Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal: charter, indictment and judgments
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2008
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | LXXXIV, 1470 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780199541928 |
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
v
Introduction
xxxiii
DOCUMENTS
Potsdam Declaration (Proclamation Defining Terms for
Japanese Surrender,
26
July,
1945) 1
Japanese Instrument of Surrender
(2
September
1945) 3
Special Proclamation
—
Establishment of an International
Military Tribunal for the Far East
(19
January
1946) 5
Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the
Far East (as Amended-26 April
1946) 7
Rules of Procedure of the International Military Tribunal
for the Far East
(25
April
1946) 12
Indictment
16
Review of Judgments of the International Military Tribunal
for the Far East by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
70
JUDGMENTS
Majority Judgment
71
PARTA
Chapter I: Establishment and Proceedings of the Tribunal
71
Chapter II: The Law
79
(a) Jurisdiction of the Tribunal
79
(b) Responsibility for War Crimes against Prisoners
82
(c) The Indictment
84
Chapter III: Summary
86
Chapter III: Obligations Assumed and Rights Acquired by Japan
88
Events Prior to
1
January
1928 88
Sino-Japanese War of
1894-5 88
First
Peace Conference at The Hague
88
The Boxer Troubles of
1899-1901 89
Russo-Japanese War
89
Treaty of Portsmouth
89
Treaty of Peking
90
South Manchurian Railway Company
90
Open Door Policy in China
91
Japanese-American Identic Notes of
1908 91
Annexation of Korea
92
Conflicting Claims by China and Japan
92
Twenty-One Demands, Sino-Japanese Treaty of
1915 92
Allied Intervention in Russia,
1917-20 93
Russo-Japanese Convention of Peking,
1925 93
Treaty of Peace,
1919 94
Covenant of the League of Nations
95
Mandate of the Pacific Islands
96
Mandate Convention, Japan and the United States,
1922 96
Washington Conference
97
Four Power Treaty of
1921 97
Four-Power Assurances to the Netherlands and Portugal
97
Washington Naval Limitations Treaty
98
Nine-Power Treaty
99
Opium Convention of
1912 100
Second Opium Conference of the League
100
Opium Convention of
1931 101
Laws of Belligerency
102
First Hague Convention
102
Kellogg-Briand Pact
103
Third Hague Convention
103
Fifth Hague Convention
104
Fourth Hague Convention
104
Geneva Prisoner of War Convention
106
Geneva Red Cross Convention
108
Tenth Hague Convention
109
Japan was a Member of the Family of Nations
110
Chapter IV: The Military Domination of Japan and Preparations
for War: Introductory
110
The "Principles" of
Kodo
and
Hakko
Ichiu
111
The Advocacy of These "Principles" by Okawa 111
The Rise of the Army under the Tanaka Cabinet
112
Expansionist Propaganda during the Period of the
Hamaguchi Cabinet
112
Hashimoto and the March Incident of
1931 113
The Wakatsuki Cabinet and the Mukden Incident
114
Consolidation of the Army's Power during the Period of the
Wakatsuki Cabinet
115
The Conquest of Manchuria during the Period of Inukai's Cabinet
116
The Attack on Party Government and Assassination of Inukai
117
Preparations for War during the Period of the
Saito
Cabinet
118
The Preparation of Public Opinion for War:
Araki
Discloses the
Army's Plans
119
Preparations for War during the Period of the
Saito
Cabinet: and
the Amau Statement
120
The Foreign Policy of Hirota during the Period of the
Saito
and Okada Cabinets
121
Army Expansion and Governmental Economic Preparation
on the Continent in
1935 122
The Coordination of Hirota's Foreign Policy with Army Planning
123
The Increasing Power of the Army during the Period
of the Okada Cabinet
124
The
26
February
1936
Incident, and the Downfall
of the Okada Cabinet
125
Okada's Policy and Downfall Show the Extreme Nature
of the Army's Demands
125
Hirota and his Cabinet
126
The Ordinance Requiring Service Ministers to be Chosen
from General Officers upon the Active List
127
The Basis of Japan's National Policy Was Decided
on
11
August
1936 127
The Principles Decided Upon
127
The Measure of the Preparations for War Demanded
by the
1936
Decision
128
The Significance of the Aims Expressed in the
1936
Policy Decision
129
The Origins of the National Policy Decision
129
The Anti-Comintern Pact
130
Economic and Industrial Preparations for War under Hirota
130
Plans for Control of Public Opinion in Time of War
132
Naval Preparations
132
Japan's Rights and Obligations under the Treaties
for Naval Disarmament
132
The Period of Growing Opposition to the Naval Treaties
134
The Policy of the Common Upper Limit,
1934 135
Withdrawal from the London Conference
1935 136
Naval Expansion under Hirota
137
The History of the Mandated Islands
137
The Fortification of Mandated Islands Before
1936 138
Secrecy in the Mandated Islands Maintained During the Period
of the Hirota Cabinet
138
Naval Officers as Administrators in the Mandated Islands
139
Positions of Accused under Hirota
139
Hashimoto and the Greater Japan Young Men's Society
140
The History of Military Training in Schools and Universities
141
The History of Censorship and the Dissemination of Propaganda
142
Hashimoto's Policy in
1936 143
The Political Crisis of January
1937 143
The Downfall of the Hirota Cabinet and the Refusal of the
Army to Permit Ugaki to form one
144
The Composition of the Hayashi and First Konoye Cabinets
145
New Economic Policies for North China under Hayashi
146
The Army's Part in the Economic and Industrial Development
of Manchuria under Hirota and Hayashi
146
The Five-Year Plan for Manchukuo
147
The Five-Year Plan for Important Industries,
29
May
1937 147
The Decision to Exploit the Resources of the Continent
148
The Detailed Plans for the War-Supported Industries and for the
Production of War Materials
148
The Connection between the
1936
Decisions and the
1937
Plans
149
The Plans Signified the Army's Intention to Attack
the Soviet Union
150
The Army's Plans Were directed also Against the Western Powers
150
Naval
Preparations and Preparations in the Mandated
Islands During
1937 152
The Refusal to Agree to an International Limitation
of Naval Gun Calibre
152
Sato on the Purpose of the Army's
1937
Plans
153
The Effect of the
1937
Plans upon the Industrialization
Programme of Japan
154
The Cabinet Planning Board
155
The President: The Effect of the China War upon the Five-Year Plans
155
The Lukouchiao Incident was Instigated by the Army
156
The First Konoye Cabinet Adopts the Army Policy of
War with China
157
The Relationship between Preparations for War and the
Conquest of China
158
The Relation of the Fighting in China to the "Principles" of
Kodo
and
Hakko Ichiu
159
Hirota's Foreign Policy after the Lukouchiao Incident
160
The Brussels Conference and Violation of Treaty Obligations
as Part of the Pattern of Preparations for War
161
Industrial Planning in Manchukuo after the Lukouchiao Incident
163
Development of the War-Supporting Industries after the
Lukouchiao Incident
164
The Establishment of a Controlled Economy
165
Army Preparations against the USSR After the Lukouchiao Incident
166
The China War Led Japan to Adopt the Army's Scheme for
a Nation-Wide Mobilisation
167
Sato on National Preparations for War after the
Lukouchiao Incident
167
The Cabinet Advisory Council, Imperial General Headquarters,
and the War Expenditure Account
168
The Control of Propaganda and the Use of Censorship after
the Lukouchiao Incident
169
The Use Made of Education to Prepare Public Opinion
for War after the Lukouchiao Incident
170
Kido Averts a Cabinet Crisis in November
1937 171
Hirota Strengthens the Cabinet's Resolve to Achieve
the Conquest of China
172
The Army Continues to Plan and Prepare for the Expected War
with the Soviet Union
173
The Consolidation of Japanese Power, and the Development
of War-Supporting Industries in China
175
Hirota's Foreign Policy in
1938
Was Founded on the
Five Ministers' Decision of August
1936 176
Deterioration of Japanese Relations with the Western Powers
after the Lukouchiao Incident
176
Naval Preparations and Preparations in the Mandated
Islands During
1938 177
Hirota Refuses to Exchange Naval Information
178
Hirota's Policy is Explained in the Words of
the Basic National Policy Decision
179
Japan's Economic Domination and Exploitation of Her
Subject Territories
179
Industrial Preparations: The Synthetic Oil and
Petroleum Industry
181
Other Industrial Preparations for War
182
The Army Prepares the National General Mobilization Law
183
The Political Crisis of February
1938;
and the Enactment of
the Mobilization Law
184
The National General Mobilization Law and its Relationship
to the Basic National Policy Decision
185
The Army Explains the Purpose of the Mobilization Law
186
The Army had now Succeeded in Committing Japan
to National Mobilization for War
187
The Manchukuoan Long-Range Industrial Programme of May
1938 188
The Economic Crisis of May
1938
Threatened the Army's
Long-Range Planning
189
The Cabinet Reorganisation of May
1938 190
The Konoye Cabinet Takes New Steps to Achieve
the General Mobilisation for War
191
Itagaki and
Araki
on the National Mobilisation for War
192
Changes in the Army Staff Accompanied the Cabinet
Reorganisation of May
1938 193
A New Offensive in Central China: July
1938 194
Continued Preparations for War with the Soviet Union:
The Army Begins Negotiations for a Military Alliance
with Germany
194
The Army's Intention to Attack the Soviet Union had its
Origins in the Conquest of Manchuria
195
The Army Defers its Plans for an Attack on the Soviet Union:
August
1938 197
Designs upon the Soviet Union Led the Army to Seek a
German Alliance
198
The Relationship between Japan and Germany After the
Conclusion of the Anti-Comintern Pact
199
The Failure of Hirota's Policy in Regard to German Economic
Cooperation in China
200
The Army Maintains Japan's Relationship with Germany
201
The Army Initiates a Proposal for a Military Alliance
among the Axis Powers
201
The Army Renews its Determination to Achieve the Conquest
of China: August
1938 202
The Attempt to Form a Pro-Japanese Central
Government of China
203
The Military Faction Opposes Compromises in China
204
The Cabinet Crisis of September
1938
Leads to the Resignation
of Foreign Minister Ugaki
205
Changes in Army Policy: July 1937-September
1938 206
The Army's Part in the Mobilisation of Public Opinion
207
Araki
's
Influence on the Japanese Educational System
208
The Genera] Progress of the Economic and Industrial
Mobilisation for War
209
The Extension of Japan's "New Order" to the Occupied
Areas of China
210
The Asia Development Board
211
Measures Taken to Promote the Economic and Industrial
Exploitation of China
212
The Manner in Which the Army Used its Association with
Germany to Exercise Control over Japanese Foreign Policy
212
Changes in Diplomatic Representation Reveal the Cabinet's
Desire to Strengthen Relations with Germany and Italy
213
The Army Continues to Negotiate for a Military Alliance
with the Axis Powers
215
The Cultural Treaty with Germany and the Konoye
Cabinet's Policy towards that Country
216
The General Deterioration in Japanese Relations with
the Western Powers During
1938 217
Japanese
Violations
of the Rights of the Western Powers
in China, July 1937-September
1938 218
Continued Violations of the Rights of the Western Powers
in China and the Emergence of the "Greater East Asia"
Doctrine October-December
1938 219
The Decision to Capture Hainan and to Bring Pressure
to Bear upon French
Indo-China
220
The Severance of Japan's Relations with the League of Nations
and its Significance
221
Preparations for a Southward Advance, and
Araki
upon
Japan's Ultimate Aims
222
Japan's Immediate Aims: The Establishment of the
New Order in East Asia and Preparedness for War with the
Soviet Union
223
The Resignation of the First Konoye Cabinet
4
January
1939;
and the Composition of the Hiranuma Cabinet
224
The Basic Causes of the Pacific War are to be found in the
Conquest of China
226
The Significance of Japanese Policy towards China:
The Principle of "Neighbourly Friendship"
226
The Significance of Japanese Policy towards China:
The Principle of "Joint Defence Against the Comintern"
227
The Significance of Japanese Policy Towards China:
The Principle of "Economic Cooperation"
228
The Continuity of Japan's Economic and Industrial
Preparations for War during
1937
and
1938 229
The Plan for War-Supporting Industrial Expansion
Approved by the Hiranuma Cabinet in January
1939 230
Economic and Industrial Mobilisation for War during
the Period of the Hiranuma Cabinet
231
The Hiranuma Cabinet's Policy towards China, and the
Occupation of Hainan and the Spratley Islands
232
The Growing Demand for an Unconditional Axis Alliance
While the First Konoye Cabinet was in Power
233
Further Deterioration of Relations with the Western
Powers as an Added Reason for Strengthening Axis Relations
236
Development of Difference in the Cabinet
236
The Military Faction resists a Cabinet Attempt to
Reach a Compromise Agreement with Germany: April
1939 238
The "Hiranuma Declaration" of
4
May
1939 240
The Deadlock
Continues
241
Hiranuma Supports a Military Conspiracy to Conclude
an Unconditional Axis Alliance
242
Hashimoto Supports the Aim of the Military Faction
243
Hiranuma Continues to Support the Demands of the
Military Faction
244
Itagaki Attempts to Force the Conclusion of an Alliance
with Germany and Italy
245
The Cabinet's Difficulties were Increased by the Army's
Activities in China, and by the Attack on the
Soviet Union on Nomonhan
246
The Opposing Policies of
Arita
and the Military Faction
Prevented any New Step Being Taken During June and July
1939 247
The Hiranuma Cabinet Attempts to Decide its Policy
Regarding an Alliance with Germany
8
August
1939 248
The German-Soviet Neutrality Pact of
23
August
1939
Caused the Downfall of the Hiranuma Cabinet
249
The Abe Cabinet Takes Office
30
August
1939 250
The Military Faction Continues to Work for Complete
Solidarity with the Axis Powers
252
The Military Faction Conspires to Ally Japan with Germany
against the Western Powers
253
Oshima, With German Encouragement, Plans for a Japanese
Attack upon the Pacific Possessions of the Western Powers
255
The Reasons for the Downfall of the Abe Cabinet and the
Resumption of a Pro-German Foreign Policy by the Yonai Cabinet
255
The Yonai Cabinet Adheres to the Principles of
the Basic National Policy Decision
256
Japan Attempts to Obtain a Favoured Economic Position
in the Netherlands East Indies
258
The Yonai Cabinet's Policy of Non-intervention in the
European War Arouses Strong Opposition in Japan
259
The Army Supports the Non-intervention Policy
in Order to Complete the Conquest of China and the
National Mobilisation for War
260
Dependence on Foreign Sources of Raw Materials Prevented
Japan from Openly Repudiating the Nine-Power Treaty
261
Japan Makes New Plans for Industrial Self-Sufficiency,
in order to Eliminate Dependence upon the United States
263
The Yonai Cabinet Makes Plans and Preparations for a
Southward Advance
263
In View of German Successes in Europe, and Continued
Opposition from the Western Powers, the Pro-German
Faction Gains Strength
264
Shigemitsu Counsels
Arita
to Conciliate Western Powers
266
Japan Stresses Her Special Interests in the Netherlands East
Indies: May
1940 267
Japan Prepares for the Advance to the South: Germany
Declares Her Disinterest in the Netherlands East Indies
268
Japan Continues to Prepare for a Southward Advance,
Disregarding Shigemitsu's Advice
270
Japan Makes Renewed Demands upon French
Indo-China:
June
1940 271
The Yonai Cabinet, Desiring a Free Hand in
Indo-China,
Makes Overtures to Germany for Cooperation against the
Western Powers
272
Shigemitsu Remains Opposed to Policy of Yonai Cabinet
273
Arita
Rejects a Proposal for Cooperation with the United States
274
Arita
Shows That Japan's Policy is based on Cooperation
with Germany against the Western Powers
275
The Pro-German Faction Prepares for the Overthrow of the
Yonai Cabinet and the Conclusion of an Axis Alliance
276
Members of the Pro-German Faction Make Direct
Approaches to the German Ambassador
277
Political Preparations for the Expected Konoye Cabinet and a
One-Party System
278
The Pro-German Faction Prepare for a Change in Cabinets, and
Plot to Assassinate Prime Minister Yonai and Others
279
Germany, by Refusal to Declare Her Policy towards Japan
Undermines the Yonai Cabinet's Position
281
The Emergence of the Plan for an Axis Alliance, Which Would
Enable Japan to Dominate East Asia and the South Pacific
282
The Reasons for Which the Army Opposed the Yonai Cabinet
283
The Army Brings About the Downfall of the Yonai Cabinet
284
Kido's Part in the Downfall of the Yonai Cabinet and Selection
of Konoye as Premier
285
The Formation and Policy of the Second Konoye Cabinet
286
The Second Konoye Cabinet Was Resolved to Complete the
Military Domination of Japan
288
The Liaison Conference and the Manner in Which the
Domination of the Military Faction was Made Complete
289
The Tentative Plan for Collaboration with Germany and the
Extent of Japanese Planning for the Domination of
Greater East Asia
290
The Adoption of the Tentative Plan by the Second Konoye Cabinet
292
The Second Konoye Cabinet's Policy was Based upon
the National Policy Decision of
11
August
1936 293
The Policy of "Settling the Southern Problem within Limits"
294
Shigemitsu's Views on the "Greater East Asia" Policy
295
Matsuoka Proposes to Germany the Terms of Japanese
Collaboration with the Axis Powers
296
The Detailed Plan for a Tripartite Military Alliance:
Four Ministers' Conference,
4
September
1940 297
The Negotiation of the Tripartite Alliance
9-11
September
1940 299
The Circumstances Surrounding the Conclusion of the
Tripartite Alliance
300
The Terms of the Tripartite Alliance and Assurances
Exchanged Between Japan and Germany
27
September
1940 302
The Intentions of Japanese Leaders in Concluding the
Tripartite Alliance
303
PART
В
Chapter V: Japanese Aggression Against China
304
Section I. Invasion
&
Occupation of Manchuria
304
The China War and its Phases
304
Japan's Foothold in Manchuria at the Beginning of the China War
305
The Tanaka Cabinet and its "Positive Policy"
306
Agitation in Support of the "Positive Policy"
306
The Tsinan Incident
307
Murder of Marshal Chang Tso-lin
307
Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang, the Young Marshal
309
Japanese-Chinese Relations Strained
309
Resignation of the Tanaka Cabinet
309
Reinstatement of the "Friendship Policy"
310
Hashimoto and the Cherry Society
310
Manchuria as Japan's "Lifeline"
311
Assassination of Premier Hamaguchi
312
The March Incident
312
The Watasuki Cabinet Continued the "Friendship Policy"
313
The Wanpaoshan Incident
313
The Nakamura Incident
314
The Army Attitude Stiffened
314
Dohihara Investigates
315
Foreign Minister Shidehara also Investigated
315
Dohihara Reported to the Army General Staff
316
Foreign Minister Shidehara Continued Efforts at Mediation
316
Night Maneuvres by the Kwantung Army
317
Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang's Commission Returned to Mukden
318
Minami's
Emissary Went Astray
318
The Mukden I ncident
319
Itagaki Refused to Negotiate
320
The Mukden Incident was Planned
321
General Honjo Assumed Command at Mukden
323
Minami
Sanctioned the Kwantung Army Action
323
Colonel Dohihara Returned to Mukden
325
Colonel Dohihara as Mayor of Mukden
325
Self-Government Guiding Board
326
Protests and Assurances
326
The October Incident
327
Decision to Enthrone
Pu Yi
327
Colonel Dohihara Proceeds to Return
Pu Yi
328
Enthronement of
Pu
Yi Delayed
329
The Advance on Chinchow
330
The League Appointed a Commission of Inquiry
331
The Wakatsuki Cabinet was Forced to Resign
332
The Inukai Cabinet
332
Honjo and Itagaki Moved to Execute Honjo's Plan
332
Manchuria was Completely Occupied after the Capture
of Chinchow
333
Itagaki Completed his Mission and Returned to Mukden
334
The Independence Movement Gained in Intensity
334
Additional Assurances by Japan
335
Hashimoto
Objected to this Assurance
335
Dohihara Negotiated with General Ma Chan-shan
336
Minami
Lectures
336
First Invasion of Shanghai
337
China Made another Appeal to the League
337
General Ma Bargained with Dohihara
337
Supreme Administrative Council
338
Declaration of Independence
339
Organization of the New State
339
Japanese Cabinet Approved Fait Accompli
340
The Lytton Commission Arrived in Tokyo
340
Araki
Dispatched Reinforcements to Shanghai
341
The League Took Action
341
Manchukuo was Constructed and Operated as a Puppet
343
The
Concordia
Society and the "Kingly Way"
345
The Lytton Commission Visited Manchuria
345
The Assassination of Premier Inukai
346
Recognition of Manchukuo by Japan
346
Preparation for the Conquest of Jehol
349
The Lytton Commission Reported
350
The Shanhaikwan Incident
351
Japan Declined all Efforts of the Committee of Nineteen
352
The League of Nations Condemned Japan
352
Japan Withdrew from the League of Nations
353
Invasion of Jehol
353
Tangku Truce
354
Araki,
A Popular Figure
354
Section II. Consolidation and Exploitation of Manchuria
Reorganization of Manchukuo
355
"Two-in-One" System
357
Manchurian Affairs Bureau
358
Control of Public Opinion in Manchuria
358
Hoshino Became Director of the Economy of Manchuria
359
Economy of Manchuria Seized
359
Kwantung Army's Economic Plan for Guiding Manchukuo
360
Economie Construction
Program
for Manchukuo
360
Japan-Manchukuo Joint Economic Committee
361
Yen Bloc Organized
362
Release of Extra-Territoriality
362
Industrial Bank of Manchukuo
362
Second Period Construction Plan
362
Control of Industries
363
Manchurian Heavy Industry Development Corporation
364
Manchukuo a Work-House for Japan
364
Opium and Narcotics
364
Section III. The Plan to Advance Further into China
366
The Hopei Incident
367
The North Chahar Incident
368
Inner Mongolian Autonomous Government
369
Attempt to set up a North China Autonomous Government
369
The Japanese Army's Plans for an Advance into North China
371
Hirota's Three Principles
374
The February Incident
375
Formation oftheHirota Cabinet
376
Foreign Policies under the Hirota Cabinet
376
Itagaki's Mongolian Policy
377
State-Founding Conference in Mongolia
378
Japan's Policies toward North China
—1936-1937 378
The Fengtai Incident
379
The Chang-Kawagoe Talks
380
The Fall oftheHirota Cabinet
380
Ugaki Failed to Form a Cabinet
381
The Hayashi Cabinet and its North China Policy
381
The First Konoye Cabinet and Further Planning Against
North China
382
Section IV. From the Marco Polo Bridge Incident
(7
July
1937)
to the Konoye Declaration of
16
January
1938 383
Subsequent Operations and Negotiations for Truce
384
Attitude of the Japanese Government
385
United States Offer of Good Offices
386
The Langfang
Incident
387
Japan's Ultimatum Rejected
388
Reaction in Germany
388
Peiping Captured
389
The Oyama Incident
389
Other Events Preceding the Shanghai War
389
The Shanghai War
391
Continued Military Activities in North China
392
China Appealed to the League of Nations
393
Japan's Terms for Peace
394
British Offer of Good Offices
395
The Brussels Conference
395
The Imperial General Headquarters
395
The Attack on Nanking
396
Germany Acted as Go-Between
396
The Imperial Conference on
11
January
1938 398
The Konoye Declaration of
16
January
1938 398
Section V. The Provisional Government in North China
399
The Renovation Government in Central China
401
Other Cities Invaded by Japanese Troops under Hata's Command
403
The National General Mobilization Law
404
Itagaki Became War Minister
404
China Policy and the Five Ministers Conferences
1938 405
The Dohihara Agency
407
The "Federated Committee" of Puppet Regimes
408
Occupation of Canton and Hankow
409
Japan Terminated all Relations with League of Nations
409
The New Order in East Asia
410
The Ko-A-In or Asia Development Board
411
Wang Ching-Wei Departed Chungking
412
Konoye's Three Principles
413
Hiranuma Formed a Cabinet
414
Wang Ching-Wei Taken to Shanghai
415
Wang Ching-Wei Visited Japan
415
Decision of the Five Ministers' Conference
—
June
1939 415
Cabinet
Reshuffled in Japan and Continued Military Operations in China
416
Inauguration of the Puppet Central Government
417
Section VI. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
417
The Second Konoye Cabinet
418
Further Military Action by Japan Against China
419
Japan Signed a Treaty with Wang Ching-Wei Government
419
"Treaty Concerning the Basic Relations between Japan and China"
419
Intermittent Peace Talks and Continued Military Operations
420
Hull-Nomura Talks Relating to China
421
The Third Konoye Cabinet
421
Tojo
Formed a Cabinet
423
Continuance of United States-Japan Parleys
423
Continued Military Campaign in China
423
Section
VII.
Japan's Economic Domination of Manchuria
and Other Parts of China
General Economic Matters
Particular Industries
Transportation and Communications
Natural Resources
Public Utilities
Banking
Protests of the United States
Narcotics in China
Inner Mongolia
North China
Central China
Chapter VI: Japan's Policy Towards U.S.S.R.
Manchuria, The "Lifeline" of Japan
"National Defence"
Diplomatic Exchanges
Continuation of Designs upon U.S.S.R.
The February Incident
The
1936
Statement of National Policy
Expectation and Advocacy of War with the U.S.S.R.
435
The Anti-Comintern Pact
435
The Tripartite Alliance
437
Japanese Attacks on Borders of Manchuria
438
Neutrality Pact between Japan and the Soviet Union
438
Germany Attacks the U.S.S.R. in June
1941 439
Japan Delays Attack on U.S.S.R.
442
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Includes
Part of Siberia
442
Planning and Preparing War Against the Soviet Union:
Manchuria as a Base Against the U.S.S.R.
443
Agreement between War Office and General Staff
444
Military Attache in Moscow Advocates Attack
445
Plans for War Against the U.S.S.R.
445
Active Preparations for War Against the U.S.S.R.
446
Plans for Control of Occupied Soviet Territories
447
Active Preparations for War after Germany's Attack
upon the U.S.S.R.
448
Subversion and Sabotage
449
Neutrality Pact, Germany's Attack on the U.S.S.R.
450
General Military Assistance by Japan to Germany
452
Japan Gives Germany Military Information Concerning
the U.S.S.R.
453
Japanese Interference with Soviet Shipping
453
Japan's Offensive Operations against the U.S.S.R. in
1938-39 454
Hostilities in the Lake Khassan Area
454
Operations in Nomonhan (Khalkhin
Gol)
457
The Defense of Condonation
459
Defence That Mongolia was Not Independent
460
Chapter
VII:
Pacific War
460
Japanese Policy in
1940 462
Measures to Implement Policy
463
Imperial Rule Assistance Association
464
Hashimoto and Shiratori Appeal for Public Support of War Policy
465
Total War Research Institute
467
Cooperation under Tripartite Pact
467
Preparations for Move to the South
468
Thailand's Claims
469
French
Indo-China
and Thailand to be used for Attack
on Singapore
470
Liaison Conferences
472
Diplomatic Discussions
472
Preparation for the Attack upon Singapore
474
Further Preparation
475
Neutrality Pact—Japan-U.S.S.R.
476
French
Indo-China
477
Relations with the Netherlands East Indies
478
Preparations Following Tri-partite Pact
486
Relations with U.S.A. and Great Britain
487
United States Conditions for Discussions
491
United States Agrees to Negotiate
—
May
1941 493
Preparations Intensified
495
Cabinet Policy and Decisions of June and July
1941 495
Third Konoye Cabinet
497
Occupation of Southern French
Indo-China
498
Further Discussions with United States of America
499
Supply Problems
500
Further Discussions with United States of America
501
Imperial Conference 6th September
1941 503
Continued Preparations for War
504
Talks with United States of America Continued
505
Decision for War—
12
October
1941 507
Tojo
Becomes Prime Minister
18
October
1941 509
Preparations for War Carried on Under
Tojo
510
Negotiations with United States of America Renewed
512
Navy Order for Attack
514
Proposal "A" Presented
7
November
1941 515
Proposal "B" 20th November
1941 517
Liaison Conference
30
November
1941 520
Imperial Conference
1st
December
1941 521
Termination of Negotiations with United States of America
521
Pearl Harbor
522
KotaBharu
523
The Philippines, Wake and Guam
524
Hong Kong
524
Shanghai
524
The Japanese Note Delivered in Washington on
7th December
1941 524
The Formal Declaration of War
526
Conclusions
527
Chapter
VIII:
Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities)
531
Allegation that the Laws of War did not Apply to the
Conduct of the War in China
532
Formulation of Military Policy
533
Captives Taken in the China War were Treated as Bandits
534
The Policy Remained Unchanged After the Marco
Polo Bridge Incident
535
The Rape of Nanking
535
The War was Extended to Canton and Hankow
539
Returning Soldiers told of Atrocities Committed by Them
541
Murder of Captured Aviators 54l
Massacres
545
Massacres were Ordered
549
Death Marches
550
Other Forced Marches
552
Burma-Siam Railway
553
Torture and Other Inhumane Treatment
557
Vivisection and Cannibalism
560
Prison Ships were Subjected to Attack
561
Submarine Warfare
564
Illegal Employment, Starvation and Neglect of
Prisoners and Internees
565
Consideration for Racial Needs:
Food and Clothing
567
Medical Supplies
567
Housing
568
Work
569
Native Labor
569
Prisoners and Internees Forced to Sign Parole
Excessive and Unlawful Punishment was Imposed
Prisoners of War Humiliated
The System
Japan Agreed to Apply the Geneva Convention,
1929
Ill-Treatment of Prisoners of War a Policy
Japanese Purpose was to Protect Japanese Nationals
Creation of the Prisoner of War Information Bureau
Creation of the Prisoner of War Administration Section
The Military Affairs Bureau Retained Control
Detention Camps and Their Administration
The Navy Participated in the System
Administration of the System in Japan Proper
Administration of the System in Formosa, Korea and Sakhalin
Administration of the System in the Occupied Territories
Accused Who Administered the System in the Occupied Territories
Allied Protests
IU-Treatment of Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees
was Condoned and Concealed
PART
С
Chapter IX: Findings on Counts of the Indictment
Chapter X: Verdicts
ARAKI,
Sadao
DOHIHARA, Kenji
HASHIMOTO, Kingoro
HATA,
Shunroko
HIRANUMA, Kiichiro
HIROTA,
Koki
HOSHINO, Naoki
ITAGAKI, Seishiro
KAYA, Okinori
KIDO, Koichi
KIMURA, Heitaro
KOISO, Kuniaki
MATSUI, Iwane
MINAMI,
Jiro
613
MUTO, Akira
613
OKA, Takasumi
614
OSHIMA,
Hiroshi
615
SATO,
Kenryo
616
SHIGEMITSU,
Mamoru
617
SHIMADA, Shigetaro
619
SHIRATORI, Toshio
620
SUZUKI, Teiichi
621
TOGO, Shigenori
622
TOJO, Hideki
623
UMEZU, Yoshijiro
625
Separate Opinion of the President
629
Foreword
631
The Law
632
Crimes Against Peace
633
Self-Defence
634
Individual Responsibility
634
Conspiracy
634
General
635
Punishment
637
Immunity of the Emperor
638
Sentences
639
Concurring Opinion By the Honourable Mr. Justice
Delfin
Jaranilia, Member from the Republic
of the Philippines
641
Concurring Opinion
643
Conspiracy under the Charter
643
Counts on Planning, Preparation and Initiation of Wars
of Aggression Disregarded
646
Counts on Murder and Other Atrocities
647
Conspiracy with Germany and Italy
648
Objection to the Tribunal
648
The Maxim Nullum
Crimen,
Sine
Lege,
Nulla
Poena
Sine
Lege
651
On Individual Responsibility
652
Atomic Bomb
654
Dissenting Opinion of the Member from India
656
Incommensurate Penalties
658
Conclusion
659
Dissenting Opinion of the Member from France
661
Dissenting Judgment
664
Constitutionality of the Creation of the Tribunal
664
Jurisdiction of the Tribunal
665
The Substantive Law
668
Conventional War Crimes
671
Opinion relative to the Proceedings of the Tribunal
675
Verdict and Sentences
676
(Dissenting) Opinion of Mr. Justice
Röling,
Member for the Netherlands
679
Introduction
680
Jurisdiction
680
Crimes Against Peace
684
Responsibility for Omission
704
That he knew, or should have known of the acts
706
That he had the power to prevent the acts
706
That he had the duty to prevent these acts
707
Some Observations on the Facts
708
Introduction
709
The Three Phases
709
The Threat of Assassination and Civil War
710
Bearing of Japan's Internal Situation on the Question of Guilt
710
Togo's Report of
1933
712
Relations with Russia Until
1936
712
The Second Phase
714
Hirota's and Konoye's Policies
717
The Anti-Comintern Pact
719
The Changkufeng Incident
721
The Nomonhan Incident
722
Relations with China
722
The New Order
726
Negotiations with Germany
1938-1939 727
The Tripartite Pact
727
The Third Phase
731
The Neutrality Pact
732
Development toward the Pacific War
734
Difference between the policies of
1936
and of
1940 737
Relations between Japan and the U.S.S.R. After the
Neutrality Pact
738
The Claim by Defence that Japan fought in a good cause
739
Japan and the Independence of the Asiatic Countries
740
Japan and the Co-Prosperity
742
Appendices to the Chapter: Some Observations on the Facts
743
Gist of Plans for Dealing with North China
744
The Basis of National Policy, June
30,1936 746
Basic Principle of National Policy, August
7, 1936 747
Foreign Policy of the Empire, August
7,1936 748
The Second Administrative Policy toward North China.
August
11,1936. 751
The Fundamental Principle of our National Policy,
August
11,1936 753
The Third Administrative Policy toward North China.
February
20,1937 754
Plans for Guiding North China, April
16, 1937 755
Important Principles
756
Policy Decided upon in Ogikubo Conference, July
19, 1940 757
Outline of the Basic National Policy, July
26,1940 758
Gist of Main Points in Regard to Dealing with the
Situation to Meet the Change in World Conditions, July
27, 1940 760
Strengthening of the Japan-Germany-Italy Axis, September
4, 1940 760
Measures for Economic Development of the
NEI,
October
25, 1940 766
Measures to be taken in the South, April
1941 768
Acceleration of Measures in the South, June
25,1941 768
Summary of the Empire's Policy according to the changes in the
situation, July
2,1941. 769
Execution of the Empire's Policy, September
6,1941 770
Liaison
Conference
Decision Plan, November
11, 1941 770
Measures to be taken towards Foreign Countries relative to the
Outline for the Execution of National Policies. November
5,
November
13,1941.
772
Verdicts in the Individual Cases
775
Hata
775
Hirota
780
Kido
789
Shigemitsu
796
Togo
803
Judgment of the Hon'ble Mr. Justice Pal
Member from India
809
Parti: Preliminary Question of Law
811
International Military Tribunal for the Far East
811
Law applicable to the case
820
Section I: Constitution of Tribunal
824
Section II: Jurisdiction and General Provisions
824
Part III: Rules of Evidence and Procedure
931
Part IV: Over-All Conspiracy. Introductory
963
Part IV: Overall Conspiracy. First stage, obtaining control of Manchuria
976
Part IV: Overall Conspiracy. Second stage, the expansion of
Control and Domination from Manchuria to all the rest of China
1041
Part IV: Overall Conspiracy. Third stage, the preparation of Japan
for aggressive war internally and by alliance with the axis powers
1082
Part IV: Overall Conspiracy. Third stage, psychological preparation
of the nation for war. Race feeling
1083
Part IV: Overall Conspiracy. Third stage, psychological preparation
of the nation for war. Militarization of education
1090
Part IV: Over-All Conspiracy. Third stage, the preparation of Japan for
aggressive war internally and by alliance with the axis powers. Seizure
ofpolitical power
1110
Part IV: Overall Conspiracy. Third stage, the preparation of Japan
for aggressive war internally and by alliance with the axis powers.
General preparation for war
1144
Part IV: Overall Conspiracy. Third stage, the preparation of Japan
for aggressive war internally and by alliance with the axis powers.
Alliance with the axis powers
1167
Part IV: Overall Conspiracy. Aggression Against the Soviet Union
1185
Part IV: Over-All Conspiracy. Final stage, the further expansion
of the conspiracy into the rest of East Asia and the Pacific and Indian
Ocean by further aggressive wars
1215
Part IV: Over-All Conspiracy. Conclusion
1297
PartV: Scope of Tribunal's Jurisdiction
1315
Part VI: War Crimes
Stricto Sensu.
Charges of Murder
and Conspiracy
1322
Part VI: War Crimes
Stricto Sensu.
Counts
54
and
55
in relation
to the Civil Population of the Territories Occupied by Japan
1334
Part VI: War Crimes
Stricto Sensu. In
relation to Prisoners of War
1369
Part
VII:
Recommendation
1421
Index
1427 |
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| spellingShingle | Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal charter, indictment and judgments International Military Tribunal for the Far East (DE-588)129451-9 gnd Bijzondere rechtspleging gtt Oorlogsmisdaden gtt Proces van Tokio gtt Strafprocessen gtt Tokyo Trial, Tokyo, Japan, 1946-1948 War crime trials Japan Tokyo |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)129451-9 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal charter, indictment and judgments |
| title_auth | Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal charter, indictment and judgments |
| title_exact_search | Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal charter, indictment and judgments |
| title_full | Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal charter, indictment and judgments ed. by Neil Boister ... |
| title_fullStr | Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal charter, indictment and judgments ed. by Neil Boister ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal charter, indictment and judgments ed. by Neil Boister ... |
| title_short | Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal |
| title_sort | documents on the tokyo international military tribunal charter indictment and judgments |
| title_sub | charter, indictment and judgments |
| topic | International Military Tribunal for the Far East (DE-588)129451-9 gnd Bijzondere rechtspleging gtt Oorlogsmisdaden gtt Proces van Tokio gtt Strafprocessen gtt Tokyo Trial, Tokyo, Japan, 1946-1948 War crime trials Japan Tokyo |
| topic_facet | International Military Tribunal for the Far East Bijzondere rechtspleging Oorlogsmisdaden Proces van Tokio Strafprocessen Tokyo Trial, Tokyo, Japan, 1946-1948 War crime trials Japan Tokyo Tokio Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017123641&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT boisterneil documentsonthetokyointernationalmilitarytribunalcharterindictmentandjudgments |