Verfügbarkeit: Kokota grammar

Kokota grammar:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Palmer, Bill (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Honolulu Univ. of Hawaiʿi Press 2009
Schriftenreihe:	Oceanic linguistics special publication 35
Schlagworte:	Kokota (taal) Grammatik Kokota language > Grammar Kokota
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Beschreibung:	XXI, 422 S.
ISBN:	9780824832513

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	OCEANIC LINGUISTICS SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 35 KOKOTA GRAMMAR BILL PALMER UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI I PRESS HONOLULU CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES XVIII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XX GLOSSING ABBREVIATIONS XXI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 SOCIOLINGUISTIC CONTEXT 1 1.2 KOKOTA IN OCEANIC 2 1.3 PREVIOUS WORK ON KOKOTA 3 1.4 THE PRESENT STUDY 3 1.5 ORTHOGRAPHY 4 CHAPTER 2: PHONOLOGY 5 2.1 SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY 5 2.1.1 CONSONANTS 5 2.1.1.1 CONSONANT PHONEME INVENTORY 5 2.1.1.1.1 EVIDENCE FOR PHONEME STATUS: CONSONANTS 6 2.1.1.1.2 CONSONANT PHONEME FREQUENCIES 6 2.1.1.2 CONSONANT PHONEMES 8 2.1.1.2.1 SONORANTS 8 2.1.1.2.2 PLOSIVES 8 2.1.1.2.3 FRICATIVES 8 2.1.1.2.3.1 LABIAL FRICATIVES ; 8 2.1.1.2.3.2 CORONAL FRICATIVES 8 2.1.1.2.3.3 NONLABIAL NONCORONAL FRICATIVES 9 2.1.1.2.3.3.1 SURFACE DELETION OF NONLABIAL NONCORONAL FRICATIVES 9 2.1.1.2.3.3.2 MORPHOPHONEMIC DELETION OF NONLABIAL NONCORONAL FRICATIVES 10 2.1.1.3 PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES INVOLVING CONSONANTS 11 2.1.1.3.1 LABIALIZATION AND VELARIZATION 11 2.1.1.3.2 PALATALIZATION 12 2.1.1.3.3 GLOTTAL EPENTHESIS 12 2.1.1.3.4 GLIDES 13 2.1.2 VOWELS 14 2.1.2.1 VOWEL PHONEME INVENTORY 14 2.1.2.2 EVIDENCE FOR PHONEME STATUS: VOWELS 14 2.1.2.3 VOWEL PHONEME FREQUENCIES 15 2.1.2.4 PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES INVOLVING VOWELS 15 2.1.2.4.1 DIPHTHONG FORMATION 15 2.1.2.4.1.1 ELIGIBLE SEQUENCES 16 2.1.2.4.1.2 DIPHTHONG FREQUENCIES 16 2.1.2.4.1.3 RESTRICTIONS ON DIPHTHONG FORMATION 17 2.1.2.4.2 DIPHTHONG REDUCTION 17 2.1.2.4.3 GLIDE FORMATION 17 2.1.2.4.4 INTERCONSONANTAL VOWEL DEVOICING 19 2.2 SYLLABLE STRUCTURE 20 VN 2.2.1 ONSETS 20 2.2.1.1 SYLLABLES WITH NO ONSET 20 2.2.1.2 ONSET CLUSTERS 20 2.2.1.2.1 PERMISSIBLE ONSET CLUSTERS 21 2.2.1.2.2 WORD-LEVEL ONSET TENDENCIES 22 2.2.1.2.3 VIOLATIONS OF CLUSTER CONSTRAINTS IN LOAN WORDS 22 2.2.1.2.3.1 A CORONAL CL 22 2.2.1.2.3.2 OBSTRUENT PLUS OBSTRUENT CLUSTERS 23 2.2.1.2.4 ABSENCE OF/H/ AND VOICELESS SONORANTS IN CLUSTERS 24 2.2.2 NUCLEI 24 2.2.3 CODAS 25 2.3 WORD MINIMALITY 25 2.4 REDUPLICATION : 26 2.4.1 PARTIAL REDUPLICATION 26 2.4.1.1 FUNCTION OF PARTIAL REDUPLICATION 26 2.4.1.2 FORMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTIAL REDUPLICATION 27 2.4.1.3 NON-SYNCHRONIC ECHO SYLLABLES 28 2.4.2 FULL REDUPLICATION 29 2.5 STRESS 30 2.5.1 METRICAL STRESS AND MORAIC THEORY 30 2.5.2 FOOT STRUCTURE AND ALIGNMENT 31 2.5.3 MORAIC AND SYLLABIC STRESS VARIATION 32 2.5.4 IRREGULAR STRESS ASSIGNMENT IN ROOTS WITH LIGHT SYLLABLES ONLY 35 2.5.5 THE EFFECT OF SUFFIXES AND ENCLITICS ON STRESS ASSIGNMENT 37 2.5.6 THE EFFECT OF PREFIXES AND PROCLITICS ON STRESS ASSIGNMENT 42 2.5.6.1 STRESS IMPLICATIONS OF REDUPLICATION 42 2.5.6.2 STRESS IMPLICATIONS OF THE CAUSATIVE PARTICLE/A 44 2.5.6.3 STRESS IMPLICATIONS OF THE PREPOSITION KA 46 2.5.6.4 STRESS IMPLICATIONS OF THE SUBORDINATOR TA 47 2.6 PROSODIC PROCESSES 47 2.6.1 WORD-FINAL VOWEL SYNCOPE 47 2.6.1.1 WORD-FINAL SYNCOPE BEFORE CONSONANTS 47 2.6.1.2 WORD-FINAL SYNCOPE BEFORE VOWELS 49 2.6.2 VOWEL SYNCOPE IN COMPOUNDS 50 2.6.3 VOWEL SYNCOPE AND CLITICIZATION 50 2.6.3.1 SYNCOPE WITH ENCLITICS 50 2.6.3.2 SYNCOPE WITH PROCLITICS 51 2.6.4 SUFFIXED DEMONSTRATIVE VOWEL SYNCOPE 52 2.6.5 WORD INTERNAL SYNCOPE BETWEEN NON-IDENTICAL CONSONANTS 53 2.6.6 GEMINATE CONSONANT FORMATION 54 2.6.6.1 GEMINATES IN SUFFIXES AND ENCLITICS 54 2.6.6.2 GEMINATES IN SYNCHRONIC REDUPLICATION 56 2.6.6.3 GEMINATES IN NON-SYNCHRONIC REDUPLICATION 57 2.6.7 COMPENSATORY LENGTHENING 57 2.6.8 REDUCTION OF DIPHTHONG WEIGHT BY V2 DELETION 58 VIN 2.6.9 VOWEL COALESCENCE 58 2.6.10 GLIDE FORMATION 59 CHAPTER 3: NOUN PHRASES 63 3.1 NOMINAL FORMS ; 63 3.1.1 NOMINAL DERIVATION 63 3.1.1.1 NOMINAL COMPOUNDING 63 3.1.1.1.1 ENDOCENTRIC COMPOUNDS 63 3.1.1.1.2 EXOCENTRIC COMPOUNDS 64 3.1.1.2 NOMINAL DERIVATION BY REDUPLICATION 65 3.1.2 PRONOUNS 67 3.1.2.1 NON-INDEPENDENT PRONOMINAL CATEGORIES 67 3.1.2.2 INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS 67 3.1.2.2.1 PRONOMINAL NUMBER MARKING 68 3.1.2.2.2 THIRD PERSON SINGULAR GENDER DISTINCTIONS 69 3.1.2.2.3 INDEFINITE PRONOUN 70 3.1.2.3 REFLEXIVE FORMS 71 3.1.3 DEMONSTRATIVES 72 3.1.3.1 DEMONSTRATIVE FORMS AND CATEGORIES 72 3.1.3.2 TEMPORAL DISTANCE 73 3.1.3.3 CLAUSAL DEMONSTRATIVES 74 3.1.4 SUFFIXES ON DEICTIC FORMS 76 3.1.4.1 EMPHATIC -HI 76 3.1.4.2 SPECIFYING -LAU 77 3.1.5 PROPER NOUNS 79 3.2 ADNOMINAL MODIFIERS 79 3.2.1 MARKERS OF SPECIFICITY AND DEFINITENESS 80 3.2.1.1 ADNOMINAL DEMONSTRATIVES 80 3.2.1.2 ARTICLES 80 3.2.1.3 COOCCURRENCE OF ARTICLES AND DEMONSTRATIVES 81 3.2.1.4 NONSPECIFIC MARKER KEHA 81 3.2.2 QUANTIFICATION 84 3.2.2.1 NUMBER MARKING 84 3.2.2.2 QUANTIFIERS 85 3.2.2.2.1 NUMBERS 85 3.2.2.2.1.1 NUMERALS AND COMPLEX NUMBER FORMS 85 3.2.2.2.1.2 ADNOMINAL NUMERIC QUANTIFIERS 87 3.2.2.2.1.3 ORDINAL NUMBERS 87 3.2.2.2.1.4 CARDINAL NUMBERS 89 3.2.2.2.1.5 SMALL INDETERMINATE NUMBER SPECIFICATION 90 3.2.2.2.1.6 A LEXICALIZED PHRASE 91 3.2.2.2.2 NON-NUMERICAL QUANTIFIERS 91 3.2.2.2.2.1 HUGRU ALL 91 3.2.2.2.2.2 LEGU AND LE~LEGU EVERY 91 3.2.2.3 MULTITUDE MARKERS TEHI AND TOGA-TEHI 92 3.2.2.4 GUDU EXHAUSTIVE 93 IX 3.2.3 ADJECTIVES 94 3.2.3.1 FORMALLY UNDERIVED ADJECTIVES 95 3.2.3.1.1 MATA BUSH 95 3.2.3.1.2 OHAI TAME 96 3.2.3.1.3 TOVE OLD 96 3.2.3.2 POSSESSOR-INDEXED ADJECTIVAL FORMS 97 3.2.3.2.1 GENDER 97 3.2.3.2.2 ALIVE AND DEAD 98 3.2.3.2.3 FOFORU=NA NEW 98 3.2.3.2.4 KENU=NA FIRST 99 3.3 STRUCTURE OF NOUN PHRASES WITH COMMON NOUN HEAD 99 3.3.1 NP CORE 100 3.3.1.1 PRE-HEAD CORE MODIFIERS 100 3.3.1.2 POST-HEAD CORE MODIFIERS 100 3.3.1.2.1 NOUNS AS POST-HEAD CORE MODIFIER 100 3.3.1.2.2 PERSONAL NAME CORE MODIFIERS , 102 3.3.1.2.3 LOCATION NAME CORE MODIFIERS 103 3.3.1.2.4 LOCAL NOUNS AS CORE MODIFIERS 103 3.3.1.2.5 STATIVE VERB CORE MODIFIERS 103 3.3.1.2.6 ADJECTIVES 104 3.3.1.2.7 REFLEXIVE CORE MODIFIERS 104 3.3.1.3 DIRECT POSSESSOR-INDEXING 104 3.3.1.4 NP CORE STRUCTURE 105 3.3.2 NP NON-CORE MODIFIER STRUCTURE 105 3.3.2.1 PRE-CORE MODIFIER STRUCTURE 105 3.3.2.2 POST-CORE MODIFIERS 106 3.3.2.2.1 POST-CORE OUTER MODIFIERS 106 3.3.2.2.2 POSSESSOR COMPLEMENT 107 3.3.2.2.3 ADNOMINAL ADJUNCTS 108 3.3.2.2.3.1 ADNOMINAL PREPOSITIONAL ADJUNCTS 108 3.3.2.2.3.2 DEICTIC LOCATIVES AS ADNOMINAL ADJUNCT 109 3.3.2.2.3.3 LOCATION NAMES AS ADNOMINAL ADJUNCT 109 3.3.2.2.3.4 LOCAL NOUN ADJUNCTS 109 3.3.2.2.3.5 PERSONAL NAME ADJUNCTS 110 3.3.2.2.3.6 RELATIVE CLAUSES 110 3.3.2.2.4 POST-CORE MODIFIER STRUCTURE 112 3.3.3 MULTIPLE HEAD NPS 112 3.3.4 SUMMARY OF NP STRUCTURE 113 3.4 MINOR NP TYPES 114 14 14 15 15 15 3.4.1 NPS WITH PRONOMINAL HEADS . 3.4.1.1 PRONOMINAL HEAD 3.4.1.2 PRONOMINAL NUMBER SPECIFICATION 3.4.1.3 EXHAUSTIVE MARKING 3.4.1.4 NP SPECIFICATION OF PRONOUNS 3.4.1.5 PERSONAL NAME SPECIFICATION OF PRONOUNS 116 3.4.1.6 LOCATIVE SPECIFICATION OF PRONOUNS 117 3.4.1.7 NPP R O STRUCTURE 117 3.4.2 INDIRECT POSSESSOR-INDEXING NPS 117 3.4.2.1 INDIRECT POSSESSOR-INDEXING HOST AS HEAD 117 3.4.2.2 NPPOSS STRUCTURE 119 3.4.3 NPS WITH REFLEXIVE HEAD 119 3.4.4 NPS WITH DEMONSTRATIVE HEAD 120 3.4.5 NPS WITH PERSONAL NAME AS HEAD 120 3.4.6 NPS WITH NUMERAL HEAD 121 3.5 NOMINAL ADJUNCT TYPES 122 CHAPTER 4: OBLIQUES AND CLAUSE-LEVEL ADJUNCTS 123 4.1 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 123 4.2 LOCATIVE ADVERBS 125 4.2.1 DEICTIC SPATIAL LOCATIVES 125 4.2.2 INDEFINITE SPATIAL LOCATIVE PROFORM HAE 126 4.2.3 DEICTIC TEMPORAL LOCATIVES 127 4.3 LOCATION NAMES 129 4.4 LOCAL NOUNS 130 4.4.1 INTRINSIC AND RELATIVE LOCATIVES 130 4.4.2 ABSOLUTE LOCATIVES 134 4.5 CONTEXTUALIZER NOUNS 137 4.6 ASSOCIATIVE NOUN 139 CHAPTER 5: POSSESSION 141 5.1 OVERVIEW OF POSSESSION 141 5.2 DIRECT POSSESSOR-INDEXING 141 5.3 INDIRECT POSSESSOR-INDEXING 141 5.4 THE SEMANTICS OF KOKOTA DIRECT POSSESSION 142 5.4.1 INALIENABLY POSSESSED ITEMS 142 5.4.1.1 INALIENABLE KIN 142 5.4.1.2 PHYSICAL PART-WHOLE RELATIONSHIPS 143 5.4.1.2.1 BODY PARTS AND BODILY MATTER 143 5.4.1.2.2 BODILY STATES 144 5.4.1.2.3 INANIMATE PART-WHOLE RELATIONSHIPS 144 5.4.1.3 IMPRESSIONS OF PARTS 145 5.4.1.4 POSSESSION OF NON-PHYSICAL PARTS 145 5.4.1.5 DIVISIONS OF TIME AND STAGES IN TEMPORAL FRAMES 146 5.4.1.6 INTRINSIC CHARACTERISTICS 147 5.4.1.7 POSSESSION OF ADJECTIVES 149 5.4.1.8 POSSESSION OF LOCAL NOUNS 150 5.4.1.9 POSSESSION OF CONTEXTUALIZER AND ASSOCIATIVE NOUNS 150 5.4.1.10 POSSESSION BY LOCATION NAMES 151 5.4.1.11 POSSESSION OF EVENTS 151 5.4.2 OPTIONAL NATURE OF DIRECT POSSESSOR-INDEXING 152 5.5 THE SEMANTICS OF INDIRECT POSSESSION 153 5.5.1 POSSESSION OF CONSUMED ITEMS 153 XI 5.5.2 NON-CONSUMED INDIRECT POSSESSION 154 5.5.2.1 ALIENABLY POSSESSED KIN 154 5.5.2.2 OTHER ALIENABLY POSSESSED ITEMS 155 5.6 SEMANTIC BASES OF POSSESSIVE CATEGORIES 155 5.6.1 VARIABILITY IN POSSESSOR-INDEXING CHOICE 155 5.6.2 SYSTEMATIC VARIATION BETWEEN POSSESSOR-INDEXING STRATEGIES 156 5.6.2.1 CONSUMED AND GENERAL INDIRECT POSSESSIVE VARIATION 156 5.6.2.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT POSSESSIVE VARIATION 157 5.6.2.2.1 INTRINSIC CHARACTERISTICS POSSESSABLE BY OTHERS 157 5.6.2.2.2 INTRINSIC WAYS AND TEMPORARY PLANS 159 5.6.2.2.3 POSSESSION OF CHILDREN 159 5.6.2.2.4 MULTIPLE POSSESSOR-INDEXING 160 5.6.3 INDEXING VARIATION WITHOUT APPARENT CONTEXTUAL VARIATION 160 5.6.3.1 VARIABLE POSSESSION IN HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS 160 5.6.3.2 NON-INTRINSIC CHARACTERISTICS 160 5.7 PSEUDO-LOCATIVE POSSESSION 162 5.7.1 PSEUDO-LOCATIVE POSSESSION BY PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE 162 5.7.2 PSEUDO-LOCATIVE POSSESSION BY LOCATION NAME 164 5.8 ZERO MARKED POSSESSION WITHIN PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 164 5.9 POSSESSOR-INDEXED NP STRUCTURE 165 5.9.1 HEADS AND ADJUNCTS IN POSSESSOR-INDEXED NPS 165 5.9.2 POSSESSOR AS COMPLEMENT... 166 5.9.3 RECURSION 167 5.10 PREDICATIVE POSSESSION 168 5.10.1 NONVERBAL PREDICATIVE POSSESSION 168 5.10.2 VERBS OF POSSESSION 168 5.11 POSSESSIVE MARKING IN THE VERB COMPLEX 169 CHAPTER 6: ARGUMENT STRUCTURE 171 6.1 ARGUMENT-INDEXING 171 6.1.1 ARGUMENT ROLE HIERARCHY 171 6.1.2 ARGUMENT AGREEMENT INDEXING 172 6.1.2.1 PREVERBAL AGREEMENT 173 6.1.2.2 POSTVERBAL AGREEMENT 173 6.1.2.2.1 POSTVERBAL AGREEMENT ALLOMORPHY 173 6.1.2.2.2 POSTVERBAL AGREEMENT AS CLITIC 175 6.1.3 THE ASSIGNMENT OF AGREEMENT 176 6.1.3.1 AGREEMENT ASSIGNMENT MAPPING 177 6.1.3.1.1 MONOVALENT VERBS 177 6.1.3.1.2 BIVALENT VERBS 178 6.1.3.1.3 TRIVALENT VERBS 180 6.1.3.2 MIDDLE VOICE: COREFERENTIAL INDEXING 182 6.1.3.2.1 INVOLUNTARY BODILY ACTIONS 182 6.1.3.2.2 VERBS OF ILLNESS 184 6.1.3.2.3 NEGATIVE SENSORY STATES 185 6.1.3.2.4 VERBS OF POSSESSION 187 XLL 6.1.3.2.5 VERBS OF PLEASURE AND DISPLEASURE 189 6.2 PERMISSIBLE SUBJECT ROLES 190 6.3 VALENCY ALTERATION 192 6.3.1 VALENCY ALTERING REDUPLICATION 192 6.3.1.1 VALENCY REDUCING REDUPLICATION 192 6.3.1.1.1 UNERGATIVE DERIVATION 192 6.3.1.1.2 UNACCUSATIVE DERIVATION 193 6.3.1.2 VALENCY AUGMENTING REDUPLICATION 194 6.3.2 VALENCY AUGMENTATION BY THE TRANSITIVIZING SUFFIX 194 6.3.2.1 ARGUMENTS INTRODUCED BY THE TRANSITIVIZING SUFFIX 197 6.3.2.1.1 AUGMENTATION OF UNERGATIVE VERBS 197 6.3.2.1.2 AUGMENTATION OF UNACCUSATIVE VERBS 198 6.3.3 VALENCY AUGMENTATION BY CAUSATIVE MARKING 199 6.3.3.1 CAUSATIVE MARKING OF MONOVALENT STATIVE VERBS 200 6.3.3.2 CAUSATIVE MARKING OF MONOVALENT ACTIVE VERBS 201 6.3.3.3 CAUSATIVE MARKING RESTRICTION TO MONOVALENT VERBS 202 6.4 INCORPORATION 203 6.4.1 INCORPORATING VERB FORMS . 20 3 6.4.2 INCORPORATED NOMINALS 204 6.4.3 STRUCTURE OF INCORPORATING VERB COMPLEXES 205 6.4.4 OBJECT-INDEXING ON INCORPORATING VERB COMPLEXES 206 6.5 VERB SERIALIZATION 207 6.5.1 V,+V 2 SERIES 207 6.5.2 V 2 + V 3 SERIES 210 6.5.3 THREE-VERB SERIES 212 6.5.4 THE ARGUMENT STRUCTURE OF SERIAL PREDICATIONS 213 6.6 EXISTENTIAL PREDICATIONS 214 6.6.1 POSITIVE EXISTENTIAL VERB AU 214 6.6.2 NEGATIVE EXISTENTIAL VERB TEO 216 6.6.3 STRUCTURE OF EXISTENTIAL CLAUSES 217 6.6.4 CAUSATIVIZED EXISTENTIAL VERBS 217 6.6.5 TEO AS A VERB PROFORM 218 6.7 ADJUNCTS 219 6.7.1 THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE 219 6.7.1.1 SPATIAL LOCATIVES 219 6.7.1.2 SOURCE AND GOAL 221 6.7.1.3 TEMPORAL LOCATIVES 225 6.7.1.4 CAUSE 225 6.7.1.5 INSTRUMENT 227 6.7.1.6 BENEFACTIVE 228 6.7.1.7 COMITATIVE 228 6.7.2 OTHER ADJUNCT TYPES 230 6.7.2.1 DEICTICS AND LOCAL NOUNS 230 6.7.2.2 LOCATION NAMES 231 6.7.2.3 CONTEXTUALIZER AND ASSOCIATIVE NOUNS 232 XIN CHAPTER 7: THE VERB COMPLEX 233 7.1 OVERVIEW OF VERB COMPLEX 233 7.2 VERB DERIVATION 233 7.2.1 VERB COMPOUNDING 233 7.2.2 REDUPLICATED VERBS 233 7.2.3 CAUSATIVE DERIVATION 234 7.2.4 DERIVATION WITH THE RECIPROCAL MARKER FARI 234 7.2.5 COMPARATIVE SUFFIX -IA ~ -A 234 7.3 CAUSATIVE AND RECIPROCAL MARKING 237 7.4 ADVERBIAL-LIKE FUNCTIONS OF VERB SERIALIZATION 238 7.5 PRE-HEAD VERB MODIFIERS 240 7.5.1 MODALITY, ASPECT, AND TENSE OVERVIEW 240 7.5.2 MODAL/SUBJECT PARTICLES 240 7.5.2.1 MODAL/SUBJECT PARTICLE FORMS AND STRUCTURE 240 7.5.2.2 MODAL AND SUBJECT AGREEMENT FORMS 240 7.5.2.3 MODAL CATEGORIES ; 241 7.5.2.3.1 IRREALIS 241 7.5.2.3.2 REALIS 242 7.5.2.3.3 NEUTRAL 243 7.5.2.4 COMPETING PARTICLES UNMARKED FOR SUBJECT 245 7.5.2.5 MODAL/SUBJECT PARTICLE DELETION 247 7.5.2.6 NEGATIVE MARKER TI. 247 7.5.2.7 PERFECTIVE ASPECT MARKER KE 247 7.5.2.8 PRESENT TENSE MARKER GE 249 7.5.3 ABILITATIVE BOKA BE ABLE TO 250 7.5.4 DESIDERATIVES 251 7.5.4.1 DESIDERATIVE VERB MANAHAGI 251 7.5.4.2 DESIDERATIVE MARKER GROI 253 7.5.4.3 GENERAL POSSESSOR-INDEXING HOST AS PREVERBAL DESIDERATIVE MODIFIER 253 7.5.5 UNITATIVE KAIKE 256 7.5.6 PURPOSIVE MALA 256 7.5.7 TORAI DEFINITELY 257 7.5.8 FUTURE TENSE MARKER GINAI 258 7.5.9 FREQUENCY MARKERS/A/H AND TUMA 259 7.6 POST-HEAD MODIFIERS AND AGREEMENT MARKERS 260 7.6.1 POSSESSOR-INDEXING HOST AS POST-HEAD IMMEDIACY MARKER 260 7.6.2 TRANSITIVIZING SUFFIX 264 7.6.3 POSTVERBAL ARGUMENT-INDEXING 264 7.6.4 DEMONSTRATIVE AGREEMENT ENCLITICS 264 7.6.5 INCORPORATED ARGUMENTS 265 7.6.6 CONTINUOUS MARKER =GU ~ =U 266 7.6.7 COMPLETIVE ASPECT MARKER NHIGO 267 7.6.8 FAKAMO ALWAYS 268 7.6.9 EXHAUSTIVE MARKER GUDU 268 XIV 7.6.10 INTENSIFIERG/E/JE 269 7.7 VERB COMPLEX STRUCTURE 271 7.7.1 VERB COMPLEX CORE STRUCTURE 271 7.7.2 VERB COMPLEX OUTER MODIFIER STRUCTURE 272 CHAPTER 8: CLAUSE STRUCTURE 273 8.1 VERBLESS CLAUSES 273 8.1.1 EQUATIVE PREDICATES 273 8.1.1.1 BASIC EQUATIVE CLAUSES 273 8.1.1.2 POSSESSION OF PREDICATE BY SUBJECT 274 8.1.1.3 SUBJECT-PREDICATE CONSTITUENT ORDER IN EQUATIVE CLAUSES 274 8.1.1.4 EQUATIVE CLAUSE INFORMATION WEIGHTING 275 8.1.1.5 TELLING THE TIME 275 8.1.1.6 EQUATIVE NAMING PREDICATION 276 8.1.1.6.1 MAIN CLAUSE NAMING EQUATIVES 276 8.1.1.6.2 NAMING EQUATIVES AS RELATIVE CLAUSES 277 8.1.2 POSSESSIVE PREDICATES 277 8.2 DECLARATIVE VERBAL MAIN CLAUSES*PRAGMATICALLY UNMARKED STRUCTURE ... 278 8.2.1 PRAGMATICALLY UNMARKED CORE ARGUMENT STRUCTURE 278 8.2.2 PRAGMATICALLY UNMARKED ADJUNCT STRUCTURE 279 8.3 ZERO MENTIONS 281 8.4 TOPICALIZATION 286 8.5 FOCUSED CONSTRUCTIONS 291 8.5.1 CLAUSE FOREGROUNDING 291 8.5.1.1 CLAUSES FOREGROUNDED WITH SI 291 8.5.1.2 SI MARKING CONSTITUENTS OTHER THAN MAIN CLAUSES 292 8.5.1.3 CLAUSE-FINAL FOCUS MARKER SINI 294 8.5.1.4 SENTENCE-INITIAL EXTRA-CLAUSAL OCCURRENCE OF SINI 294 8.5.2 FOREGROUNDING OF ARGUMENTS 295 8.5.2.1 FOCUSED FORMS 295 8.5.2.2 FOCUS AND CONSTITUENT MODIFIERS 296 8.5.2.3 FOCUSED DUMMY ARGUMENT =IA 297 8.5.2.4 FOCUS POLITENESS IN IMPERATIVES 298 8.5.2.5 FOCUS MARKING IN EQUATIVE AND POSSESSIVE PREDICATES 298 8.6 ADJUNCTS . 299 8.6.1 CONTEXTUAL ADJUNCTS 299 8.6.2 LOCATIVE AND ASSOCIATIVE ADJUNCTS 301 8.6.2.1 LOCATIVES AND ASSOCIATIVES AS OUTERMOST ADJUNCTS 301 8.6.2.2 NON-OUTERMOST LOCATIVES AND ASSOCIATIVES 303 8.6.2.3 ORDER OF MULTIPLE ADJUNCTS 304 8.7 NEGATION 307 8.7.1 NEGATION BY THE NEGATIVE PARTICLE // 308 8.7.2 SUBORDINATING NEGATION 310 8.7.3 NEGATION AND MODALITY 313 8.8 CONSTITUENT MODIFIERS 313 8.8.1 BA ALTERNATIV E MARKER 314 XV 8.8.2 BO CONTRASTIVE 318 8.8.3 BLA(U) LIMITER 321 8.8.4 BAI(U) POSSIBILITATIVE 323 8.8.5 NA IMMEDIACY PARTICLE 324 8.8.6 FEA INITIALLY 327 8.8.7 THE PARTICLE LA 328 8.9 VOCATIVE PARTICLE NOGOI ~ GOI 329 CHAPTER 9: IMPERATIVES AND INTERROGATION 331 9.1 IMPERATIVE CLAUSES 331 9.1.1 POSITIVE IMPERATIVES 331 9.1.2 NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES 332 9.1.3 POLITENESS IN IMPERATIVES 333 9.2 INTERROGATION 333 9.2.1 POLAR AND OPTION INTERROGATIVES 333 9.2.2 CONSTITUENT INTERROGATIVES 335 9.2.2.1 IDENTITY INTERROGATION 335 9.2.2.1.1 HEI WHO 335 9.2.2.1.2 HEVE WHAT (REFERRING TO PARTICIPANTS) 337 9.2.2.1.3 NIHA- WHEN 338 9.2.2.1.4 HAE WHERE 340 9.2.2.2 EVENT IDENTIFICATION 342 9.2.2.3 SUPPLEMENTARY DETAIL INTERROGATION 343 9.2.2.3.1 HEVE WHICH QUESTIONS 343 9.2.2.3.2 GELA HEVE IN WHAT MANNER/TO WHAT EXTENT QUESTIONS 344 9.2.2.3.3 NIHA HOW MANY/MUCH QUESTIONS 345 9.2.3 CONTEXTUAL INTERROGATION 346 9.2.3.1 MANNER QUESTIONS 346 9.2.3.2 CAUSE QUESTIONS 347 CHAPTER 10: COMPLEX SENTENCES 349 10.1 COORDINATION 349 10.1.1 PARTICLES GE AND AGE 349 10.1.1.1 GE AND AGE AS CLAUSE SEQUENCING PARTICLES 349 10.1.1.2 GE AS A SUB-CLAUSE LEVEL CONJUNCTION 353 10.1.2 CONTRASTIVE CONJUNCTION NA 354 10.1.3 ZERO CONJUNCTION 355 10.1.4 N-E=U IT IS THUS AS CONJUNCTION 356 10.1.5 PRESENTATION OF ALTERNATIVES 358 10.2 SUBORDINATION 358 10.2.1 REALIS VERSUS IRREALIS SUBORDINATION 359 10.2.2 CONSTITUENT ORDERS IN RELATIVE AND COMPLEMENT CLAUSES 364 10.2.2.1 TOPICALIZATION IN RELATIVE AND COMPLEMENT CLAUSES 364 10.2.2.2 FOCUS IN RELATIVE AND COMPLEMENT CLAUSES 365 10.2.3 RELATIVE CLAUSES 366 10.2.3.1 MAIN CLAUSE ARGUMENTS MODIFIED 366 10.2.3.2 RELATIVE CLAUSE ARGUMENT ROLES 367 XVI 10.2.3.3 RELATIVE CLAUSE ARGUMENT ROLE TENDENCIES 369 10.2.3.4 RELATIVE CLAUSE STRUCTURE 369 10.2.3.5 RELATIVE CLAUSE RECURSION 371 10.2.3.6 RELATIVE CLAUSE DEMONSTRATIVE ENCLITICS 371 10.2.4 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES AS ARGUMENTS 373 10.2.4.1 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES AS SUBJECTS 373 10.2.4.2 COMPLEMENT CLAUSES 374 10.2.4.2.1 COMPLEMENT CLAUSE GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS AND INTERCLAUSAL ARGUMENT COREFERENCE 374 10.2.4.2.2 MAIN CLAUSE POSITION OF COMPLEMENT CLAUSES 378 10.2.4.3 NOMINALIZED CLAUSES AS ADJUNCTS 378 10.2.4.4 SUBORDINATE CLAUSE RECURSION 379 10.2.5 ADVERBIAL SUBORDINATION 380 10.2.5.1 CONTEXTUAL CLAUSES 380 10.2.5.1.1 ZERO-MARKED CONTEXTUAL CLAUSES 380 10.2.5.1.2 CONTEXTUAL CLAUSES GOVERNED BY CONTEXTUALIZER NOUNS.... 380 10.2.5.2 TEMPORAL ADJUNCTS GOVERNED BY LOCAL NOUNS 383 10.2.5.3 TEMPORAL ADJUNCTS GOVERNED BY GILAI UNTIL 385 10.2.5.4 AFFECTIVE CLAUSES 386 10.2.6 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 386 10.2.7 PURPOSIVE SUBORDINATE CLAUSES 390 10.2.7.1 MAIN CLAUSE POSSIBILITIES OF PURPOSIVE SUBORDINATES 390 10.2.7.2 MODAL AND TENSE/ASPECT STATUS OF PURPOSIVE SUBORDINATES.:.... 391 10.2.7.3 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PURPOSIVE SUBORDINATES 393 10.3 RECAPPING 395 10.3.1 DEMONSTRATIVE RECAPPING 395 10.3.2 OBLIQUE DEMONSTRATIVE RECAPPING 396 10.3.3 REDUCED CLAUSE RECAPPING 397 10.3.4 COMPLETION CLAUSE RECAPPING 398 10.4 BE THUS CLAUSES 400 10.4.1 EXCLAMATORY TAG CLAUSES 400 10.4.2 SENTENCE-INITIAL BE THUS CLAUSES 403 10.4.3 QUOTATIVE BE THUS CLAUSES 404 APPENDIX: ILLUSTRATIVE TEXT 407 REFERENCES 415 INDEX 417 XVI1
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spelling	Palmer, Bill Verfasser aut Kokota grammar Bill Palmer Honolulu Univ. of Hawaiʿi Press 2009 XXI, 422 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oceanic linguistics special publication 35 Includes bibliographical references and index Kokota (taal) gtt Grammatik Kokota language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Kokota (DE-588)7655300-0 gnd rswk-swf Kokota (DE-588)7655300-0 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Oceanic linguistics special publication 35 (DE-604)BV000003366 35 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017025891&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Palmer, Bill Kokota grammar Oceanic linguistics special publication Kokota (taal) gtt Grammatik Kokota language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Kokota (DE-588)7655300-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)7655300-0
title	Kokota grammar
title_auth	Kokota grammar
title_exact_search	Kokota grammar
title_full	Kokota grammar Bill Palmer
title_fullStr	Kokota grammar Bill Palmer
title_full_unstemmed	Kokota grammar Bill Palmer
title_short	Kokota grammar
title_sort	kokota grammar
topic	Kokota (taal) gtt Grammatik Kokota language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Kokota (DE-588)7655300-0 gnd
topic_facet	Kokota (taal) Grammatik Kokota language Grammar Kokota
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017025891&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV000003366
work_keys_str_mv	AT palmerbill kokotagrammar

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