corpus. A poor state, burdened with numero¬
us internal and external problems, did not consider as a priority the development
of the Serbian ethnic space in Croatia, nor did the state have a thought-out policy
that would bear in mind the needs of Serbs in that part of the country.
766 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Božić, Sofija |
| author_facet | Božić, Sofija |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Božić, Sofija |
| author_variant | s b sb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035339784 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)494636147 (DE-599)BVBBV035339784 |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1929 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1929 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Yougoslavie - Politique et gouvernement - 1918-1945 ram Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Yougoslavie - Politique et gouvernement - 1918-1945 Jugoslawien Kroatien |
| id | DE-604.BV035339784 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:24:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788670050600 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017144093 |
| oclc_num | 494636147 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 853 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Inst. za Noviju Istoriju Srbije |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Biblioteka "Studije i monografije" / Institut za Noviju Istoriju Srbije |
| spelling | Božić, Sofija Verfasser aut Srbi u Hrvatskoj 1918 - 1929 Sofija Božić Beograd Inst. za Noviju Istoriju Srbije 2008 853 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka "Studije i monografije" / Institut za Noviju Istoriju Srbije 43 In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Serbs in Croatia Geschichte 1918-1929 gnd rswk-swf Serbes - Croatie - 1900-1945 ram Serben (DE-588)4054596-9 gnd rswk-swf Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 gnd rswk-swf Nationalitätenpolitik (DE-588)4041303-2 gnd rswk-swf Nationalitätenfrage (DE-588)4126113-6 gnd rswk-swf Yougoslavie - Politique et gouvernement - 1918-1945 ram Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 g Nationalitätenfrage (DE-588)4126113-6 s Serben (DE-588)4054596-9 s Geschichte 1918-1929 z DE-604 Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Nationalitätenpolitik (DE-588)4041303-2 s Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 s Institut za Noviju Istoriju Srbije Biblioteka "Studije i monografije" 43 (DE-604)BV011095323 43 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017144093&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017144093&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Božić, Sofija Srbi u Hrvatskoj 1918 - 1929 Serbes - Croatie - 1900-1945 ram Serben (DE-588)4054596-9 gnd Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 gnd Nationalitätenpolitik (DE-588)4041303-2 gnd Nationalitätenfrage (DE-588)4126113-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054596-9 (DE-588)4033244-5 (DE-588)4041303-2 (DE-588)4126113-6 (DE-588)4028966-7 (DE-588)4073841-3 |
| title | Srbi u Hrvatskoj 1918 - 1929 |
| title_auth | Srbi u Hrvatskoj 1918 - 1929 |
| title_exact_search | Srbi u Hrvatskoj 1918 - 1929 |
| title_full | Srbi u Hrvatskoj 1918 - 1929 Sofija Božić |
| title_fullStr | Srbi u Hrvatskoj 1918 - 1929 Sofija Božić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Srbi u Hrvatskoj 1918 - 1929 Sofija Božić |
| title_short | Srbi u Hrvatskoj |
| title_sort | srbi u hrvatskoj 1918 1929 |
| title_sub | 1918 - 1929 |
| topic | Serbes - Croatie - 1900-1945 ram Serben (DE-588)4054596-9 gnd Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 gnd Nationalitätenpolitik (DE-588)4041303-2 gnd Nationalitätenfrage (DE-588)4126113-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Serbes - Croatie - 1900-1945 Serben Kroaten Nationalitätenpolitik Nationalitätenfrage Yougoslavie - Politique et gouvernement - 1918-1945 Jugoslawien Kroatien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017144093&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017144093&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011095323 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bozicsofija srbiuhrvatskoj19181929 |