How the ocean works: an introduction to oceanography
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Princeton ; Oxford
Princeton University Press
2008
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xviii, 320 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780691126463 9780691126470 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Illustrations ix
List of Tables xiii
Preface xv
Chapter l: Discovering the Oceans i
Chapter 2: Ocean Basins 33
Chapter 3: Seawater 54
Chapters Photosynthesis and Primary Production 68
Chapter 5: The Flow of Energy, Carbon,
and Nutrients 106
Chapter 6: The Dilemma of the Two-Layered Ocean 745
Chapter 7: The Coriolis Effect and Its Consequences 173
Chapter 8: Winds and Currents 204
Chapter 9: Solutions to the Dilemma 233
Chapter 10: Complexity: Carbon, Iron, and the
Atmosphere 257
Chapter 11: Fisheries 276
Chapter 12: An Invitation 299
Index 305
Illustrations
1.1. Earth from space 2
1.2. The Bosporus Strait 3
1.3. Islands of the Pacific 5
1.4. The realm of the Vikings 6
1.5. Eratosthenes scheme for calculating the size of the earth 8
1.6. Cape Bojador and the Cape of Good Hope 12
1.7. Zheng He s route from China to India and Africa 14
1.8. The Isthmus of Panama 16
1.9. The sailing route through the Strait of Magellan 16
1.10. Edmund Halley s diving bell 19
1.11. Formation of an atoll 21
1.12. An engraving from the report of the Challenger expedition 23
1.13. The bathyscaph Trieste 25
1.14. A bathythermograph 27
1.15. The fit of the continents around the Atlantic 29
2.1. Three points fix the latitude-longitude coordinate system to the globe 34
2.2. Definition of the tropics 35
2.3. Measuring the angular separation between San Francisco and Athens 36
2.4. Distribution of earth s land and oceans 40
2.5. The ocean hemisphere 41
2.6. The distribution of water on earth 42
2.7. Common features of the ocean floor 44
2.8. Earth s system of ocean ridges 45
2.9. Convection currents in the mantle cause seafloor spreading 46
2.10. The named zones of the ocean 48
2.A1. Calculating distances on a circle 51
2.A2. Calculating distances on the globe 52
3.1. A water molecule 55
3.2. Electron orbitals of an oxygen atom 55
3.3. Hydrogen bonds 56
3.4. The density of pure water as a function of temperature 59
3.5. The SOFAR channel 61
3.6. The density of water as a function of salinity 65
3.7. The densities of seawater and freshwater as a function of temperature 65
4.1. A typical coccolithophore 72
4.2. Typical dinoflagellates 73
4.3. Pennate and centric diatoms 74
4.4. Measured sinking rates for phytoplankton of different sizes 76
4.5. Sinking in still and turbulent water 78
4.6. Photon energy as a function of wavelength 82
4.7. The absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a 82
4.8. An experiment to measure the rate of carbon fixation 88
4.9. Photosynthesis-irradiance curves 91
4.10. Light intensity as a function of depth 92
4.11. The wavelength-specific attenuation of light by seawater 93
4.12. Gross productivity as a function of depth 94
4.13. Pathways of the oceanic nitrogen cycle 100
4.A1. Theoretical sinking rates for spheres and prolate ellipsoids 105
5.1. Categories of marine heterotrophs 107
5.2. A tintinnid ciliate 110
5.3. A typical foraminiferan 112
5.4. A typical radiolarian 112
5.5. A typical copepod 114
5.6. Krill 114
5.7. A typical solitary thaliacean 115
5.8. An aggregated thaliacean 116
5.9. A typical larvacean 117
5.10. A typical pteropod 117
5.11. A typical jellyfish 118
5.12. A typical ctenophore 119
5.13. A typical chaetognath 122
5.14. A lantern fish 122
5.15. A typical squid 122
5.16. Generation time as a function of body size 124
5.17. The traditional trophic pyramid 127
5.18. The trophic river 128
5.19. A hypothetical example of the logistic curve of population growth 132
5.20. Control of population size by prudent predators 133
5.21. Comparative rates of population growth 135
5.22. Paths of oceanic carbon and nutrient flow 136
5.A1. Chaotic fluctuations in population size 144
6.1. Characteristics of the two-layered ocean 146
6.2. The thermocline changes with the season 151
6.3. The intensity of light impinging on a surface at various angles 153
6.4. The intensity of light depends on latitude 154
6.5. The tilt of earth s axis drives the seasons 155
6.6. Heat influx and efflux vary with latitude 155
6.7. The general pattern of thermohaline circulation 159
6.8. Recycled production as a function of overall productivity 165
6.9. Characteristics of the two-layered ocean, revisited 167
6.A1. An example of gravitational potential energy 169
6.A2. Calculating the potential energy of water in a cylindrical tank 169
6.A3. Calculating the energy required to depress the thermocline
by mixing 170
7.1. Objects attached to the earth move in circles 175
7.2. A demonstration of centripetal and centrifugal forces 176
7.3. The radius of circular motion depends on latitude 177
7.4. An example of force components 178
7.5. Another example of force components 178
7.6. Gravity provides a centripetal force 179
7.7. Centrifugal force reduces the weight of an object at the equator 181
7.8. Centrifugal force compels water to move toward the equator 182
7.9. The pressure exerted by the weight of air and water 183
7.10. A gradient in pressure causes flow toward the poles 184
7.11. Earth s centrifugal bulge 185
7.12. An experimental equilibrium platform 187
7.13. An explanation of the north-south Coriolis acceleration 188
7.14. Eastward velocity as a function of latitude 190
7.15. An explanation of the east-west Coriolis acceleration 191
7.16. A second example of the east-west Coriolis acceleration 191
7.17. Factors affecting the latitudinal variation in Coriolis acceleration 194
7.18. Hypothetical development of geostrophic flow 196
7.19. The pressure gradient in a hill of air 197
7.20. Flow of air in a northern hemisphere hurricane 198
7.21. Geostrophic wind flows parallel to lines of constant pressure 199
7.A1. Terms used in the calculation of the east-west Coriolis acceleration 202
7.A2. Velocity versus time for an object in constant acceleration 202
8.1. Idealized Hadley cells 206
8.2. A hypothetical three-cell system of winds on earth 209
8.3. The Ferrel cells rotate as if driven by the Hadley cells 210
8.4. The three-cell model of winds on earth 211
8.5. Surface winds on earth 213
8.6. The Indian Ocean lies mostly south of the equator 215
8.7. Earth s major deserts lie near 30° North and South 217
8.8. The Ekman spiral 219
8.9. Winds and surface currents produce a bulge in the ocean 220
8.10. Deflection of surface currents by continents and Coriolis
acceleration 221
8.11. An ocean gyre 222
8.12. The wind-induced currents of the North Pacific 222
8.13. Spatial variation of geostrophic flow in the North Pacific 223
8.14. Major wind-induced currents of the ocean 224
8.15. Ocean surface currents around Antarctica 225
8.16. A bathtub experiment exploring the effects of wind stress 228
8.17. The basinwide tilt of the thermocline in the Pacific 228
8.18. The Walker cell of zonal winds 229
8.A1. An experiment to explain convective circulation 232
9.1. The annual pattern of primary productivity in temperate seas 236
9.2. The annual pattern of primary productivity in polar seas 237
9.3. Coriolis acceleration causes the equatorial divergence 238
9.4. A north-south cross section through the equatorial upwelling 239
9.5. The equatorial upwelling in east-west cross section 239
9.6. Upwelling in the California Current 240
9.7. Surface currents in the Southern Ocean 241
9.8. The Antarctic divergence 242
9.9. Thermohaline circulation, revisited 243
9.10. The global pattern of new production 244
9.11. Mechanics of El Nino 245
9.12. A map view of El Nino flow 246
10.1. The greenhouse effect 253
10.2. The history of carbon dioxide concentration in earth s atmosphere 254
10.3. Negative feedback 257
11.1. The logistic curve of population growth 281
11.2. Population growth rate as a function of population size 282
11.3. The history of the Canadian cod fishery from 1960 to 2005 284
11.4. A hypothetical survivorship curve for marine fish 285
11.5. The size distribution of a fish population 286
11.6. The Universal Fisheries Curve 288
11.7. Representative examples of California fisheries 293
11.8. The sequential crash of California s sardine and anchovy fisheries 296
12.1. Tidal effects on day length 301
Tables
2.1. Conversion factors for length 39
2.A1. Values used to calculate the great circle distance from London
to Rio 53
3.1. Common components of sea salt 62
4.1. Major players among the phytoplankton 70
4.2. The oxidation-reduction states of some elements common
in the ocean 81
5.1. Marine functional trophic groups 107
10.A1. Measured equilibrium constants for carbon dioxide in seawater 272
|
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| isbn | 9780691126463 9780691126470 |
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| spelling | Denny, Mark W. 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)133519120 aut How the ocean works an introduction to oceanography Mark Denny Princeton ; Oxford Princeton University Press 2008 xviii, 320 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Océanographie - Ouvrages de vulgarisation Oceanography Popular works Meereskunde (DE-588)4074685-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Meereskunde (DE-588)4074685-9 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017108559&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Denny, Mark W. 1951- How the ocean works an introduction to oceanography Océanographie - Ouvrages de vulgarisation Oceanography Popular works Meereskunde (DE-588)4074685-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074685-9 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | How the ocean works an introduction to oceanography |
| title_auth | How the ocean works an introduction to oceanography |
| title_exact_search | How the ocean works an introduction to oceanography |
| title_full | How the ocean works an introduction to oceanography Mark Denny |
| title_fullStr | How the ocean works an introduction to oceanography Mark Denny |
| title_full_unstemmed | How the ocean works an introduction to oceanography Mark Denny |
| title_short | How the ocean works |
| title_sort | how the ocean works an introduction to oceanography |
| title_sub | an introduction to oceanography |
| topic | Océanographie - Ouvrages de vulgarisation Oceanography Popular works Meereskunde (DE-588)4074685-9 gnd |
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