Ice ages and interglacials: measurements, interpretation and models
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer [u.a.]
2009
|
| Series: | Springer-Praxis books in environmental sciences
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 263 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9783540896791 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV035230467 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20090917 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 090102s2009 gw abd| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 015 | |a 08,N45,0736 |2 dnb | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 990908445 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 9783540896791 |9 978-3-540-89679-1 | ||
| 024 | 3 | |a 9783540896791 | |
| 028 | 5 | 2 | |a 12581368 |
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)297148353 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)DNB990908445 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a gw |c XA-DE-BE | ||
| 049 | |a DE-29 |a DE-355 |a DE-20 |a DE-703 |a DE-12 |a DE-11 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a QC981.8.I23 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 551.6 |2 22 | |
| 084 | |a RB 10132 |0 (DE-625)142220:12627 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a RB 10135 |0 (DE-625)142220:12628 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a RB 10147 |0 (DE-625)142220:12632 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a RB 10438 |0 (DE-625)142220:12737 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a 550 |2 sdnb | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Rapp, Donald |d 1934- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)135633494 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ice ages and interglacials |b measurements, interpretation and models |c Donald Rapp |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer [u.a.] |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 263 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Springer-Praxis books in environmental sciences | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Eiszeit - Interglazial | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Klimaänderung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Klimaänderung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Climatic changes | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Interglazial |0 (DE-588)4162010-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Eiszeit |0 (DE-588)4014129-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Glaziologie |0 (DE-588)4205614-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Klimaänderung |0 (DE-588)4164199-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Eiszeit |0 (DE-588)4014129-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Interglazial |0 (DE-588)4162010-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Klimaänderung |0 (DE-588)4164199-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Glaziologie |0 (DE-588)4205614-7 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |8 2\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017036427&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017036427 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 883 | 1 | |8 2\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804138497773142016 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
............................................. ix
Acknowledgments
...................................... xiii
List of figures
........................................ xv
List of tables
......................................... xix
List of abbreviations and acronyms
........................... xxi
1
Life and climate in an ice age
........................... 1
1.1
Continental climates during the Ice Age
................. 1
1.2
The glacial world
—
according to
Wally................. 8
1.3
Ice Age forests
................................. 10
2
Variability of the Earth s climate
......................... 13
2.1
Factors that influence global climate
.................. 13
2.2
Stable extremes of the Earth s climate
.................. 16
2.3
Continental drift and continental geometry as a factor in paleo-
climate change
................................. 19
2.3.1
Effects of continental geometry
................. 19
2.3.2
Evolution of
glaciation
near the south pole ~34 million
years ago
............................... 23
2.3.3
The effect of the Isthmus of Panama on NH
glaciation
in
the past
2,700,000
years
..................... 25
2.4
Ice ages in the recent geological past
................... 29
2.5
Geological evidence of ice ages
...................... 30
vi
Contents
Ice core methodology
................................. 37
3.1
History of ice core research
........................ 37
3.2
Dating ice core data
............................. 42
3.2.1
Introduction
............................. 42
3.2.2
Age markers
............................. 43
3.2.3
Counting layers visually
..................... 45
3.2.4
Layers determined by measurement
.............. 49
3.2.5
Ice flow modeling
......................... 50
3.2.6
Other dating methods
....................... 53
3.2.7
Synchronization of dating of ice cores from Greenland
and Antarctica
........................... 54
3.2.8
GISP2 experience
.......................... 54
3.2.9
Tuning
................................ 55
3.2.10
Flimsy logic
.............................. 56
3.3
Processing ice core data
........................... 58
3.3.1
Temperature estimates from ice cores
............. 58
3.3.2
Climate variations
.......................... 65
3.3.3
Trapped gases
............................ 65
Ice core data
...................................... 67
4.1
Greenland ice core historical temperatures
............... 67
4.2
Antarctica ice core historical temperatures
............... 71
4.2.1
Vostok and
EPICA data
..................... 71
4.2.2
Homogeneity of Antarctic ice cores
.............. 73
4.3
North-south synchrony
............................ 76
4.4
Data from high-elevation ice cores
.................... 79
4.5
Carbon dioxide
................................ 80
4.6
Sudden climate changes
........................... 83
Ocean sediment data
................................. 87
5.1
Introduction
.................................. 87
5.2
Chronology
................................... 92
5.3
Universality of ocean sediment data
................... 97
5.4
Summary of ocean sediment ice volume data
............. 98
5.5
Comparison of ocean sediment data with polar ice core data
. . 99
5.6
Historical sea surface temperatures
.................... 102
5.7
Ice-rafted debris
................................ 103
Other data sources
................................... 105
6.1
Devil s Hole
................................... 105
6.1.1
Devil s Hole data
.......................... 105
6.1.2
Comparison of
Deviľs
Hole data with ocean sediment
data
.................................. 106
6.1.3
Devil s Hole: global or regional data?
............. 108
6.1.4
Comparison of Devil s Hole data with Vostok data
... 109
Contents
vii
6.2 Speleothems in
caves
.............................
ПО
6.3
Magnetism
in rocks and loess
....................... 113
6.3.1
Magnetism in loess
........................ 113
6.3.2
Rock magnetism in lake sediments
............... 113
6.4
Pollen records
................................. 114
6.5
Physical indicators
.............................. 116
6.5.1
Ice sheet moraines
......................... 116
6.5.2
Coral terraces
............................. 116
6.5.3
Mountain glaciers
......................... 118
6.6
Red Sea sediments
.............................. 118
7
Summary of climate variations
........................... 121
7.1
Origin of
glaciation
—
past
34
million years
............... 121
7.2
The past
3
million years
........................... 121
7.3
The past
800,000
years
............................ 122
7.4
The most recent ice age and its aftermath
............... 122
7.5
The last termination
.............................. 123
7.6
North-south synchrony
............................ 125
7.7
Carbon dioxide and methane
........................ 125
8
Overview of the various models for ice ages in the recent past
(3
million
years ago to the present)
............................... 127
8.1
Introduction
................................... 128
8.2
Variability of the Sun
............................. 129
8.3
Astronomical theory
.............................. 130
8.4
Volcanism
.................................... 131
8.5
Greenhouse gases
............................... 134
8.6
Role of the oceans
.............................. 134
8.6.1
Glacial-interglacial cycles: the consensus view
....... 134
8.6.2
Sudden climate change: the consensus view
......... 138
8.6.3
Wunsch s objections
........................ 141
8.7
Models based on clouds
.......................... 147
8.7.1
Extraterrestrial dust accretion
.................. 148
8.7.2
Clouds induced by cosmic rays
................. 149
8.7.3
Ocean-atmosphere model
.................... 152
8.8
Models based on the southern hemisphere
............... 153
9
Variability of the Earth s orbit: Astronomical theory
............. 155
9.1
Introduction
................................... 155
9.2
Variability of the Earth s orbit
...................... 157
9.2.1
Variability within the orbital plane
.............. 157
9.2.2
Variability of the orbital plane
................. 159
9.3
Calculation of solar intensities
....................... 160
9.4
Importance of each orbital parameter
.................. 162
9.5
Historical solar irradiance at higher latitudes
............. 165
viii Contents
9.6
Connection
between solar variability and
glaciation/déglaciation
cycles according to astronomical theory
................ 169
9.6.1
Models for ice volume
...................... 170
9.6.2
Review of the Imbries model
.................. 178
9.6.3
Memory model
........................... 181
9.7
A model based on eccentricity
...................... 181
9.8
North or south?
................................ 183
10
Comparison of astronomical theory with data
.................. 185
10.1
Introduction
................................... 185
10.2
Comparison of data with astronomical theory
............ 186
10.2.1
Direct comparison of the variability of solar intensity with
ice core data
............................. 188
10.2.2
Comparison of Imbries ice volume model with ocean
sediment data
............................ 194
10.3
Spectral analysis
................................ 196
10.3.1
Introduction
............................. 196
10.3.2
Spectral analysis of solar and paleoclimate data
...... 201
10.4
Status of our understanding
........................ 206
11
Future prospects
.................................... 211
11.1
The next ice age (or lack thereof)
.................... 211
11.1.1
Introduction
.............................. 211
11.1.2
Orthodoxy in climatology
..................... 212
11.1.3
Effect of CO2 growth on global temperature
........ 216
11.1.4
Other evidence
........................... 228
11.1.5
Will global warming prevent or initiate the next ice age?
233
11.2
Approaches for improving our understanding
............ 237
11.2.1
The need to depoliticize climate change
........... 237
11.2.2
Technical progress
.......................... 240
References
........................................... 245
Index
.............................................. 259
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rapp, Donald 1934- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)135633494 |
| author_facet | Rapp, Donald 1934- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rapp, Donald 1934- |
| author_variant | d r dr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035230467 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QC981 |
| callnumber-raw | QC981.8.I23 |
| callnumber-search | QC981.8.I23 |
| callnumber-sort | QC 3981.8 I23 |
| callnumber-subject | QC - Physics |
| classification_rvk | RB 10132 RB 10135 RB 10147 RB 10438 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)297148353 (DE-599)DNB990908445 |
| dewey-full | 551.6 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.6 |
| dewey-search | 551.6 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.6 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02388nam a2200613 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV035230467</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20090917 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">090102s2009 gw abd| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="015" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">08,N45,0736</subfield><subfield code="2">dnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="016" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">990908445</subfield><subfield code="2">DE-101</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783540896791</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-540-89679-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783540896791</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="028" ind1="5" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">12581368</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)297148353</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)DNB990908445</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">gw</subfield><subfield code="c">XA-DE-BE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">QC981.8.I23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">551.6</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RB 10132</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142220:12627</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RB 10135</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142220:12628</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RB 10147</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142220:12632</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RB 10438</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142220:12737</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">550</subfield><subfield code="2">sdnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rapp, Donald</subfield><subfield code="d">1934-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)135633494</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Ice ages and interglacials</subfield><subfield code="b">measurements, interpretation and models</subfield><subfield code="c">Donald Rapp</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Berlin [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="c">2009</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXII, 263 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Springer-Praxis books in environmental sciences</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Eiszeit - Interglazial</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Klimaänderung</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Klimaänderung</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Climatic changes</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Interglazial</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4162010-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Eiszeit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4014129-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Glaziologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4205614-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Klimaänderung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4164199-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Eiszeit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4014129-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Interglazial</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4162010-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Klimaänderung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4164199-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Glaziologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4205614-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Regensburg</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017036427&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017036427</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV035230467 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:29:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540896791 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017036427 |
| oclc_num | 297148353 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-703 DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-703 DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | XXII, 263 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Springer [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Springer-Praxis books in environmental sciences |
| spelling | Rapp, Donald 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)135633494 aut Ice ages and interglacials measurements, interpretation and models Donald Rapp Berlin [u.a.] Springer [u.a.] 2009 XXII, 263 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer-Praxis books in environmental sciences Eiszeit - Interglazial Klimaänderung Climatic changes Interglazial (DE-588)4162010-0 gnd rswk-swf Eiszeit (DE-588)4014129-9 gnd rswk-swf Glaziologie (DE-588)4205614-7 gnd rswk-swf Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf Eiszeit (DE-588)4014129-9 s Interglazial (DE-588)4162010-0 s Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s 1\p DE-604 Glaziologie (DE-588)4205614-7 s 2\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017036427&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Rapp, Donald 1934- Ice ages and interglacials measurements, interpretation and models Eiszeit - Interglazial Klimaänderung Climatic changes Interglazial (DE-588)4162010-0 gnd Eiszeit (DE-588)4014129-9 gnd Glaziologie (DE-588)4205614-7 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4162010-0 (DE-588)4014129-9 (DE-588)4205614-7 (DE-588)4164199-1 |
| title | Ice ages and interglacials measurements, interpretation and models |
| title_auth | Ice ages and interglacials measurements, interpretation and models |
| title_exact_search | Ice ages and interglacials measurements, interpretation and models |
| title_full | Ice ages and interglacials measurements, interpretation and models Donald Rapp |
| title_fullStr | Ice ages and interglacials measurements, interpretation and models Donald Rapp |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ice ages and interglacials measurements, interpretation and models Donald Rapp |
| title_short | Ice ages and interglacials |
| title_sort | ice ages and interglacials measurements interpretation and models |
| title_sub | measurements, interpretation and models |
| topic | Eiszeit - Interglazial Klimaänderung Climatic changes Interglazial (DE-588)4162010-0 gnd Eiszeit (DE-588)4014129-9 gnd Glaziologie (DE-588)4205614-7 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eiszeit - Interglazial Klimaänderung Climatic changes Interglazial Eiszeit Glaziologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017036427&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rappdonald iceagesandinterglacialsmeasurementsinterpretationandmodels |