Creating the Pantheon: design, materials, and construction
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Roma
L'Erma di Bretschneider
2008
|
| Series: | Bibliotheca archaeologica; 42
42 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 428 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788882654931 |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Bibliotheca archaeologica; 42 | |
| 610 | 2 | 4 | |a Pantheon (Rome, Italy) |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte Antike |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Architektur | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Architecture, Roman |z Italy |z Rome | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Rome (Italy) |x Buildings, structures, etc | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804138506533994496 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | GENE WADDELL
CREATING THE PANTHEON
Design, Materials, and Construction
«L ERMA» di
BRETSCHNEIDER
Contents
Abbreviations
................................. 9
Preface
....................................... 11
PARTI. INTRODUCTION
1.
Preliminary Considerations
............ 15
A. Brief Description of the Pantheon
___ 15
B. Date of Construction
.................. 17
C. Confirming the Identity of the Three
Pantheons
.............................. 21
D. Purpose of the Existing Pantheon
___ 22
E. Main Problems to Be Solved
by the Architect
....................... 23
E
The Client and the Architect
.......... 23
2.
Major Advances in Knowledge
......... 27
A. Serlio
................................. 27
B.
Palladio
............................... 27
C.
Desgodetz ............................ 28
D.
Francesco Piranesi.................... 28
E. Ledere
................................ 29
F. Lanciani ............................... 29
G. Chedanne
............................. 29
H.
Beltrami
and Armaniní
...............
ЗО
1.
Terenzìo
............................... 31
J.MacDonald
............................ 31
К.
Licht.................................. 32
L.
Wilson Jones.......................... 32
PARTII.
ROMAN DESIGN
AND
CONSTRUCTION
3. Standard
Design Procedures
........... 35
A. Vitruvitis
Basilica
at
Fano
........... 36
B.
What the Pantheon s Architect Took
forGtanled
........................... 38
1.
Concrete
........................... 39
2.
Proportion
......................... 39
3.
Space
.............................. 40
4.
Enframements
..................... 40
5.
Scale
............................... 40
6.
Precedents
......................... 41
7.
Embellishment
.................... 41
8.
Light
............................... 41
9.
Variety
............................. 42
10.
Permanence
....................... 42
4.
Concrete Construction
..... ............ 43
A. Advantages
........................... 43
B. History
................................ 44
C. Materials
.............................. 44
1.
Pozzolana
......................... 44
2.
Aggregate
......................... 44
D. Early Types of Facings
............... 45
E. The Use of Bricks
.................... 45
1.
Brick-faced Concrete
.............. 45
2.
Through-courses
................... 46
3.
Concrete Voussoirs
................ 47
4.
Tile Linings
........................ 48
F. Construction Methods
................. 49
G. Curing
................................. 50
5.
General Sources of Design
..............
SI
A. Related Building Types
............... 51
1. Baths
.............................. 51
2.
Tombs
.............................. 52
3.
Basilicas
........................... 53
4.
Round Temples
......... .......... 53
5.
Triumphal Arches
................. 54
6.
Theatres
........................... 54
B. Related Design Features
.............. 54
L
Domes
............................. 54
2.
Internal Buttressing
............... 55
3.
Attached Porticoes
................ 56
б
6.
Spécifie Sources
of
Design
and
Construction
............................. 57
A. Sources for Design Elements
......... 57
1.
Dome with Coffers and an Oculus
. 57
2.
Free-standing Building with an
Attached Portico and Forecourt
... 58
3.
Intermediate Block with Stairs
... 58
4.
Cylindrical Drum with Solid Walls
58
5.
Various Separate Elements in
Combination
....................... 59
6.
Proportions
........................ 60
B. Sources for Structural Elements
...... 61
1.
Dome with
Steprings
and
Through-courses
................... 61
2.
Wall Chambers Open to the Outside
on Multiple Levels
................ 61
3.
Concrete with Horizontal Layers
of Graded Aggregate and
Through-courses
................... 62
4.
Concrete Voussoirs
62
5.
Concrete Vaults with Tile Linings
. 62
С
Unparalleled Features of the Dome
... 62
PART III. PRELIMINARY DESIGN PHASE
7.
The Site
.................................. 67
A. Site Selection
......................... 67
1,
Campus Martius
................... 67
2.
Vicinity
............................ 67
B. Orientation
........................... 68
C. Relative Altitudes
..................... 68
D. Existing Conditions
.................. 71
1.
Agrippa
s Foundations
............ 71
2.
Other Existing Conditions
......... 73
8.
Structural Design
....................... 75
A. Plan
................................... 75
1.
Proportions
........................ 75
2.
Circular Plan
...................... 77
3.
Exedras
............................ 78
4.
Interior Attic
...................... 79
5.
Transitional Block
................. 79
B. Elevations
............................ 81
1.
Proportions
........................ 81
2.
Exedras
............................ 81
3.
Exterior
............................ 82
C. Coffers
................................ 83
1.
Alignment
......................... 83
2.
Precedent
.......................... 83
3.
The Need for Computation
....... 84
4.
The Need for Models
.............. 84
5.
Interlocking Spirals
............... 85
D. Forecourt and Basilica of Neptune
... 86
PARTIV. CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
9.
Lower Drum and Block
................. 91
A. Site Preparatio
........................ 91
B. Materials and Methods
of Construction
....................... 91
1.
Foundations
....................... 91
2.
Walls
.............................. 91
3.
Vaulting
........................... 92
4.
Load-bearing Columns
............ 94
С
Surveying the Site
.................... 95
D. Preparing Foundations
................ 95
E. Construction Methods Used for the
Lower Two-thirds of the Drum and
Block
................................. 95
1.
Lower Section
..................... 95
2.
Middle Section
.................... 97
10.
Upper Drum and Block
................ 99
A. UpperThirdoftheDrum99
1.
Exterior
........................... 99
2.
Spaces Within the Drum
........ 100
3.
Buttress
......................... 100
B. UpperBlock
........................ 100
1.
Exterior
.......................... 100
2.
Rooms
........................... 101
3.
Stairs
............................ 102
11.
Dome
103
A. Lower Dome
....................... 103
1.
How the Dome Could Have Been
Constructed
......................... 103
2.
Steprings
........................ 104
3.
Materials
........................ 105
4.
Constructing the Coffers
........ 106
B. Upper Dome
........................ 106
C. Oculus
.............................. 106
D. Steps
................................ 107
E. Bronze Roofing
..................... 107
F. Cracks in the Dome and Walls
...... 107
G. Conclusion
......................... 109
PARTV. EMBELLISHMENT
12.
Comparisons of the Orders
........... 113
A. Proportions
......................... 113
1.
Columns
......................... 113
2.
mtercoluinniations
.............. 116
3.
Plans
............................ 117
4.
Entablature
...................... 118
B.
Materials
............................ 120
C.
Differences Between the Interior and
Portico
.............................. 121
D. Construction
........................ 121
13*
The Porticoes
......................... 123
A. Architectural Evidence
............. 123
1.
Description of the Present Portico
123
2.
Structural Relation of the Portico
to the Block
..................... 124
B. Archaeological Evidence
........... 126
C. Further Evidence of Change
........ 128
1.
Inscription
....................... 129
2.
Entrance
......................... 129
3.
UpperBlock
..................... 130
4.
Pediments
....................... 130
5.
Reuse of Material
............... 132
6.
Solecisms
........................ 132
7.
Later Buildings Influenced by the
Pantheon
........................ 133
D. Proposed Explanations for Changes
134
1.
Some Early Explanations
....... 134
2.
Sixty-foot Columns
............. 135
E. Conclusion
.......................... 135
14.
Finishing
............................. 139
A. Main Story
......................... 139
1.
Exedras
.......................... 139
2.
Aedicules
........................ 140
3.
WallFacing
..................... 140
B. Attic Story
.......................... 141
C. Floor
................................ 141
D. Color Combinations
................ 143
E. Dome
............................... 143
1,
Interior
.......................... 143
2.
Exterior
.......................... 143
F. Furnishings
.................,,....... 144
G. Drum Exterior
...................... 144
H. Block Exterior
...................... 145
I. Entrance
............................ 145
J. Portico Ceiling
...................... 146
K. Sculpture
........................... 146
L. Forecourt
........................... 146
Conclusions
............................... 149
Notes
................................... 151
Bibliography
........................... 165
Index
................................... 177
ILLUSTRATIONS
Frontispiece: Pannini s View of the Interior of the
Pantheon
1.
Photographs of the Pantheon
A. General views, pis.
1-7
B. Details, pis.
8-29
C. Construction, pis.
30-48,
49B
D. Comparable Hadrianic Sculpture, pis.
49A,
50-55
2.
Drawings and Prints of the Pantheon
A. Peruzzi to Dosio,
с.
1490-e.
1569
Peruzzi and others,
с. 1490-с.
1535;
pis.
56-58,
60B,
70
Heemskerck,
1535-1536;
pis. 59-60A
Serlio,
1540;
pi.
61
Dosio,
с
1550-1569;
pl.
62
B.
Palladio,
с.
1550-1570;
pis.
63-69
C.
Desgodetz,
1682;
pis.
71-73
D. Piranesi,
с.
1750-1790
G. B. Piranesi, c.
1750;
pis.
74-75
Francesco
Piranesi,
1790;
pis.
76-104
E.
Fea
to
Lanciani,
1806-1892
Fea,
1806;
pl. 105B
Ledete,
Choisy» and others,
1813-1873;
IOSA,
106-111,
И5В
Lanciani,
1882-1901;
pis.
112-113
Middleton,
1892;
pis.
114-1
ISA
F. Chedanne, Beltrami, and Armanini,
1891-1898;pls.
116-125
G
Gismondi to Terenzio
Gismondi and others, 1927-c.
1930;
pis.
126-127,
132B-133
Beltrami,
1929;
pis.
128-129
Terenzio,
с
1932;
pis. 130-132A
H.
Licht
to Wilson Jones;
1966-2000
Licht,
1966;
pis.
134-137
I
Pellera ,
1989,
and others; pis.
138-139,
144,
145B
Wilson Jones;
2000,
pis.
140-143,
145A
3.
Comparable Buildings
A. Republican Period,
500-29
ВС
с.
100
ВС,
Round Temple by the Tiber,
pi. 146B
с
80
ВС,
Temple of
Fortuna,
8
Praeneste
(Palestína),
pl. 147A
с.
80
ВС,
Round Temple at
Tivoli,
pis.
147В-148В
B.
Augustan Period
(29
ВС-14
AD), c.
30
ВС,
Basilica
at
Fano, pi.
148В
28
ВС,
Mausoleum of Augustus (first used),
pi.
149
с
25
ВС,
Tomb of Caecilia
Metella,
pl.
ISO
16
ВС,
Maison
Canèe,
pl.
1
SIA
с.
11
ВС,
Theatre of
Marcellus
(completed; begun
с
44
ВС),
pl. 151B
2
ВС,
Forum of Augustus completed
(including the Temple of Mars Ultor),
pis. 152-156A AD
6,
Temple of Castor
and Pollux (rebuilt),
pl.
156B
10,
Temple
of Concord
,
pl. 157A
10-27,
Triumphal
Arch at Orange,
pl. 158A
38-c.
50,
Aqueducts and Temple of Mercury,
Baia,
pl.
158-159
C.
Nero and the Flavians, AD
54-96
с
64,
Nero s Aqueduct, pL
161
A c.
64,
Nero s
Golden House
(Domus
Auma), pis.
161
B-
162
70-80,
Colosseum (interior and upper
story largely rebuilt from c.
217-240;
often repaired), pis.
163-165
A c.
80,
Flavian Amphitheatre, Pozzuoli,
pl. 165B
c.
90,
Domitianic Baths at Albano, pis.
166-1
67A
с
90,
Domitianic Great Hall,
Roman Forum,
pl. 167B
D. Trajanic Period, AD
98-117
104-109,
Trajan s Bams, pis.
168-174
107-112,
Trajan s Forum (with the
Basilica Ulpia and Trajan s Column, pis.
175-177
107-110,
Trajan s Markets, pis.
178-184
с
110,
Trajan s Arch at Beneventum, pi.
185
E. Hadrianic Period, AD
117-138,
pis.
186-
213
с
123-130,
Hadrian s Villa, pis.
186-
201
с
126,
Serapaeum, pis.
190-191
c.
127,
Roccabruna, pis. 192-194A
с
126,
Piazza
D Oro
Vestibule, pis.
194B-195
с
126,
Small Bams, pis.
197
с
129,
Large Bams, pis. 197A,
198-199
C.123-C.
138,
Misc. Other Buildings, pis.
189,196,200-201,2098
с
130,
Temple of Venus and Rome
(largely completed
т. с
135;
platform
survives; rebuilt
с
307),
pl.
202-203
с.
130,
Hadrian s Library, Athens, pi.
204-205A
c.
130,
Triumphal Arch at Antinoopolis,
pl. 205B
с
130-139,
Hadrian s Tomb and Bridge
(Pom Aetius),
pis.
206-209A
с
130,
Temple of Trajan and Plotma, pi.
210
с
130,
Hadrianic Buildings at
Ostia, pi.
211
с.
130,
Other Hadrianic Buildings at
Rome and
Baia, pis.
212-214
F. Antonines Period (AD
138-193)
с
138,
Temple of the Deified Hadrian
(Hadrimeum),
pl. 215A
140,
Temple of
Faustina (dedicated also to Antoninus
Pius in
с
160),
pl.
21
5B
G. Severan
Period
(AD
193-235),
pis.
216-
222
с.
203,
Arch of Septimius
Severos,
pl.
216A
с.
203,
Portico of
Octavia
(reconstructed
by Septimius
Severas
and Caracalla), pis.
216B-217
211-216,
Caracalla s Baths, pis.
218-221
c.
230,
additions to
Agrippa s
Baths by
Alexander Severus, pi.
222
с
230-240,
Round temple at
Ostia, pi.
223,
224В
H.
Diocletian and Maxentius, AD
284-312
c.
300,
Temple of Minerva
Međica
(Licinii garden pavilion), pis.
226-227
с
300,
Tor
de Schiavi,
pis.
228-229
305-306,
Diocletian s Baths dedicated
(eventually renovated as S. Maria
degli
Angeli),
pis.
230-232,
233В
306,
Basilica Nova
(largely built by
Maxentius; reoriented by Constantine),
pis. 233A,
234-235
с
307,
Temple of Venus and Rome
(rebuilt by Maxentius), pis. 236-237A
I. Miscellaneous,
pis. 237A-240
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Waddell, Gene |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035236417 |
| callnumber-first | N - Fine Arts |
| callnumber-label | NA |
| callnumber-raw | NA |
| callnumber-search | NA |
| callnumber-sort | NA |
| callnumber-subject | NA - Architecture |
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| ctrlnum | (gbd)0938332 (OCoLC)276357435 (DE-599)BVBBV035236417 |
| dewey-full | 726 |
| dewey-hundreds | 700 - The arts |
| dewey-ones | 726 - Buildings for religious and related purposes |
| dewey-raw | 726 |
| dewey-search | 726 |
| dewey-sort | 3726 |
| dewey-tens | 720 - Architecture |
| discipline | Architektur Klassische Archäologie |
| era | Geschichte Antike gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte Antike |
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| geographic | Italien Rom Rome (Italy) Buildings, structures, etc Pantheon Rom Rom (DE-588)4115786-2 gnd Latium (DE-588)4074042-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Italien Rom Rome (Italy) Buildings, structures, etc Pantheon Rom Rom Latium |
| id | DE-604.BV035236417 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:29:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788882654931 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017042265 |
| oclc_num | 276357435 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-11 DE-188 DE-Y3 DE-255 DE-Y2 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-11 DE-188 DE-Y3 DE-255 DE-Y2 |
| physical | 428 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| psigel | gbd_4_0911 |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | L'Erma di Bretschneider |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Bibliotheca archaeologica; 42 |
| series2 | Bibliotheca archaeologica; 42 |
| spelling | Waddell, Gene Verfasser (DE-588)13755723X aut Creating the Pantheon design, materials, and construction Gene Waddell Roma L'Erma di Bretschneider 2008 428 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliotheca archaeologica; 42 Pantheon (Rome, Italy) Geschichte Antike gnd rswk-swf Architektur Architecture, Roman Italy Rome Rotundas Italy Rome Temples Italy Rome Baukonstruktion (DE-588)4004821-4 gnd rswk-swf Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd rswk-swf Italien Rom Rome (Italy) Buildings, structures, etc Pantheon Rom Rom (DE-588)4115786-2 gnd rswk-swf Latium (DE-588)4074042-0 gnd rswk-swf Pantheon Rom Rom (DE-588)4115786-2 g Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 s DE-604 Latium (DE-588)4074042-0 g Baukonstruktion (DE-588)4004821-4 s Geschichte Antike z Bibliotheca archaeologica; 42 42 (DE-604)BV000905162 42 KUBIKAT Anreicherung application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017042265&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Waddell, Gene Creating the Pantheon design, materials, and construction Bibliotheca archaeologica; 42 Pantheon (Rome, Italy) Architektur Architecture, Roman Italy Rome Rotundas Italy Rome Temples Italy Rome Baukonstruktion (DE-588)4004821-4 gnd Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4004821-4 (DE-588)4002851-3 (DE-588)4115786-2 (DE-588)4074042-0 |
| title | Creating the Pantheon design, materials, and construction |
| title_auth | Creating the Pantheon design, materials, and construction |
| title_exact_search | Creating the Pantheon design, materials, and construction |
| title_full | Creating the Pantheon design, materials, and construction Gene Waddell |
| title_fullStr | Creating the Pantheon design, materials, and construction Gene Waddell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Creating the Pantheon design, materials, and construction Gene Waddell |
| title_short | Creating the Pantheon |
| title_sort | creating the pantheon design materials and construction |
| title_sub | design, materials, and construction |
| topic | Pantheon (Rome, Italy) Architektur Architecture, Roman Italy Rome Rotundas Italy Rome Temples Italy Rome Baukonstruktion (DE-588)4004821-4 gnd Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pantheon (Rome, Italy) Architektur Architecture, Roman Italy Rome Rotundas Italy Rome Temples Italy Rome Baukonstruktion Italien Rom Rome (Italy) Buildings, structures, etc Pantheon Rom Rom Latium |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017042265&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000905162 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT waddellgene creatingthepantheondesignmaterialsandconstruction |