Trade and the environment: fundamental issues in international law, WTO law, and legal theory
The relationship between WTO law and international and domestic efforts to protect the environment is a central concern in WTO and international environmental law. These issues are analysed here by examining the fundamental provisions of WTO law and exploring its interaction with general internation...
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2009
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Summary: | The relationship between WTO law and international and domestic efforts to protect the environment is a central concern in WTO and international environmental law. These issues are analysed here by examining the fundamental provisions of WTO law and exploring its interaction with general international law and national law. |
| Physical Description: | XXXVIII, 441 S. graph. Darst. |
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| 520 | |a The relationship between WTO law and international and domestic efforts to protect the environment is a central concern in WTO and international environmental law. These issues are analysed here by examining the fundamental provisions of WTO law and exploring its interaction with general international law and national law. | ||
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Summary Table of Contents
General Editor's Preface
v
Preface
vii
List of Abbreviations
xxiii
Table of Cases and other Legal Materials
xxvii
Introduction
1
Part I Issues in General International Law and Legal Theory:
Conflicts of Norms and Related Problems
1.
The Definition of 'Conflicts of Norms'
9
2.
The Principles of Conflict Resolution
39
3.
The Role of International Law Conflicting with
WTO Law in WTO Proceedings
69
Part II Further Issues in General International Law and
Legal Theory: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction,
Unilateralism, and Proportionality
1.
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
95
2.
'Unilateralism'in the Trade and Environment Context
172
Part III Fundamental Issues in WTO Law
1.
Non-Discrimination and Justification in the
GATT
187
2.
The Trade Disciplines Arising under the TBT Agreement
285
3.
Processes and Production Methods: A Special Case
under the
GATT
and the TBT Agreement?
319
χ
Summary Table of Contents
Part IV Case Study: Trade, Ozone, and Climate Protection
1.
Ozone Protection and WTO Law
353
2.
Climate Protection and WTO Law
373
Epilogue
396
Main Theses
402
Bibliography
410
Index
435
Contents
General
Editor's Preface
v
Preface
vii
List of Abbreviations
xxiii
Table of Cases and other Legal Materials
xxvii
Introduction
1
I. Scope of the Study: Three Sets of Questions
1
II. Sequence of Analysis
2
A. Conflicts of Norms and Related Issues
2
B. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Unilateral State Action
3
C. Fundamental Issues in WTO Law
3
D. Case Studies: Ozone and Climate Protection
4
E. Sequence of Analysis and Relationship between Chapters
4
Part I Issues in General International Law and Legal Theory:
Conflicts of Norms and Related Problems
1.
The Definition of 'Conflicts of Norms'
9
I. Introduction
10
II. Adequacy of Jurisprudential Definitions
11
III. Background of the Problem
12
A. The Essential Questions Further Delimited
12
B. Two Examples Taken From WTO Jurisprudence
14
IV. (Conflicting) Conflict Definitions in International
Law Doctrine
16
A. The Prevailing Narrow Definition of Conflict
16
B. Critical Assessment of the Narrow Conflict Definition
19
C. Authors Advocating a Broader Definition
22
D. Interim Conclusions
23
V. An 'Adequate' Definition of Conflict in Legal
Theory and Public International Law
23
A. Conflict Types According to Legal Theory
23
1.
The Inter-Relations between Obligation,
Prohibition, and Permissions
23
2.
Treaty Norms as Norms Establishing
'Relational' Rights
27
B. The Appropriate Definition: Wide Definition Focussing
on Breach of Norms
30
1.
Potential Criteria
31
xii Contents
2.
The Appropriate Criterion: Kelsen's Focus on
Breach of Norms
32
3.
Conflicts of Norms between 'Norms
of Competence'?
35
VI. Conclusions on the Definition of Conflict of Norms
38
2.
The Principles of Conflict Resolution
39
I. The Legal Status of the Maxims on Conflict
Resolution
—
General Considerations
39
A. The Relevant Issues Delimited
39
B. Wide Array of Views in the Literature and the
VCLT
Travaux
41
C.
The Seminal Analysis of Merkl
43
D. The Conflict Maxims as Interpretative Criteria
Inherent in the Legal System
45
E. The Situation in International Law
48
F. Interim Conclusions
50
II. Problems Relating to the Specific Conflict Maxims
51
A. The Lex Superior Maxim in International Law
51
B. Successive Treaties and Barriers to Derogation
53
C. Particular Problems Pertaining to the lex
posterior Maxim
55
1.
General Remarks
55
2.
Problems Central to Article
30 57
a) The Assumption of Current State Consent
57
b) The Problem of Determining the 'Successive
Order' of Treaties
57
c) Efforts to Resolve the Problem
61
(i) The Criterion of Time of Convergence
of State Consent
61
(ii) Is there a Need to 'Disapply' Article
30? 62
D. Particular Questions Pertaining to the lex
speciális
Principle
63
1.
General Remarks
63
2.
Problems Specific to the lex
speciális
Maxim
64
E. Conclusions: Hierarchy of Conflict Principles
65
3.
The Role of International Law Conflicting with WTO
Law in WTO Proceedings
69
I. The Central Questions
69
II. Legal Starting Points
71
III. Interrelated Issues
78
IV. Review of Relevant Dispute Settlement Practice
78
A. Decisions Concerning Jurisdiction of WTO
Adjudicating Bodies
78
Contents xiii
В.
Decisions Concerning Applicable Law in WTO
Proceedings
79
V. Examination of the Arguments Prevailing in
Academic Writing
82
A. Articles
3.2
and
19.2
of the
DSU
as the Main
Anchors for Divergent Theories
82
1.
Do these Provisions Exclude the Applicability
of International Law?
82
2.
Do Articles
3.2
and
19.2
Restrict the
'Constitutional Capacity' of Panels?
84
B. Arguments Based on Articles
7
and
11
of the
DSU 87
C.
Article
23
of the
DSU—
Exclusive or Insuperable
Jurisdiction?
88
VI. Conclusions
90
PART II Further Issues in General International Law and
Legal Theory: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction,
Unilateralism, and Proportionality
1.
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
95
I. The Problem of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Delimited
97
A. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: Notion and
Essential Question
97
B. Fundamental Issues
98
II. A Structural Analysis of the Problem
101
A. Rules, Principles, and Legal Concepts
102
1.
Norms, Legal Concepts, and Complexes of Norms
102
a) The Disputed Legal Nature of Sovereignty
and Non-intervention
102
b) Essentials of, and Limits to, the Imperative
Theory
103
c) First Interim Conclusion: Non-intervention
as a Necessary Element of the Legal Order
106
d) Why Deconstruct Concepts Such as
Sovereignty?
107
(i) The Danger of Argumentative Inversion
107
(ii) The Functional Limits of Deconstruction
108
2.
Rules and Principles as Norms
109
B. Deconstructing Sovereignty 111
1.
Approaches to Sovereignty in International Law
113
a) UN Instruments and ICJ Jurisprudence
113
b) Bodin's Classical Conception
114
c) Formal Conceptions of Sovereignty
114
d) Sovereignty as a Concept with Substantive
Contents
116
xiv Contents
e)
Restricted Notions of Sovereignty: 'Functional'
Sovereignty and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
119
f) Further Approaches to Sovereignty
120
2.
Interim Conclusions on Sovereignty
120
a) 'Sovereignty' in State Conflicts
120
b) Competence and Self-determination as
Common Denominator
121
c) Legal Structure: Competence and Right to
Non-interference
121
d) Impossibility of Abstract Delimitation?
122
C. Postscript: The Reverse Perspective
—
The Principle of
Non-intervention
124
1.
Non-intervention as the Counterpart
of Sovereignty
125
2.
A Principle in Search of Delimitation
—
General
Remarks
126
3.
Non-intervention and Extraterritorial
Jurisdiction in Particular
127
4.
Interim Conclusions on Non-intervention
128
D. Introducing Proportionality
129
1.
Attitudes Towards Balancing and Proportionality
131
a) General Views on Proportionality in
International Law
131
b) Indications for a Duty of Balancing in the
Context of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
133
(i) Views in International Judgments and
Writings
133
(ii) Caveats
134
c) Sceptical Attitudes Towards Proportionality
and Balancing
136
d) The Disputed Status of the Principle of 'Abuse
of Rights' in International Law
138
2.
Proportionality as an Element 'Inherent' to
the International Legal Order?
139
a) Proportionality in Philosophy and Legal
Thinking
139
b) The Status of Proportionality: General
Principle of Law, Interpretative Principle,
or Maxim of Rational Decision-Making?
141
(i) The Three Sub-Tests as Interpretative
Principles and Methodological Maxims
Following from the 'Logic of Ends
and Means'
142
(ii) The Sub-Tests as Flowing from the
Concept of Law?
143
Contents xv
(iii)
The Sub-Tests as Basic Categories
of Rational Decision-Making
143
(iv)
Alternative Argumentation:
Proportionality as a Corollary of the
Model of Legal Principles
144
(v) Interim Conclusion on the Status of the
Sub-Tests of Proportionality
145
(vi)
Proportionality and
abus de droit
147
3
.
Further Remarks on the Requirements
Comprised by Proportionality
148
a) Suitability
148
b) Necessity
149
c) Balancing: Nature and Objections
149
(i) Objections to Balancing
149
(ii) Balancing as a Metaphor
150
(iii)
Implied Competence and Balancing
152
(iv)
A Change in Legal Thinking?
152
4.
Conclusions on Proportionality and Balancing
154
HI. Reconstructing Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
155
A. Introductory Remarks
155
B. Rule Versus Exception: The Burden of Justification
and the Lotus Principle
156
C. Preliminary Question: When is a State Measure
Extraterritorial?
157
1.
General Considerations
157
2.
Territorial Character of Trade Measures?
159
a) Authors Regarding Trade Measures as
Territorial
159
b) Authors and Rulings Regarding Trade
Measures as Extraterritorial
160
3.
Views in International Law in General
162
a) Regulatory Intention as the Decisive
Criterion?
162
b)
Bartels'
Two-Step Test
164
c) Schlochauer's Direct 'Effect' on Foreign
Conduct as the Appropriate Criterion?
165
d) The Central Criterion: Direct Regulation
of Foreign Conduct
165
e) Interim Conclusion
167
D. Legitimate Interests
168
E. Proportionality
170
2.
'Unilateralism'in the Trade and Environment Context
172
I. 'Unilateral' Measures Distinguished From
Extraterritorial Measures
173
xvi Contents
II. The Legality of Unilateral Trade-Related Measures
Protecting Extraterritorial Environmental Concerns
Under International Law
176
III. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Unilateral Legal
Action in WTO Law
178
IV. Summary of Conclusions on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction,
Unilateralism, and Proportionality
178
Analysis of the Concepts of Sovereignty and
Non-intervention
179
Resolving 'Sovereignty Conflicts'
—
Legal Status
of the Proportionality Principle
180
Reconstructing Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
181
Unilateralism and Unilateral Trade Measures
182
A Framework Approach
183
PART III Fundamental Issues in WTO Law
1.
Non-Discrimination and Justification in the
GATT
187
I.
GATT
Principles of Non-Discrimination
188
A. The Structure of Articles III and I of the
GATT
189
B.
The Concept of 'Likeness'
191
1.
How Should 'Likeness' be Construed in
Article III?
191
a) The
Те
/os
of Avoiding Protectionism
191
b) Rejection of Roessler's View
194
c) The Relevant Perspective: Consumers'
Perspective and its Corollaries
194
2.
Comments on the Approach to Likeness in
G
ATT/WTO Jurisprudence
195
3.
Likeness as Opposed to 'Directly Competitive or
Substitutable'
197
a) The Product Categories of Article III,
Second Paragraph
197
b) The Relation between the Product Categories
in Article III, Second and Fourth Paragraphs
199
4.
Purpose and Effects of the 'Aim and Effects Test'
and Related Approaches
200
a) Background of the Test: Origin-neutral
Measures and Regulatory Autonomy
201
b) 'Aim and Effects': The Original Version
of the Test
202
c) Criticism
203
d) Clarifications, and New Ambiguities, in
Ensuing Dispute Settlement Decisions
205
Contents xvii
e)
The Perseverance of the 'Regulatory Purpose
Rationale' in Academic Debate
207
(i) The 'Rigour' and 'Automatism'
Arguments
208
(ii) Regan's 'Unacceptability' Argument
209
(iii)
Rejection of the Argument
209
(iv)
The 'Institutional Legitimacy' Argument
212
(v) The 'Inevitability' Argument and the
argumentum
ex auctoritate
212
f) Alternative Solutions for the Regulatory
Autonomy Dilemma
213
5.
A Different Approach to Likeness under Article I?
215
a) Taxation and Regulatory Treatment
215
b) Tariff Treatment
216
(i) Outline of the Problem
216
(ii) Examination of the Thesis Maintained
in the Literature
218
1.
Market Distortion as a Legitimate
Policy
218
2.
Tariff Schedules as Common
Agreements
219
3.
Tariff Discrimination as a Lever
against Free Ride
220
4.
A Rule of Reason Approach to
Tariff Differentiation?
221
C. Differential Treatment in the
GATT
223
1.
Introduction: Issues under Article III
223
2.
Measures Falling under the Ambit of Article III
223
3.
The Standards for Finding Impermissible
Differential Treatment under Article III
225
a) Refining the
GATT
Notion of
De
jure
Discrimination and its Corollaries
226
b) Clarifying the
GATT
Conundrum of
De
facto
Discrimination
228
(i) General Judicial Directions and
Additional Reflections
228
(ii) The Dispute over the Appropriate Test
for a Finding of
De
facto Discrimination
229
1.
Conceptual Background
230
2.
Questionable Approaches to
De
facto Discrimination in Dispute
Settlement and Academic Writings
232
a) The 'Horizontal Approach'
232
b) The Panel Ruling in
EC
—
Asbestos
233
xviii Contents
(iii)
The 'Disparate Impact Theory'
235
1.
The Starting Point: The Standard
Approach
235
2.
Resistance in the Literature
236
3.
Critical Assessment
236
c) The Role of the 'So as to afford protection'
Criterion in the Context of Article
111:2,
Second Sentence
240
(i) The Introduction of the Criterion in
Japan—Alcohol II
241
(ii) Analysis of the Appellate Body's Initial
Stance
243
1.
Focus on the Objective Design of
Regulations?
243
2.
The Function of the
S
ATAP
Criterion: Redundancy or Flexible
System?
245
(iii)
Twists in Subsequent Case Law
246
1.
The Appellate Body's Rulings in
Korea
—
Alcohol and Chile
—
Alcohol
246
2.
The Periodicals Case: Review of
Government Policy under Article III?
248
(iv)
Conclusions on DCS Products and the
'So as to afford protection' Criterion
249
4.
Discriminatory Treatment under Article I
250
II. Delimiting the
GATT
Rules on Non-Discrimination
and Market Access
251
III. Justification under Article XX of the
GATT
256
A. Trade Measures and Non-Economic Concerns:
Two Essential Questions
256
B. Necessity, Proportionality, and Degree of Scrutiny
257
C. The Precautionary Principle and Justification
Under Article XX
260
D. Examination of Article XX and its Application in
Dispute Settlement
263
1.
Questions Relating to the Policy Goals Laid
down in Article XX
263
2.
Suitability and Necessity in Article XX
Jurisprudence
266
a) Article XX(g): Measures 'Relating to the
Conservation of Exhaustible Resources'
266
(i) Dispute Settlement Practice
266
(ii) Critical Remarks
267
Contents xix
b)
Articles XX(b) and (d): Measures 'Necessary
to' Promote Legitimate Policy Goals
268
(i) Subjective Intentions versus Objective
Suitability under Article XX(d)?
268
(ii) The 'Classical' Necessity Test
269
(iii)
The New Necessity Test: Towards
Proportionality?
271
(iv)
Critical Assessment
273
3.
The
Chapeau
of Article XX
276
a) General Problems Pertaining to the
Chapeau
276
(і)
Horizontal Overlaps within the
Chapeau
277
(ii)
Vertical Overlaps
—
Measure versus
Application
277
b) The Substantive
Chapeau
Standards in WTO
Jurisprudence
278
(i) Abuse as Defined by the Appellate Body
278
(ii) The Individual
Chapeau
Standards
279
1.
'Unjustifiable Discrimination'
279
2.
Arbitrary Discrimination
281
3.
Disguised Restriction
281
4.
Postscript: Approximation of
Article XX(g) and Articles XX(b)
and (d)
282
E. Conclusions
282
2.
The Trade Disciplines Arising under the TBT Agreement
285
I. The Functions of the TBT Agreement
286
II. The Scope of Application of the TBT Agreement
286
A. Guidelines in the Agreement
286
B. Interpretative Problems Regarding the Substantive
Scope of Application
288
1.
Provisions versus Norms, and the Applicability
of Individual WTO Agreements
288
2.
Market Access Prohibitions versus Technical
Regulations and Standards
289
3.
Product Characteristics and Product
Identifiability
294
4.
The Relationship between the TBT and SPS
Agreements
294
a) General Principles and the Standard Case
294
b) The Dilemma of Multi-Purpose Measures
295
(i) The First Strand of the Problem: Is
there an Overlap between the TBT
Agreement and the SPS Agreement?
295
xx Contents
(ii)
The Second Strand of the Problem:
Cross-Invokability of Justifications?
296
(iii)
Conclusions
298
5.
The Relationship between the TBT Agreement
and the
GATT
—
General Principles
298
III. Primary Obligations Under the TBT Agreement
302
A. Non-Discrimination Disciplines
302
1.
The Basic Obligations
302
2.
The Justification Conundrum
303
B. Prohibition on Unnecessary Technical Barriers
to Trade
305
1.
Article
2.2
as a Positive Obligation
305
2.
Concretizations of the Necessity Standard
307
a) Legitimate Goal, Suitability, and Necessity
307
b) Article
2.2:
'The Risks of Non-Fulfilment'
309
C. The Requirement to Base Technical Regulations
on International Standards (Article
2.4) 311
1.
Using International Standards 'as a basis' for
Technical Regulations
311
2.
The Requirement'ineffective or inappropriate'
312
IV. Conclusions
315
Scope of application of the TBT Agreement
—
Basic Issues
and Relationship with the
GATT
315
Relationship between the Scopes of the TBT and
SPS Agreement
316
Issues Relating to the Substantive Disciplines
of the TBT Agreement
316
3.
Processes and Production Methods: A Special Case
under the
GATT
and the TBT Agreement?
319
I. Introduction
320
II. Variants of the Product-Process Schism
321
III. Examination of the Doctrine under the
GATT
322
A. The Origin of the Product-Process Distinction
322
B. PPM Requirements and the Concept of Likeness
323
C. PPM Requirements and the Concept of
Differential Treatment
324
D. The Product-Process Divide and Article XX
327
IV. Border Tax Adjustment and Process-Based Taxation
331
A. Introduction: A Special Case after all?
331
B. The Concept of Border Tax Adjustment as
Embodied in WTO Law
331
C. The Eligibility of Taxes for Adjustment
333
V. Process-Based Measures and the TBT Agreement
337
Contents xxi
VI. Process-Based Environmental Labelling
342
A. Taxonomy of Environmental Labelling Schemes
343
B. Assessment of the Types of Labelling Schemes
344
1.
Mandatory Governmental Product-related
Schemes
344
2.
Mandatory Governmental Process-based
Schemes
345
3.
Voluntary Governmental Product-Related
Schemes
346
4.
Voluntary Governmental Process-Based
Schemes
347
5.
Privately Sponsored Schemes (product-related
and non-product-related)
348
C. Interim Conclusion on Labelling
349
VII.
Conclusions
350
PART IV Case Study: Trade, Ozone, and Climate Protection
1.
Ozone Protection and WTO Law
353
I. Outline of the International Regime for the Protection
of the Ozone Layer
353
II. Trade-Related Obligations
355
III. Issues in International and WTO Law:
Conflicts of Norms
358
A. Trade Measures against Non-Complying Parties
359
1.
Jurisdictional and Procedural Objections
360
2.
Issues in Material Law
363
a) Conflict and the Extent of Material
Derogation
363
b) Import Prohibitions on Controlled
Substances
364
c) Import Prohibitions on Products Containing
Controlled Substances
366
d) Import Prohibition on Products Produced
with, but not Containing, Controlled
Substances
367
e) Conflict and Priority
368
B. Trade Measures
vis à vis
Non-Parties
369
1.
Jurisdictional Issues
369
2.
Issues in Material Law
371
IV. Conclusions
371
2.
Climate Protection and WTO Law
373
I. Overview of the International Climate Change Regime
373
xxii Contents
II.
Implementation in
EC Law, and Consistency
with WTO Law
375
A. Overview of Measures
375
B. Types of Measures
375
1.
Product Requirements: Ecodesign of
Energy-Using Products
375
a) Overview of the New EC Regime
375
b) Specific Issues under WTO Law
377
2.
Voluntary Life Cycle Labelling
379
a) The
2000
EC Environmental Labelling
Scheme
380
b) Specific Issues in WTO Law
381
(i) TBT Agreement and Code of Good
Practice
381
(ii) Applicability of the
GATT:
Attribution
of Private Conduct to WTO Members?
383
c) Overall Conclusion
385
3.
Further Domestic Measures: The Example of the
Car Sector
386
a) Voluntary Agreements
386
(i) Outline of the EC Approach
386
(ii) Issues in WTO Law
388
b) Mandatory CO2 Labelling
389
c) Fiscal Measures
390
4.
Interim Conclusions
394
Epilogue
396
The Study and Current Debates in International Law
396
Highlights in the Broader Picture
397
Main Theses
402
Conflicts of Norms and Related Issues
402
The Definition of Conflicts of Norms
402
Principles of Conflict Resolution
402
Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in WTO Proceedings
402
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, Unilateralism, and
Proportionality
403
Fundamental Issues in WTO Law
404
GATT
Principles of Non-Discrimination
404
The Trade Disciplines Arising under the TBT Agreement
406
Processes and Production Methods (PPMs) under the
GATT
and the TBT Agreement
407
Case Studies: Trade, Ozone, and Climate Protection
408
Bibliography
410
Index
435
The relationship between WTO law and
international and domestic efforts to protect
the environment has moved to centre stage in
WTO and international environmental law. It has
also spurred the discussion on fragmentation in
international law in recent years.
This book analyses these issues by examining
the 'horizontal' interaction between WTO
law and 'other' international law, the 'vertical'
relationship between WTO law and domestic
law, and the contents and the inter-relations
between fundamental provisions of WTO law.
This study relies on established insights from
legal theory in order to achieve greater clarity
in legal argumentation. The main results of this
analysis are applied to two topical instances
of international regime interplay, namely the
relevance of WTO law for international and
domestic measures protecting the earth's climate
and the ozone layer.
A series of controversial topics in WTO and
general international law are addressed in this
book, including the notion of conflicts of norms,
and the resolution of conflicts of norms; the
role of international law in WTO proceedings;
extraterritorial jurisdiction and unilateral trade
measures; proportionality and balancing of
interests in international and WTO law; the core
disciplines of the
GATT
and the TBT Agreement;
process and production-based measures (PPMs)
in WTO law; climate protection, protection of
the ozone layer, and WTO disciplines.
Erich Vranes is Associate Professor of
International Law, EL) Law and International
Economic Law at the Vienna University of
Economics and Business Administration. |
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. publ. |
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| spelling | Vranes, Erich Verfasser aut Trade and the environment fundamental issues in international law, WTO law, and legal theory Erich Vranes 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2009 XXXVIII, 441 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The relationship between WTO law and international and domestic efforts to protect the environment is a central concern in WTO and international environmental law. These issues are analysed here by examining the fundamental provisions of WTO law and exploring its interaction with general international law and national law. World Trade Organization Environmental law, International Foreign trade regulation International trade / Environmental aspects Umwelt International trade Environmental aspects Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd rswk-swf Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd rswk-swf Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 s Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017102462&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017102462&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Vranes, Erich Trade and the environment fundamental issues in international law, WTO law, and legal theory World Trade Organization Environmental law, International Foreign trade regulation International trade / Environmental aspects Umwelt International trade Environmental aspects Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027453-6 (DE-588)4065365-1 |
| title | Trade and the environment fundamental issues in international law, WTO law, and legal theory |
| title_auth | Trade and the environment fundamental issues in international law, WTO law, and legal theory |
| title_exact_search | Trade and the environment fundamental issues in international law, WTO law, and legal theory |
| title_full | Trade and the environment fundamental issues in international law, WTO law, and legal theory Erich Vranes |
| title_fullStr | Trade and the environment fundamental issues in international law, WTO law, and legal theory Erich Vranes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trade and the environment fundamental issues in international law, WTO law, and legal theory Erich Vranes |
| title_short | Trade and the environment |
| title_sort | trade and the environment fundamental issues in international law wto law and legal theory |
| title_sub | fundamental issues in international law, WTO law, and legal theory |
| topic | World Trade Organization Environmental law, International Foreign trade regulation International trade / Environmental aspects Umwelt International trade Environmental aspects Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | World Trade Organization Environmental law, International Foreign trade regulation International trade / Environmental aspects Umwelt International trade Environmental aspects Internationales Umweltrecht Welthandel |
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