Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York, NY
Springer
2009
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 507 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780387855349 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability |c Felix N. Buchi ; Minoru Inaba ; Thomas J. Schmidt, ed. |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY |b Springer |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 507 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Proton exchange membrane fuel cells |x Reliability | |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
FELIX N. BUECHI MINORU INABA THOMAS J. SCHMIDT EDITORS
POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL DURABILITY
IMAGE 2
EDITORS FELIX N. BUECHI ELECTROCHEMISTRY LABORATORY PAUL SCHERRER
INSTITUT 5232 VILLIGEN PSI SWITZERLAND FELIX.BUECHI@PSI.CH
THOMAS J. SCHMIDT BASF FUEL CELL GMBH INDUSTRIAL PARK HOECHST, G865
D-65926 FRANKFURT AM MAIN GERMANY THOMAS.JUSTUS.SCHMIDT@BASF.COM
MINORU INABA DEPARTMENT MOLECULAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY KYOTANABE, KYOTO 610-0321, JAPAN
MINABA@MAIL.DOSHISHA.AC.JP
ISBN: 978-0-387-85534-9 E-ISBN: 978-0-387-85536-3 DOI:
10.1007/978-0-387-85536-3
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONTROL NUMBER: 2008944002
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC 2009 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS
WORK MAY NOT BE TRANSLATED OR COPIED IN WHOLE OR IN PART WITHOUT THE
WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER (SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA,
LLC, 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, USA), EXCEPT FOR BRIEF
EXCERPTS IN CONNECTION WITH REVIEWS OR SCHOLARLY ANALYSIS. USE IN
CONNECTION WITH ANY FORM OF INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL,
ELECTRONIC ADAPTATION, COMPUTER SOFTWARE, OR BY SIMILAR OR DISSIMILAR
METHODOLOGY NOW KNOWN OR HEREAFTER DEVELOPED IS FORBIDDEN. THE USE IN
THIS PUBLICATION OF TRADE NAMES, TRADEMARKS, SERVICE MARKS, AND SIMILAR
TERMS, EVEN IF THEY ARE NOT IDENTIFIED AS SUCH, IS NOT TO BE TAKEN AS AN
EXPRESSION OF OPINION AS TO WHETHER OR NOT THEY ARE SUBJECT TO
PROPRIETARY RIGHTS.
PRINTED ON ACID-FREE PAPER
SPRINGER.COM
IMAGE 3
FOREWORD
THIS BOOK COVERS A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF R&D PROJECTS, PERFORMED MOSTLY
AFTER 2000, DEVOTED TO THE UNDERSTANDING AND PREVENTION OF PERFORMANCE
DEGRADATION PROCESSES IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS (PEFCS). THE
EXTENT AND SEVERITY OF PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION PROCESSES IN PEFCS WERE
RECOGNIZED RATHER GRADUALLY. INDEED, THE RECOGNITION OVERLAPPED WITH A
SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL DEMONSTRATIONS OF FUEL CELL POWERED
VEHICLES, WHICH WOULD SUGGEST A DEGREE OF TECHNOLOGY MATURITY BEYOND THE
RESAOLUTION OF FUNDAMENTAL FAILURE MECHANISMS. AN INTRIGUING QUESTION,
THEREFORE, IS WHY HAS THERE BEEN THIS APPARENT DELAY IN ADDRESSING
FUNDAMENTAL PERFORMANCE STABILITY REQUIREMENTS. THE APPARENT ANSWER IS
THAT TESTING OF THE POWER SYSTEM UNDER FULLY REALISTIC OPERATION
CONDITIONS WAS ONE PREREQUISITE FOR REVEALING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF
SOME KEY MODES OF PEFC STACK FAILURE. SUCH MODES OF FAILURE WERE NOT
EXPOSED TO A SIMILAR DEGREE, OR NOT AT ALL, IN EARLIER TESTS OF PEFC
STACKS WHICH WERE NOT PERFORMED UNDER FULLY RELEVANT CONDITIONS,
PARTICULARLY SUCH TESTS WHICH DID NOT INCLUDE MULTIPLE ON-OFF AND/OR
HIGH POWER-LOW POWER CYCLES TYPICAL FOR TRANSPORTATION AND MOBILE POWER
APPLICATIONS OF PEFCS.
LONG-TERM TESTING OF PEFCS REPORTED IN THE EARLY 1990S BY BOTH LOS
ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY AND BALLARD POWER WAS PERFORMED UNDER
CONDITIONS OF CONSTANT CELL VOLTAGE, TYPICALLY NEAR THE MAXIMUM POWER
POINT OF THE PEFC. UNDER SUCH CONDITIONS, ONCE THE EFFECTS OF RESIDUAL
CO IN THE HYDROGEN FEED STREAM HAD BEEN ADDRESSED, FOR EXAMPLE, BY AIR
BLEED, THE LOSS IN PERFORMANCE OVER THOUSANDS OF HOURS WAS FOUND TO BE
VERY SMALL. IN SUCH EARLY TESTING AT LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY,
LOSS OF PLATINUM SURFACE AREA ON THE CATHODE, CLEARLY ASSIGNED BY
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TO PLATINUM PARTICLE AGGLOMERATION, WAS
FOUND TO HAVE A MINIMAL EFFECT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE CELL AND THIS
WAS EXPLAINED BY THE EXPECTED INCREASE OF ACTIVITY PER SQUARE CENTIMETER
OF PLATINUM AS THE PLATINUM PARTICLE SIZE INCREASES FROM ABOUT 2 TO 4-5
NM. IN OTHER WORDS, NO SIGNIFICANT ISSUES WITH PLATINUM CORROSION,
CARBON LOSS, OR POLY(PERFLUOROSULFONIC ACID) MEMBRANE LONGEVITY WERE
OBSERVED IN 5,000-H-LONG TESTS (A 11,000-H-LONG TEST UNDER SIMILAR
CONDITIONS WAS REPORTED LATER BY BALLARD POWER). SUCH REPORTS MUST HAVE
CREATED AT THE TIME AN IMPRESSION OF VERY GOOD, IF NOT EXCELLENT,
LONG-TERM STABILITY OF PEFCS BASED ON POLY(PERFLUOROSULFONIC ACID)
MEMBRANES AND PT/C CATALYSTS OF PRECIOUS METAL LOADING UNDER 1.0 MG CM
*2 OF CELL AREA, OPERATING AT A TEMPERATURE AS HIGH
V
IMAGE 4
VI FOREWORD
80 C. SUCH FINDINGS MAY HAVE CONSEQUENTLY LED TO THE CONCLUSION THAT
THE COMBINATION OF PERFORMANCE AND PERFORMANCE STABILITY DEMONSTRATED
WAS SUFFICIENT TO START BUILDING COMPLETE, PEFC-BASED POWER SYSTEMS,
INCORPORATE THEM IN VEHICLES, ANDTEST-DRIVE SUCH VEHICLES TO PURSUE
REDUCTION IN PRACTICE.
AS WE KNOW TODAY FROM WHAT IS EXTENSIVELY COVERED IN THIS BOOK, SOME
SERIOUS ISSUES OF PEFC AND PEFC STACK STABILITY EMERGED ONLY AS
PROTOTYPE SYSTEM TESTING BEGAN, WHERE A REALISTIC DUTY CYCLE, INCLUDING
STOP AND RESTART, WAS INCLUDED. IN CONJUNCTION WITH SUCH TESTING, A MORE
REALISTIC FORM OF TESTING, THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF FREQUENT CHANGES
IN THE DESIGN OPERATION POINT, AND, PARTICULARLY, THE EFFECTS OF POWER
ON-OFF CYCLES, COULD BE FULLY REALIZED. IT BECAME CLEAR THAT, MUCH LIKE
THE CASE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELLS, THE CONDITION OF OPEN CIRCUIT
CARRIES MUCH MORE RISK IN TERMS OF CATHODE CARBON AND PLATINUM CORROSION
VERSUS THE MAXIMUM POWER POINT OF THE CELL, WHICH WAS CHOSEN FOR EARLIER
LONGEVITY TESTS. IN FACT, THE ASSUMPTION FOR SOME TIME WAS THAT CARBON
CORROSION RATES IN PEFCS SHOULD BE NEGLIGIBLE COMPARED WITH THE CASE IN
THE PAFC, BECAUSE OF THE 100 C DIFFERENCE IN THE TEMPERATURE OF
OPERATION. AND THEN, JUST A FEW YEARS AGO, CAME THE FINDING THAT THE
ROUTINE OF REFILLING THE ANODE COMPARTMENT WITH HYDROGEN, AS THE FIRST
STEP IN CELL RESTART FROM STANDBY, COULD HAVE A DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT ON
THE AIR-SIDE CATHODE, RESULTING FROM MASSIVE CARBON CORROSION IN THE
CATHODE CATALYST LAYER UNDER OPEN CIRCUIT CONDITIONS. DIAGNOSIS OF THE
LATTER PHENOMENON WAS HIGHLY CHALLENGING, BUT IT WAS EVENTUALLY
DECIPHERED (AT UTC FUEL CELLS) AND PROPER PREVENTION TACTICS FOLLOWED
NEXT. SIDE BY SIDE WITH REALIZATION OF THE VULNERABILITY OF THE CARBON
MATERIAL IN PEFC CATHODES UNDER OPEN CIRCUIT CONDITIONS CAME ALSO THE
REALIZATION THAT THE RATE OF CATHODE PLATINUM CORROSION COULD BE HIGH AT
OPEN CIRCUIT AND, PARTICULARLY SO, WHEN THE TRANSITION FROM STACK POWER
ON TO POWER OFF, OR EVEN FROM HIGH POWER TO LOW POWER OPERATION
POINT, IS ABRUPT. UNDER THE LATTER CONDITIONS, PLATINUM IS TEMPORARILY
EXPOSED TO A HIGH OPEN CIRCUIT POTENTIAL, WHILE NOT HAVING BEEN
PASSIVATED AS YET BY THE THIN SURFACE OXIDE THAT WILL FORM ON IT AT OPEN
CIRCUIT GIVEN SUFFICIENT TIME. AGAIN, IT IS THE CHANGE IN OPERATION
CONDITIONS, RATHER THAN THE DESIGN OPERATION POINT BY ITSELF, THAT
EXACERBATES THE MATERIAL LOSS PROCESS. SIMILARLY, POLY(PERFLUOROSULFONIC
ACID) MEMBRANES THAT WERE CONSIDERED HIGHLY STABLE EARLIER ON WERE SHOWN
TO BE HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO VARIABLE OPERATION CONDITIONS, PARTICULARLY
HUMIDITY CYCLING. THE STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH DRY-OUT OF THE MEMBRANE WAS
SHOWN TO CAUSE TEARING OF A MEMBRANE CLAMPED BETWEEN ADJACENT RIBS OF A
FLOW FIELD AFTER SEVERAL DRY-OUT AND REHUMIDIFICATION CYCLES. MOREOVER,
THE ATTACK OF SUCH MEMBRANES BY OH RADICALS BECAME A MAJOR CONCERN AND,
AGAIN, OPEN CIRCUIT CONDITIONS TURNED OUT TO BE THE WORST IN THIS
REGARD, BECAUSE THE HIGHEST RATES OF GAS CROSSOVER UNDER SUCH CONDITIONS
INCREASE THE PROBABILITY OF OH RADICAL FORMATION.
WHAT IS THEN THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ART REGARDING PEFC STACK
PERFORMANCE LOSS, AND WHAT IS THE POSSIBLE CONCLUSION FROM THE
RELATIVELY LATE DISCOVERY OF A LIST OF MATERIAL PROPERTY BARRIERS ON THE
WAY TO A SUCCESSFUL PRODUCT? AS TO THE FIRST QUESTION, IT IS FAIR TO SAY
THAT, TO A LARGE DEGREE THANKS TO A STRONG COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES
WORLDWIDE TO PEFC TECHNOLOGY, VERY ABLE TECHNICAL TEAMS ENCOUNTERING
THESE PROBLEMS PROVIDED IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME A LIST OF PREVENTION
AND REMEDIATION STEPS TO ADDRESS TO A LARGE DEGREE THE VARIOUS MODES OF
PEFC PERFORMANCE LOSS.
IMAGE 5
FOREWORD VII
SIGNIFICANTLY, SUCH METHODS OF PERFORMANCE LOSS PREVENTION WERE
DEVELOPED ON THE BASIS OF PRECEDING STEPS OF CAREFUL DIAGNOSIS AND, IN
MANY CASES, QUANTITATIVE CONNECTION BETWEEN KNOWN MATERIAL PROPERTIES
AND MEASURED MATERIAL LOSS AS FUNCTION OF PEFC OPERATION CONDITIONS.
THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT ALL PERFORMANCE STABILITY ISSUES HAVE BEEN FULLY
RESOLVED. ONE INDICATION, FOR EXAMPLE, IS THE CONTINUED SEARCH FOR A
REPLACEMENT FOR CARBON AS A CATALYST SUPPORT MATERIAL IN PEFC CATHODES
AND THE OTHER IS THE CONTINUOUS ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE THE MEMBRANE
ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY AND SEAL COMBINATION TO MINIMIZE MEMBRANE FAILURE
ALONG THE BORDER OF THE ACTIVE AREA. ALL IN ALL, HOWEVER, WE SEEM TO
HAVE PASSED A PHASE IN THE TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT DURING
WHICH A COMPLETE FAILURE OF A PEFC STACK COULD STILL TAKE PLACE AFTER A
FEW DAYS OF OPERATION WITH A MYSTERIOUS CAUSE. THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE
FAILURE AND PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION MODES HAS BEEN SO MUCH IMPROVED
DURING THE LAST 5 YEARS, AS CAN BE SEEN FROM THE HIGHLY INFORMATIVE
CHAPTERS INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK. THE RESULT IS MUCH BETTER CONFIDENCE IN
THE STATE OF THE ART AND IN THE TYPE OF COMMITMENTS THAT CAN AND CANNOT
BE MADE AT THIS POINT. MOST IMPORTANTLY, EARLY MARKET ENTRY OF PEFCS
DID, IN FACT, START TO TAKE OFF AROUND 2006. THE 50-W DIRECT METHANOL
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED AND COMMERCIALIZED BY SMART FUEL CELL
(BRUNNTHAL, GERMANY) FOR AUXILIARY POWER APPLICATIONS IN RECREATIONAL
VEHICLES AND YACHTS AND THE SEVERAL KILOWATT HYDROGEN FUELED PEFCS FOR
BACKUP POWER APPLICATIONS DEPLOYED BY RELION (SPOKANE, WA, USA) ARE TWO
ENCOURAGING EXAMPLES WHERE UNITS HAVE BEEN SOLD TO CUSTOMERS, I.E.,
WHERE TESTING IS NOW IN THE FORM OF ACTUAL USE OF THE POWER SOURCE BY
THE CONSUMER. THE SALES OF SMART FUEL CELL INCREASED FROM *7 MILLION IN
2006 TO *14 MILLION IN 2007, PROVIDING SOME TESTIMONY TO A POSITIVE
EXPERIENCE OF EARLY USERS. INDEED, THE PROBABILITY OF PERFORMANCE
DETERIORATION IS A FUNCTION OF THE SPECIFIC APPLICATION AND ONE CANNOT
DRAW A PERFECTLY PARALLEL CONCLUSION ON THE READINESS OF PEFC TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE DEMANDING APPLICATION IN TRANSPORT. HOWEVER, THERE IS SOMETHING
TO BE SAID FOR THE APPARENT READINESS FOR MARKET ENTRY ACHIEVED IN THESE
TWO FIELDS AS A GENERAL INDICATOR FOR THE HEIGHT REACHED ON THE PEFC
PERFORMANCE-STABILITY LEARNING CURVE.
AND WHAT ABOUT THE APPARENT DELAY IN THE DISCOVERY AND FULL DESCRIPTION
OF A NUMBER OF DEGRADATION AND FAILURE MODES AT THE TECHNOLOGY CORE
LEVEL OF THE SINGLE CELL? PEFC TECHNOLOGY IS INTERDISCIPLINARY IN THE
FULL SENSE OF THE WORD. TENSION BETWEEN RESOLUTION OF ISSUES AT THE
LEVEL OF CELL ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS AND FASTER PURSUIT OF
BUILDING AND TESTING COMPLETE POWER SYSTEMS FOR SOME SPECIFIC
APPLICATION IS UNAVOIDABLE. MOREOVER, CONSIDERING THE ACTUAL PHASE OF
DEVELOPMENT OF THIS TECHNOLOGY, ONE HAS TO RECOGNIZE THAT, ALTHOUGH THE
NUMBER OF MAN-YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT WORK INVESTED MAY NOW BE CLOSE TO 10
5 , IT IS STILL A VERY NEW TECHNOLOGY COMPARED, FOR EXAMPLE, WITH
MAINSTREAM AUTOMOTIVE POWER TECHNOLOGY. AND IF THE LATTER IS TO SERVE AS
AN EXAMPLE, GREAT IMPROVEMENTS TAKING PLACE MUCH LATER IN THE HISTORY OF
MAINSTREAM AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY HAVE BEEN WITNESSED BY THOSE OF US WHO
DROVE A PASSENGER VEHICLE BACK IN THE 1970S AND EXPERIENCED THE LIMITED
ROAD RELIABILITY OF THE POWER SYSTEM AND, AS ANOTHER EXAMPLE, THE
EXTENSIVE CORROSION OF THE CHASSIS. THESE FAILURE AND DEGRADATION MODES,
WHICH WERE INSUFFICIENTLY ADDRESSED 70 YEARS INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MAINSTREAM AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY, WERE INDEED SOLVED DURING THE NEXT 30
YEARS. WITH SUCH A PERSPECTIVE,
IMAGE 6
VIII FOREWORD
UNCOVERING OF SERIOUS MATERIAL AND CELL OPERATION CHALLENGES DURING THE
PHASE OF PROTOTYPE SYSTEM TESTING IS CLEARLY NOT UNEXPECTED AND SHOULD
NOT LEAD TO OVERREACTIONS REGARDING THE REMAINING ROAD TO IMPLEMENTATION
OF PEFC TECHNOLOGY, PARTICULARLY WHEN CONSIDERING ALL POTENTIAL
APPLICATIONS IN THE WIDE POWER RANGES OF 10 0 -10 5 W.
IN SUMMARY, THIS BOOK PROVIDES A COLLECTION OF HIGH-QUALITY CHAPTERS
WRITTEN BY TOP EXPERTS IN THE RESPECTIVE SPECIFIC FIELDS. THE TAKE-HOME
MESSAGE IS THAT MANY MAJOR TECHNICAL PROBLEMS ON THE WAY TO PEFC
TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND CAREFULLY STUDIED AND
CHARACTERIZED TO DEFINE THE ROOT CAUSE(S) FOR EACH DEGRADATION AND
FAILURE MECHANISM. MOST IMPORTANTLY, WITH THIS KNOWLEDGE, PREVENTION AND
REMEDIATION TOOLS WERE QUICK TO FOLLOW. THE FINAL OUTCOME OF THIS PHASE
OF PEFC TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IS, THEREFORE, BETTER READINESS FOR A
FUTURE IN WHICH EFFICIENT, CLEAN, AND GREEN POWER SOURCES ARE TO PLAY AN
EVERINCREASING ROLE, AS EVIDENCED BY THE RECENT STRONG INCREASE OF
PUBLIC AWARENESS AND BY A CORRESPONDING SIGNIFICANT NEW FLOW OF VENTURE
CAPITAL INVESTMENT INTO THE WIDE FIELD NAMED BY THE INVESTMENT SECTOR
CLEANTECH.
NISKAYUNA, USA/CAESAREA, ISRAEL SHIMSHON GOTTESFELD
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS
PART I STACK COMPONENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
..............................................................................................
3
EDITORS
2 CATALYSTS
DISSOLUTION AND STABILIZATION OF PLATINUM IN OXYGEN CATHODES ......... 7
KOTARO SASAKI, MINHUA SHAO, AND RADOSLAV ADZIC
CARBON-SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGHLY DURABLE FUEL CELL OPERATION
.................................................................................
29
PAUL T. YU, WENBIN GU, JINGXIN ZHANG, ROHIT MAKHARIA, FREDERICK T.
WAGNER, AND HUBERT A. GASTEIGER
3 MEMBRANES
CHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF PERFLUORINATED SULFONIC ACID MEMBRANES
.......................................................................
57
MINORU INABA
CHEMICAL DEGRADATION: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ELECTROLYZER AND FUEL CELL
FINDINGS ....................................................... 71
HAN LIU, FRANK D. COMS, JINGXIN ZHANG, HUBERT A. GASTEIGER, AND ANTHONY
B. LACONTI
IMPROVEMENT OF MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY DURABILITY
............................................................... 119
EIJI ENDOH AND SATORU HOMMURA
DURABILITY OF RADIATION-GRAFTED FUEL CELL MEMBRANES
...................... 133 LORENZ GUBLER AND GUENTHER G. SCHERER
IX
IMAGE 8
X CONTENTS
4 GDL
DURABILITY ASPECTS OF GAS-DIFFUSION AND MICROPOROUS LAYERS ...........
159 DAVID L. WOOD III AND RODNEY L. BORUP
5 MEAS
HIGH-TEMPERATURE POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS: DURABILITY INSIGHTS
...................................................................................
199
THOMAS J. SCHMIDT
DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL DURABILITY
.................................................... 223
YU SEUNG KIM AND PIOTR ZELENAY
6 BIPOLAR PLATES
INFLUENCE OF METALLIC BIPOLAR PLATES ON THE DURABILITY OF POLYMER
ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS ........................................ 243
JOACHIM SCHERER, DANIEL MUENTER, AND RAIMUND STROEBEL
DURABILITY OF GRAPHITE COMPOSITE BIPOLAR PLATES
................................ 257
TETSUO MITANI AND KENRO MITSUDA
7 SEALINGS
GASKETS: IMPORTANT DURABILITY ISSUES
.................................................... 271
RUTH BIERINGER, MATTHIAS ADLER, STEFAN GEISS, AND MICHAEL VIOL
PART II CELLS AND STACK OPERATION
1 INTRODUCTION
..............................................................................................
285
EDITORS
2 IMPACT OF CONTAMINANTS
AIR IMPURITIES
...........................................................................................
289
JEAN ST-PIERRE
IMPURITY EFFECTS ON ELECTRODE REACTIONS IN FUEL CELLS
........................ 323 TATSUHIRO OKADA
PERFORMANCE AND DURABILITY OF A POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL OPERATING
WITH REFORMATE: EFFECTS OF CO, CO 2 , AND OTHER TRACE IMPURITIES
.................................................................... 341
BIN DU, RICHARD POLLARD, JOHN F. ELTER, AND MANIKANDAN RAMANI
3 FREEZING
SUBFREEZING PHENOMENA IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS ................
369 JEREMY P. MEYERS
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XI
4 RELIABILITY TESTING
APPLICATION OF ACCELERATED TESTING AND STATISTICAL LIFETIME MODELING TO
MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY DEVELOPMENT ................ 385 MICHAEL
HICKS AND DANIEL PIERPONT
5 STACK DURABILITY
OPERATING REQUIREMENTS FOR DURABLE POLYMER-ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL STACKS
........................................................................................
399
MIKE L. PERRY, ROBERT M. DARLING, SHAMPA KANDOI, TIMOTHY W. PATTERSON,
AND CARL REISER
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BIPOLAR PLATES AND STACK HARDWARE FOR DURABLE
OPERATION ................................................ 419
FELIX BLANK
HETEROGENEOUS CELL AGEING IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL STACKS
.................................................................... 431
FELIX N. BUECHI
PART III SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES
1 INTRODUCTION
..............................................................................................
443
EDITORS
2 STATIONARY
DEGRADATION FACTORS OF POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS IN RESIDENTIAL
COGENERATION SYSTEMS ................................... 447
TAKESHI TABATA, OSAMU YAMAZAKI, HIDEKI SHINTAKU, AND YASUHARU OOMORI
3 AUTOMOTIVE
FUEL CELL STACK DURABILITY FOR VEHICLE APPLICATION
.............................. 467
SHINJI YAMAMOTO, SEIHO SUGAWARA, AND KAZUHIKO SHINOHARA
PART IV R&D STATUS
1 INTRODUCTION
..............................................................................................
485
EDITORS
2 R&D STATUS
DURABILITY TARGETS FOR STATIONARY AND AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS IN JAPAN
..............................................................................
489
KAZUAKI YASUDA AND SEIZO MIYATA
INDEX
................................................................................................................
497
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV035292033 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:30:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780387855349 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017097063 |
| oclc_num | 318668811 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-29T |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-29T |
| physical | XVII, 507 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability Felix N. Buchi ; Minoru Inaba ; Thomas J. Schmidt, ed. New York, NY Springer 2009 XVII, 507 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Reliability Langzeitverhalten (DE-588)4120653-8 gnd rswk-swf Polymer-Elektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4450903-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Polymer-Elektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4450903-0 s Langzeitverhalten (DE-588)4120653-8 s DE-604 Büchi, Felix N. Sonstige oth Inaba, Minoru Sonstige oth Schmidt, Thomas J. Sonstige oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-387-85536-3 OEBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017097063&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Reliability Langzeitverhalten (DE-588)4120653-8 gnd Polymer-Elektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4450903-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120653-8 (DE-588)4450903-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability |
| title_auth | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability |
| title_exact_search | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability |
| title_full | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability Felix N. Buchi ; Minoru Inaba ; Thomas J. Schmidt, ed. |
| title_fullStr | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability Felix N. Buchi ; Minoru Inaba ; Thomas J. Schmidt, ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability Felix N. Buchi ; Minoru Inaba ; Thomas J. Schmidt, ed. |
| title_short | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability |
| title_sort | polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability |
| topic | Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Reliability Langzeitverhalten (DE-588)4120653-8 gnd Polymer-Elektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4450903-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Reliability Langzeitverhalten Polymer-Elektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzelle Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017097063&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT buchifelixn polymerelectrolytefuelcelldurability AT inabaminoru polymerelectrolytefuelcelldurability AT schmidtthomasj polymerelectrolytefuelcelldurability |