Holdings: Astrophysics processes

Astrophysics processes: the physics of astronomical phenomena

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Bradt, Hale 1930- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2008
Edition:	1. publ.
Subjects:	Astrophysics Astrophysik Bibliografie
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Verlagsmeldung Verlagsmeldung Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXVIII, 504 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780521846561

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adam_text	ASTROPHYSICS PROCESSES THE PHYSICS OF ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA HALE BRADT MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ALSO BY THE AUTHOR PAGE XV : XX XXI XXV XXVII 1 KEPLER, NEWTON, AND THE MASS FUNCTION IL.L INTRODUCTION 1.2 BINARY STAR SYSTEMS CELESTIAL LABORATORIES * VISUAL BINARIES * ECLIPSING BINARIES * SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES 1.3 KEPLER AND NEWTON KEPLER S LAWS (M^ M) ELLIPSE * THE NEWTONIAN CONNECTION * EARTH-ORBITING SATELLITES - ORBIT CHANGE - LAUNCH INCLINATION 1.4 NEWTONIAN SOLUTIONS A/»M COMPONENTS OF THE EQUATION OF MOTION * ANGULAR MOMENTUM (KEPLER II) * ELLIPTICAL MOTION (KEPLER I) * TRIAL SOLUTION TRANSFORMED - RADIAL EQUATION TRANSFORMED - SOLUTION * ANGULAR MOMENTUM RESTATED * PERIOD AND SEMIMAJOR AXIS (KEPLER III) * TOTAL ENERGY 1.5 ARBITRARY MASSES RELATIVE MOTIONS - RELATIVE COORDINATES: REDUCED MASS - EQUATION OF MOTION - EQUIVALENCE TO THE M 2 M PROBLEM * SOLUTIONS - ANGULAR MOMENTUM (KEPLER II) - ELLIPTICAL MOTION - PERIOD AND SEMIMAJOR AXIS (KEPLER III) - TOTAL ENERGY 1.6 MASS DETERMINATIONS MASS FUNCTION * STELLAR MASSES FROM CIRCULAR ORBITS - MASSIVE CENTRAL OBJECT - CIRCULAR ORBITS - SPECTROSCOPIC BINARY * STELLAR MASSES FROM ELLIPTICAL ORBITS - ORBITAL ELEMENTS - VISUAL BINARY: RELATIVE ORBIT - VISUAL BINARY: TWO ORBITS - SPECTROSCOPIC BINARY * EXAMPLES - MASS OF A BLACK HOLE IN CYGNUS X-1 * MASSES OF NEUTRON-STAR PULSARS 15 22 28 II CONTENTS . . * * _ 1.7 EXOPLANETS AND THE GALACTIC CENTER 39 EXOPLANETS * GALACTIC CENTER - STELLAR ORBITS - DISTANCE TO THE GALACTIC CENTER - MASSIVE BLACK HOLE 2 EQUILIBRIUM IN STARS 49 2.1 INTRODUCTION 50 2.2 JEANS LENGTH 50 COLLAPSE CRITERION * CRITICAL MASS 2.3 HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM. . 52 BALANCED FORCES * PRESSURE GRADIENT 2.4 VIRIAL THEOREM 54 POTENTIAL ARID KINETIC ENERGIES * DERIVATION * STARS * CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES - SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION - VIRIAL MASS . . 2.5 TIME SCALES 59 THERMAL TIME SCALE * DYNAMICAL TIME SCALE * DIFFUSION TIME SCALE - ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM WALK - THREE-DIMENSIONAL WALK - MEAN FREE PATH - SOLAR LUMINOSITY . * 2.6 NUCLEAR BURNING 65 STABLE EQUILIBRIUM - COULOMB BARRIER * NUCLEAR WARMER * PROTON-PROTON (PP) CHAIN - NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS - BARYON, LEPTON, AND CHARGE CONSERVATION - ENERGY CONSERVATION - PEP, HEP, AND BE REACTIONS * CNO CYCLE * ENERGY PRODUCTION - YIELD PER CYCLE - SUN LIFETIME - ENERGY-GENERATION FUNCTION 2.7 EDDINGTON LUMINOSITY 73 FORCES ON CHARGED PARTICLES - RADIATIVE FORCE - BALANCED FORCES * MAXIMUM STAR MASS * MASS ACCRETION RATE - NEUTRON-STAR ACCRETION - ACCRETION LUMINOSITY - MASSIVE BLACK HOLES 2.8 PULSATIONS 78 HEAT ENGINE * CONDITION FOR PULSATIONS * IONIZATION VALVE - TRANSITION ZONE - VARIABLE STARS AS DISTANCE INDICATORS 3 EQUATIONS OF STATE 87 3.1 INTRODUCTION 88 3.2 MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION 89 ONE-DIMENSIONAL GAS * THREE-DIMENSIONAL GAS - MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION - MOMENTUM SPACE - DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTUM MAGNITUDE 3.3 PHASE-SPACE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 92 MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN IN 6-D PHASE SPACE * MEASURABLE QUANTITIES * SPECIFIC. , INTENSITY - PARTICLE NUMBER - ENERGY AND PHOTONS - LIOUVILLE S THEOREM - CONSERVATION OF SPECIFIC INTENSITY * RELATIVITY CONNECTION CONTENTS . * IX 3.4 IDEAL GAS 97 PARTICLE PRESSURE - MOMENTUM TRANSFER - AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY * EQUATION OF STATE - PHYSICAL FORM - MACROSCOPIC FORM (IDEAL GAS LAW) 3.5 PHOTON GAS 101 3.6 DEGENERATE ELECTRON GAS. 102 FERMIONS AND BOSONS - SPIN - PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE - DEGENERACY - STATISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS * ONE-DIMENSIONAL DEGENERACY - PLOTS OF 2-D PHASE SPACE - FERMI MOMENTUM - COMPRESSION AND COOLING - TEMPERATURE * * THREE-DIMENSIONAL DEGENERACY - FERMI MOMENTUM - FERMI FUNCTION - FERMI ENERGY - PRESSURES OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS * NONRELATIVISTIC EOS - AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY - PRESSURE * RELATIVISTIC EOS * SUMMARY OF EOS 4 STELLAR STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION 117 4.1 INTRODUCTION 118 4.2 EQUATIONS OF STELLAR STRUCTURE 118 - FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS - HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM - MASS DISTRIBUTION -. LUMINOSITY DISTRIBUTION - RADIATION TRANSPORT * CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT - CONDITION FOR CONVECTION - ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE.GRADIENT * SECONDARY EQUATIONS . ... 4.3 MODELING AND EVOLUTION 124 APPROACH TO SOLUTIONS * SUN * MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS - SPECTRAL TYPES - CONVECTIVE REGIONS * HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL DIAGRAM - COLOR-MAGNITUDE DIAGRAM - EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE AND RADIUS * GIANTS AND SUPERGIANTS * EVOLUTION OF SINGLE STARS - SOLAR EVOLUTION - MASSIVE STARS - GAMMA-RAY BURSTS - GLOBULAR CLUSTERS - OPEN CLUSTERS - VARIABLE STARS * SCALING LAWS - MATTER DENSITY - PRESSURE - TEMPERATURE - LUMINOSITY - MASS DEPENDENCE - H-R DIAGRAM COMPARISON - HOMOLOGY TRANSFORMATIONS 4.4 COMPACT STARS 142 WHITE DWARFS - MASS-RADIUS RELATION - STABILITY - SIRIUS B - CHANDRASEKHAR MASS LIMIT * NEUTRON STARS * RADIUS OF A NEUTRON STAR - EQUATIONS OF STATE AND STRUCTURE * EVIDENCE FOR NEUTRON STARS - MAXIMUM MASS BLACK HOLES - EVENT HORIZON (SCHWARZSCHILD RADIUS) - ANGULAR MOMENTUM - INNERMOST STABLE ORBIT - BROAD, DISTORTED IRON LINE - PLANCK LENGTH - PARTICLE ACCELERATION - EVAPORATION - , EXISTENCE OF BLACK HOLES 4.5 BINARY EVOLUTION 157 TIME SCALES * GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION - ENERGY LOSS RATE - FINAL CHIRP * TIDAL INTERACTION * MAGNETIC BREAKING * EFFECTIVE EQUIPOTENTIALS - ROCHE LOBES - LAGRANGIAN-POINT POSITIONS * ACCRETIO N - STAR SEPARATION - PERIOD CHANGE - STELLAR WINDS - PULSAR WIND AND X-RAY IRRADIATION * SUDDEN MASS LOSS - SEMIMAJOR AXIS AND PERIOD - ECCENTRICITY - UNBINDING OF THE ORBIT * EVOLUTIONARY SCENARIOS - HIGH-MASS X-RAY BINARY - PULSAR EVOLUTION * LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARY * NEUTRON-STAR SPINUP . CONTENTS - 5 THERMAL BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION 181 5.1 INTRODUCTION 182 5.2 HOT PLASMA 183 5.3 SINGLE ELECTRON-ION COLLISION 185 RADIATION BASICS - RADIATED ELECTRIC VECTOR - POYNTING VECTOR -LARMOR S FORMULA * ENERGY RADIATED PER COLLISION * FREQUENCY OF THE EMITTED RADIATION 5.4 THERMAL ELECTRONS AND A SINGLE ION 190 SINGLE-SPEED ELECTRON BEAM - POWER FROM THE ANNULUS - POWER PER UNIT- FREQUENCY INTERVAL * ELECTRONS OF MANY SPEEDS 5.5 SPECTRUM OF EMITTED PHOTONS . 193 VOLUME EMISSIVITY - MULTIPLE ION TARGETS - EXPONENTIAL SPECTRUM - GAUNT FACTOR - HII REGIONS AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES * INTEGRATED VOLUME EMISSIVITY - TOTAL POWER RADIATED * WHITE DWARF ACCRETION 5.6 MEASURABLE QUANTITIES . 199 LUMINOSITY * SPECIFIC INTENSITY (RESOLVED SOURCES) - EMISSION MEASURE - DETERMINATION OF T AND EM * SPECTRAL FLUX DENSITY S (POINT SOURCES) - - MEASURED FLUX FROM VOLUME EMISSIVITY - SPECIFIC INTENSITY AND FLUX DENSITY COMPARED . 6 BLACKBODY RADIATION 205 6.1 INTRODUCTION 205 6.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RADIATION 208 SPECIFIC INTENSITY - RAYLEIGH-JEANS AND WIEN APPROXIMATIONS - PEAK FREQUENCY - WAVELENGTH UNITS * LUMINOSITY OF A SPHERICAL BLACKBODY - ENERGY FLUX DENSITY THROUGH A FIXED SURFACE - EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE * RADIATION DENSITIES - ENERGY DENSITY - SPECTRAL NUMBER DENSITY - CELLS IN PHASE SPACE - TOTAL NUMBER DENSITY - AVERAGE PHOTON ENERGY * RADIATION PRESSURE - BEAM OF PHOTONS - MOMENTUM TRANSFER - PHOTON PRESSURE * SUMMARY OF CHARACTERISTICS * LIMITS OF INTENSITY - PARTICLES ADDED - SURFACE OF LAST SCATTER - TEMPERATURE LIMIT - BLACK AND GRAY BODIES 6.3 COSMOLOGICAL EXPANSION , 222 ADIABATIC EXPANSION - PHOTONS * COMPARISON WITH PARTICLES * SPHERE OF RECEDING MIRRORS - HUBBLE EXPANSION AND FUNDAMENTAL OBSERVERS - REFLECTIONS FROM MIRRORS - WAVELENGTH AND SCALE FACTOR * SPECTRAL EVOLUTION - EQUAL PHOTON NUMBERS - TEMPERATURE AND INTENSITY 6.4 MATHEMATICAL NOTES 230 RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION -ROOTS OF A TRANSCENDENTAL EQUATION 7 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY IN ASTRONOMY 233 7.1 INTRODUCTION 234 7.2 POSTULATES OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY . 234 J . CONTENTS . * XI 7.3 LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS 235 TWO INERTIAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE * POSITION AND TIME - SPHERICAL WAVE FRONT - TRANSFORMATIONS - TIME DILATION - LENGTH CONTRACTION - SPACE-TIME INVARIANT - V SPACE-TIME INTERVALS: PROPER TIME AND DISTANCE - FOUR-VECTOR * MOMENTUM . AND ENERGY - FOUR-VECTOR - INVARIANT - PHOTONS - INVARIANCE FOR SYSTEM OF PARTICLES - TRANSFORMATIONS * WAVE-PROPAGATION VECTOR AND FREQUENCY - TRANSFORMATIONS - FOUR-VECTORS * ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS - TRANSFORMATIONS - MAGNETIC FIELD TRANSFORMED - FIELD LINES 7.4 DOPPLER SHIFT 249 DERIVATION - CLASSICAL DOPPLER SHIFT - RELATIVISTIC DOPPLER SHIFT - EARTH-ORBITING SATELLITE - SECOND-ORDER DOPPLER SHIFT - DOPPLER FROM K, 10 TRANSFORMATIONS * DOPPLER SHIFTS IN ASTRONOMY - ASTRONOMICAL SIGN CONVENTION - REDSHIFT PARAMETER . -7.5 ABERRATION 255 TRANSFORMATION OF K DIRECTION * STELLAR ABERRATION -EARTH AS STATIONARY FRAME - STARS AS STATIONARY FRAME 7.6 ASTROPHYSICALJETS 258 BEAMING ( HEADLIGHT EFFECT ) * LORENTZ INVARIANCE OF DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION * DOPPLER BOOSTING - DOPPLER FACTOR 8 - BOOSTING AND DEBOOSTING ANGLES * SOLID ANGLE - SPECIFIC INTENSITY - PHOTON CONSERVATION - MEANING OF BOOSTING . FACTOR - SPECTRAL FLUX-DENSITY - FLUX DENSITY - K CORRECTION * SUPERLUMINAL MOTION - APPARENT TRANSVERSE VELOCITY - KNOT SPEED AND DIRECTION - MEASURED QUANTITIES - COSMOLOGICAL CORRECTION * COMMENT ON OTHER JET MODELS 7.7 MAGNETIC FORCE AND COLLISIONS 275 RELATIVISTIC CYCLOTRON FREQUENCY - EQUATION OF MOTION - ANGULAR VELOCITY * CMB OPACITY TO HIGH-ENERGY PHOTONS AND PROTONS - PHOTON ABSORPTION THROUGH PAIR PRODUCTION - ENERGY THRESHOLD - MEV TO TEV ASTRONOMY- COSMIC-RAY PROTONS AND THE CMB 7.8 ADDENDUM: LORENTZ INVARIANCE OF DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION (PHOTONS) 281 INVARIANCE OF PHASE-SPACE VOLUME ELEMENT - GENERAL FORMULA FOR TRANSFORMING A PHOTON WORLD LINE - TRANSFORMATION OF A RECTANGULAR VOLUME ELEMENT - PARALLELOGRAM IN FRAME S - AREA IN TWO FRAMES - PHASE-SPACE VOLUME INVARIANT * INVARIANCE OF RADIATING AREA 8 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 290 8.1 INTRODUCTION 291 8.2 DISCOVERY OF CELESTIAL SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 291 PUZZLING RADIATION FROM THE CRAB NEBULA - BLUISH DIFFUSE LIGHT - SPECTRAL - ENERGY DISTRIBUTION (SED) * ELECTRON ACCELERATORS (SYNCHROTRONS) * POLARIZED LIGHT FROM THE CRAB NEBULA 8.3 FREQUENCY OF THE EMITTED RADIATION 295 INSTANTANEOUS RADIATION PATTERNS - CLASSICAL RADIATION PATTERN (C)- RELATIVISTIC RADIATION PATTERN (V S C) - FIELD LINES FOR RELATIVISTIC CIRCULAR MOTION * ELECTRIC FIELD WAVEFORM, E(T) * BRIEF PULSES OF RADIATION * CHARGES CHASING PHOTONS * OBSERVED FREQUENCY - SYNCHROTRON FREQUENCY - PITCH ANGLE - ELECTRON ENERGIES IN CRAB NEBULA * POWER SPECTRUM SHAPE II CONTENTS * 8.4 POWER RADIATED BY THE ELECTRON 304 TWO FRAMES OF REFERENCE - STATIONARY FRAME OF REFERENCE - MOVING FRAME OF REFERENCE * POWER RADIATED IN THE MOVING FRAME - ELECTRIC FIELD - ACCELERATION * ENERGY-LOSS RATE * POWER RADIATED IN THE STATIONARY FRAME - TRANSFORMATION TO THE STATIONARY FRAME - MAGNETIC ENERGY DENSITY AS TARGET - ELECTRON ENERGY LIFETIME * CRA B NEBULA - SHORT LIFETIMES - CRAB PULSAR 8.5 ENSEMBLE OF RADIATING PARTICLES 311 POWER-LAW SPECTRA - NUMBER SPECIFIC-INTENSITY - ENERGY SPECIFIC-INTENSITY - NUMBER DENSITY - ENERGY DENSITY * VOLUME EMISSIVITY - FUNCTION OF PARTICLE ENERGY - FUNCTION OF EMITTED FREQUENCY - SPECIFIC INTENSITY AND FLUX DENSITY * GALACTIC RADIO SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 8.6 COHERENT CURVATURE RADIATION 318 CURVED TRAJECTORY - FREQUENCY EMITTED - POWER EMITTED * COHERENT RADIATION FROM BUNCHED ELECTRONS * SPINNING NEUTRON STARS 9 COMPTON SCATTERING 329 9.1 INTRODUCTION 329 9.2 NORMAL COMPTON SCATTERING . 330 COMPTON WAVELENGTH .MOMENTUM AND ENERGY CONSERVATION * SCATTERED FREQUENCY 9.3 INVERSE COMPTON SCATTERING 332 PHOTON ENERGY INCREASE - REST FRAME OF ELECTRON - LABORATORY FRAME - AVERAGE OVER DIRECTIONS * RATE OF ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS - CROSS SECTION - SINGLE ELECTRON AND MANY PHOTONS - VOLUME EMISSIVITY * COMPTONIZATION - BLACK-HOLE BINARIES - CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 9.4 SYNCHROTRON SELF-COMPTON (SSC) EMISSION 338 RELATIVE ENERGY LOSS RATES * COMPTON LIMIT * INVERSE COMPTON PEAKS IN SEDS - CRAB NEBULA - BLAZARS 9.5 SUNYAEV-ZELDBVICH EFFECT 342 CLUSTER SCATTERING OF CMB - AVERAGE FREQUENCY INCREASE - SHIFTED SPECTRUM - INTENSITY DECREMENT * HUBBLE CONSTANT - CLUSTER X-RAY INTENSITY - CMB DECREMENT - ANGULAR-DIAMETER DISTANCE * PECULIAR VELOCITIES OF CLUSTERS * NONTHERMAL S-Z EFFECT 10 HYDROGEN SPIN-FLIP RADIATION 355 10.1 INTRODUCTION 355 10.2 THE GALAXY 356 STELLAR CONTENT * INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM (ISM) - GASES - NEUTRAL HYDROGEN - IONIZED HYDROGEN - FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE GASEOUS ISM - MOLECULES - DUST, RADIATION, COSMIC RAYS, AND MAGNETIC FIELDS CONTENTS * XIII 10.3 HYPERFINE TRANSITION AT 1420 MHZ 362 SKY AT 1420 MHZ * QUANTIZATION FUNDAMENTALS - ANGULAR MOMENTA - MAGNETIC MOMENTS * LINE SPLITTING - MAGNETIC DIPOLE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD - THREE INTERACTION TERMS - OVERLAP OF ELECTRON WAVE FUNCTION WITH A PROTON - MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE THE PROTON - SPIN-SPIN COUPLING - ENERGY DIFFERENCE 10.4 ROTATION OF THE GALAXY 374 GALACTIC MODELS - POINTLIKE CENTRAL MASS - GALACTIC MASS - SPHERICAL AND SPHEROIDAL DISTRIBUTIONS - SPHERICAL DISTRIBUTION WITH P R~ 2 * TANGENT-POINT METHOD - HYDROGEN PROFILES - WORKING MODEL OF GALACTIC ROTATION - GEOMETRY - ROTATION CURVE - CONSTRUCTION OF A HYDROGEN-CLOUD MAP - SUMMARY * FLAT ROTATION CURVES AND DARK MATTER * DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD - RELATIVE VELOCITIES - OORT CONSTANTS - SHEAR AND VORTICITY * CENTERS OF GALAXIES 10.5 ZEEMAN ABSORPTION AT 1420 MHZ 389 ZEEMAN EFFECT - ENERGETICS - ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND POLARIZATION - FREQUENCY DIFFERENCE * DETECTION OF ZEEMAN SPLITTING * CLOUD MAGNETIC FIELDS 11 DISPERSION AND FARADAY ROTATION 400 11.1 INTRODUCTION 401 11.2 MAXWELL S EQUATIONS AND THE INDEX OF REFRACTION 401 THE EQUATIONS * VACUUM SOLUTION - WAVE EQUATIONS - PHASE VELOCITY * EM WAVES IN DILUTE PLASMA - WAVE SOLUTION - PHASE VELOCITY - INDEX OF REFRACTION - DISPERSION RELATION - POLARIZATION OF MEDIUM 11.3 DISPERSION 409 POLARIZATION FROM EQUATION OF MOTION * INDEX OF REFRACTION AND PLASMA FREQUENCY - IONOSPHERIC CUTOFF - INTERSTELLAR CUTOFF * GROUP VELOCITY - PHASE AND GROUP VELOCITIES DISTINGUISHED - GENERAL EXPRESSION - PULSE SPEED IN A . PLASMA * CELESTIAL SOURCE - TIME DELAY - CRAB PULSAR * DISPERSION MEASURE * GALACTIC MODEL OF ELECTRON DENSITY 11.4 FARADAY ROTATION 419 ROTATION OF LINEAR POLARIZATION - ROTATION WITH POSITION - OSCILLATING ELECTRONS * CIRCULAR POLARIZATION - ROTATING VECTOR - LEFT-RIGHT NAMING CONVENTION - COMPONENTS OF E FIELD - SUPERPOSITION OF RCP AND LCP - ROTATED LINEAR POLARIZATION * INDEX OF REFRACTION - CIRCULAR MOTION POSTULATED - POLARIZATION VECTOR - DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND THE INDEX - CYCLOTRON FREQUENCIES * ROTATION ANGLE - UNIFORM CONDITIONS - NONUNIFORM CONDITIONS - ROTATION MEASURE - CRAB NEBULA - DEPOLARIZATION - IONOSPHERE 11.5 GALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELD 432 RATIO OF ROTATION AND DISPERSION MEASURES * GALACTIC MAP 12 GRAVITATIONAL LENSING 437 12.1 INTRODUCTION 438 12.2 DISCOVERY 438 QUASARS * TWIN QUASAR Q 0957+561 - OPTICAL DISCOVERY - RADIO IMAGING SIV CONTENTS , 12.3 POINT-MASS LENS 442 BENDING ANGLE * NEWTONIAN ANGLE - GENERAL-RELATIVITY ANGLE - COMPARISON WITH AN IDEAL LENS * EINSTEIN RING PREDICTED * IMAGE POSITIONS - BENDING ANGLE PLOT - RAY-TRACE EQUATION - ANGULAR-DIAMETER DISTANCE - GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION - LENS EQUATION - ANALYTIC SOLUTION - DETERMINING SYSTEM PARAMETERS * MAGNIFICATION AND FLUX - CONSERVATION OF SPECIFIC INTENSITY - MAGNIFICATION OVERVIEW - EXTENDED SOURCE MAPPED - MAGNIFICATION FACTOR - TOTAL MAGNIFICATION FACTOR * MICROLENSING - PROJECTED STELLAR ENCOUNTERS - MACHO PROJECT 12.4 EXTENDED-MASS LENS 460 GALAXY AS A LENS - CONSTANT-DENSITY SPHEROIDAL LENS - BENDING ANGLE - SINGULAR ISOTHERMAL SPHERE (SIS) - IMAGE LOCATIONS * THIN-SCREEN APPROXIMATION - LENS PLANE - BENDING ANGLE 12.5 FERMAT APPROACH . 465 FERMAT S PRINCIPLE * TUNE DELAYS - EFFECTIVE INDEX OF REFRACTION - GEOMETRIC DELAY - GRAVITATIONAL DELAY * FERMAT POTENTIAL - FOUR EXAMPLES - ODD-NUMBER THEOREM * CURVATURE AS MAGNIFICATION * MODELING * HUBBLE CONSTANT * DISTANCE-REDSHIFT RELATIONS * SYSTEM SCALE - TIME DIFFERENCE (TWO PATHS) * MASS OF LENS - EXAMPLE: POINT-MASS LENS - Q 0957+561 12.6 STRONG AND WEAK LENSING 477 CREDITS, FURTHER READING, AND REFERENCES 483 GLOSSARY 487 APPENDIX * UNITS, SYMBOLS, AND VALUES 489 INDEX 493
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indexdate	2024-07-09T21:30:15Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780521846561
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017082861
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open_access_boolean
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physical	XXVIII, 504 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
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publisher	Cambridge Univ. Press
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spelling	Bradt, Hale 1930- Verfasser (DE-588)128203536 aut Astrophysics processes the physics of astronomical phenomena Hale Bradt 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2008 XXVIII, 504 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Astrophysics Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006432-3 Bibliografie gnd-content Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 s DE-604 http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/538918497.pdf Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007031649-b.html Verlag Verlagsmeldung http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007031649-d.html Verlag Verlagsmeldung http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007031649-t.html Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017082861&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Bradt, Hale 1930- Astrophysics processes the physics of astronomical phenomena Astrophysics Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4003326-0 (DE-588)4006432-3
title	Astrophysics processes the physics of astronomical phenomena
title_auth	Astrophysics processes the physics of astronomical phenomena
title_exact_search	Astrophysics processes the physics of astronomical phenomena
title_full	Astrophysics processes the physics of astronomical phenomena Hale Bradt
title_fullStr	Astrophysics processes the physics of astronomical phenomena Hale Bradt
title_full_unstemmed	Astrophysics processes the physics of astronomical phenomena Hale Bradt
title_short	Astrophysics processes
title_sort	astrophysics processes the physics of astronomical phenomena
title_sub	the physics of astronomical phenomena
topic	Astrophysics Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd
topic_facet	Astrophysics Astrophysik Bibliografie
url	http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/538918497.pdf http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007031649-b.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007031649-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007031649-t.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017082861&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT bradthale astrophysicsprocessesthephysicsofastronomicalphenomena

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