The ancient Indus: urbanism, economy, and society
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2010
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Series: | Case studies in early societies
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 396 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780521572194 9780521576529 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The ancient Indus |b urbanism, economy, and society |c Rita P. Wright |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 396 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Case studies in early societies | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Indus civilization | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804138464725172224 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: The ancient Indus
Autor: Wright, Rita P.
Jahr: 2010
Contents
List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes page xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 A Long-Forgotten Civilization 1
A Civilization Rediscovered 4
Reconstructing a Long-Forgotten Civilization 11
Perspectives on Civilizations 15
Theoretical Perspective 19
The Indus Civilization: Chronologies of Indus
Antecedents, Coalescence, Decline,
and Transformations 21
Rethinking Perspectives on the Indus Civilization 23
2 Geographical and Environmental Settings 25
Factors to Consider in Assessing Differences
between Past and Present 26
Geography and Climate Today 27
Geographical Setting 27
Climate 28
Climate Change Before, During, and After Peak
Periods of Settlement 29
The Indus in the Past - Documenting Landscape
and River System Dynamics 33
The Upper and Lower Indus 33
The Ghaggar-Hakra 37
The Ganges-Yamuna 38
New Solutions and Perspectives on Climate Change 38
Conclusions 44
3 From Foraging to Farming and Pastoralism 45
From Hunting and Gathering to Farming 48
Focus on Mehrgarh -The Choice of a Site and
the Establishment of a Chronology7 51
Contents
A First Village (7000-4000 B.C.) 54
Subsistence 56
Architecture 57
Burial Patterns 58
Material Culture and Technology 59
External Contacts 63
Summary - Period I/II 63
Villages at the Crossroads (4000-3200 B.C.) 64
Subsistence 65
Architecture 65
Burial Patterns 66
Material Culture and Technology 67
External Contacts 70
Summary - Period III 70
A Mosaic of Villages and Towns (3200-2500 B.C.) 71
Subsistence 71
Architecture 72
Burial Patterns 73
Material Culture and Technology 74
External Contacts 75
Summary - Period IVATI 76
Settling Down: The Domestication of Plants and
Animals, the Development of a Village
Farming Community into a Sizable Town, and
Expanded Interaction 76
An Era of Expansion and Transformation 79
An Age of Emerging Polities 80
Upper Indus - Harappa Excavations and the
Pre-urban Period 81
Upper Indus - Ravi Phase 83
Upper Indus - Early Harappan/Kot Diji Phase 87
Upper Indus Regional Surveys Near Harappa 89
The Ghaggar-Hakra - Cholistan Survey 91
The Ghaggar-Hakra Plains - Hakra Phase 92
Ghaggar-Hakra Plains - Early Harappan/
Kot Diji Phase 93
Ghaggar-Hakra Settlements in Northwest India 95
Expansion of Settlements in the Upper Indus
and Ghaggar-Hakra Plains 96
The Lower Indus Valley 96
Lower Indus Valley - Hakra and Kot Diji Phases 97
Contents ix
Lower Indus Valley - Amri Phase 99
Expansion of Settlement in the Lower Indus 100
Beyond the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra
Plains - Baluchistan 100
Pre-urban Ecological and Settlement Diversity 102
Urbanism and States: Cities, Regions, and Edge Zones 106
Indus Cities and States -The First Urban Climax 107
Indus Cities 110
City Plans and Physical Layouts 115
Nonresidential Structures 117
Public Works 122
Walls and Separated Sectors (Neighborhoods) 124
City Plans and Physical Layouts Summarized -
Nonresidential Structures, Public Works,
Walls, and Neighborhoods 126
City and Countryside 127
The Upper Indus and Beas Regional
Surveys near Harappa 127
The Ghaggar-Hakra Plain - Cholistan
Regional Surveys 131
Ghaggar-Hakra Plain - Northwest
India 133
The Lower Indus Regional Surveys 134
Interpreting the Evidence for Indus Cities,
City-States, and Regional Surveys 136
Urbanism at Its Margins, Gateway Towns
and Edge Zones 138
Uniformity and Diversity - Cities, Regions
and Edge Zones 142
Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economies I -
Intensification and Specialization 145
Craft Production 148
Craft Production and Intensification 148
Craft Production and Specialization - Resource
Availability and Selection, Technical Skills,
and Specialized Production 152
Ceramic Production 153
Stoneware Bangle Production 158
Seal Production 160
Intensification and Specialization of Craft
Production 166
Contents
Agropastoral Production 166
Agriculture and Intensification 166
Specialization of Cropping Patterns and Regional
Diversity 169
Pastoralism and Intensification 170
Pastoralism - Specialization and Regional Diversity 173
Continued Use of Wild Plants and Animals -
Foraging and Fishing 174
Specialization and Intensification of the Agropastoral
and Craft-Producing Economy 176
Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economies II -
Diversification, Organization of Production, and
Distribution 179
Diversification and the Organization of Production,
Distribution, and Exchange 180
Diversified Crafts and the Organization of Craft
Production 182
Seal Production 183
Ceramic Production 187
Stoneware Bangle Production 188
The Diversification and Organization of Production -
Seals, Ceramics, and Stoneware Bangles 188
Diversification of Raw Materials and Finished Products -
The Organization of Interregional Exchange 189
Chert 189
Lapis Lazuli 193
Carnelian, Chalcedony, Agate, and Jasper 194
Limestone 195
Precious Metals - Copper, Gold, Lead, Silver, and Tin 196
Shell 198
Steatite 200
Diversification of Craft Production, Organization,
and Distribution 201
Diversification of Land, Labor, and the Organization
of Agropastoral Production 203
Diversification of Farming - Multicropping, Plow
Agriculture, Crop Processing, Fiber Crops, and
Aboriculture 203
Diversification of Pastoralism - Specialized Breeds,
Food and Fiber, Animal Provisioning, Mobility,
and the Organization of Production 207
Contents xi
The Organization of Interregional Exchange of Plant
and Animal Products 210
Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economies -
Intensification, Specialization, Diversification,
and the Organization of Production and
Distribution 212
8 The Lure of Distant Lands 215
The Lure of Distant Lands - Dilmun, Magan,
andMeluhha 215
Mapping the Third Millennium B.C. 216
Indus and Mesopotamian Contact by Sea and Over
Land -Texts and Archaeology 221
Indus Contact beyond Mesopotamia - By Sea
and Over Land 225
Indus Contacts along Maritime Routes 225
Indus Contacts along Overland Routes 228
The Indus and an Interconnected Third -
Millennium World 230
9 Landscapes of Order and Difference - The Cultural
Construction of Space, Place, and Social Difference 233
Landscapes as Community Identity - Mohenjo-daro,
Dholavira, and Harappa 235
Landscapes as Social Order 242
Space and Public Works 242
Interior Spaces and Social Differences 248
Landscapes and Memory 262
The R37 Cemetery and Cemetery H at Harappa 263
The Cemetery at Kalibangan 267
Human Remains at Mohenjo-daro 268
Death and Memory in the Indus 269
Community Identity, Social Order, and Memory 271
10 Models for Indus Religious Ideologies 274
Direct Historical Analogies and the Study of
Indus Religion 275
Identifying Ceremonial Places 275
Terracotta Masks, Figurines, and Narrative Imagery 277
New Approaches to Uncovering Indus Ideologies 282
Comparative Study of Early Civilizations 282
Alternative Visions - Masks and Figurines 284
Terracotta Masks 285
xii Contents
Terracotta Figurines 285
Alternative Visions - Seal and Tablet
Narrative Imagery 288
Themes and Motifs in Indus Narrative Imagery 290
Decoding Indus Narrative 293
Cross-Cultural Comparisons 297
Mesopotamian Seal Imagery 297
Iranian Seal Imagery 299
Rethinking Indus Religion and World Views. Shared
Vocabularies, Modes of Presentation
and Systems of Thought 301
An Indus Pantheon, Elements of Order, and
Conceptions of Power and Hierarchy 303
11 The Decline and Transformation and the Comparative
Study of Early States 308
The Decline and Transformation of the Indus 309
Causes of a General Nature 312
Environmental Changes - Climate, Precipitation,
and River Courses 312
Massacres and Aryan Invasions 313
Disruptions and Changes in Intercultural Trade 314
Shifting Regional Histories, Transformations,
and Decline - Causes of a Local Nature 315
Upper Indus (Cemetery H/Late Harappan) 315
Lower Indus - Late Harappan and Jhukar Styles 316
Post-urban/Late Harappan: The Ghaggar-Hakra
(Cholistan and Northwest India) 317
Post-urban/Late Harappan - Kutch, Gujarat,
and Sorath Harappan 318
Borderland Regions - Afghanistan and Baluchistan
(West and Southern Margins) 320
Collapse, Transition, or Transformation - Culture
Traits and Political Structure 320
Cycles of Change or Breakdown of Society 324
The Indus Civilization in Comparative Perspective 325
The Harappan Economy and Society7 326
Indus Urbanism and City-States 330
Notes 339
Bibliography 345
Index 385
List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes
Figures
1.1 Ancient states in the Near East and South Asia page 2
1.2 Sites referred to in the text 3
1.3 Major Clark s seal from Harappa reported by Alexander
Cunningham 7
1.4 The Priest F^ing statue from Mohenjo-daro 13
1.5 George Dales, director of the Harappa Archaeological
Research Project (1986-1991) and Donna Strahan, site
conservator 15
1.6 Houses and streets at Mohenjo-daro 17
2.1 Declassified corona satellite image showing traces of
the now dry Beas River and relief channels 35
2.2 The Jacobabad course and approximate coastline~l 0,000
to 4,000 years b.p. 36
2.3 The Sindhu Nadi and Nara Nadi and approximate
coastline-4,000 to 2,000 years B.C. (-6,000 to
4,000 years b.p.) 36
2.4 Modeled seasonal precipitation history, Sahiwal, Pakistan
(near Harappa) 42
2.5 Modeled annual discharge history, Beas River at
Mandi Plain 42
3.1 Map of Baluchistan and neighboring regions showing
trade routes 46
3.2 Grinding slabs from the Quetta Valley, Damb Sadaat 50
3.3 Mehrgarh plan with designated site grid 52
3.4 Architectural structures and burials at Mehrgarh
in designated periods 55
3.5 Grave goods from Grave 114 at Mehrgarh 59
3.6 Human figurines from the site of Mehrgarh 61
3.7 Togau and Faiz Mohammad ceramics from the site
ofMerhgarh 68
xiv List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes
4.1 Site plan of Harappa (2001) 82
4.2 Contemporary pottery styles from Harappa and Cholistan 84
4.3 Small finds from Ravi and Kot Diji levels at Harappa 86
4.4 Examples of Kot Diji pottery 88
4.5 Upper Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra settlement patterns
in Pre-urban period 90
4.6 Lower Indus settlement patterns in Pre-urban period 98
5.1 Comparison of decorative motifs and surface
treatments of ceramics 109
5.2 Mohenjo-daro site plan 111
5.3 Site plan of HRA-B at Mohenjo-daro 112-113
5.4 Plan of the site of Dholavira 116
5.5 Circular platforms at Harappa 120
5.6 Granary at the site of Harappa 121
5.7 Harappan well from Mound AB at Harappa 123
5.8 Mudbrick wall on the south side of Mound E at Harappa 125
5.9 Upper Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra settlement patterns
in the Urban period 128
5.10 Site plan ofVainiwal from Beas landscape and
setdement survey 130
5.11 Seal impression on pointed base goblet from Lahoma
LalTibba 131
5.12 Lower Indus settlement patterns in the Urban period 135
6.1 Harappan ornaments produced from different materials
and production technologies 150
6.2 Reconstruction of Carnelian bead production 151
6.3 Carnelian and faience beads from Harappa 152
6.4 Pseudomorph of jute cloth from Harappa 153
6.5 Black slipped storage jar from Harappa with inscription 154
6.6 Three different kiln types 155
6.7 Double-chambered kiln from Mound E at Harappa 156
6.8 Harappan pottery showing different textures and designs 157
6.9 Firing system of stoneware bangles 159
6.10 Seals and sealings from Harappa 161
6.11 Head and cage patterns on Harappan seals 165
6.12 Forested area at Harappa 175
7.1 Seals and tablets from Harappa with the same script
sequence 183
7.2 Map showing distribution of natural resources 190
7.3 Chert weights from Harappa 191
7.4 The Kokcha River in northeastern Afghanistan near the
Lapis Lazuli mine in Badakshan 193
List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes xv
7.5 Metal objects from Harappa and Mohenjo-daro 197
7.6 Axes of relative value 202
7.7 Modern cart driven by Zebu cattle 208
8.1 Map of ancient sites in the Near East, Indus, Central Asia,
and Arabian Peninsula 217
9.1 Interior of residential structure from the SD area, Block 1
at Mohenjo-daro 238
9.2 House floor at Harappa with ceramic pots for drainage 239
9.3 Great bath at Mohenjo-daro 239
9.4 Residential structure at Mohenjo-daro 243
9.5 Side street at Mohenjo-daro 243
9.6 Two house models from Mohenjo-daro 244
9.7 Plan of houses at HR-A, Mohenjo-daro 247
9.8 Location of statuary and hoards from Mohenjo-daro 252
9.9 House I/HR-A area with Indus seals 255
9.10 Weapons and tools from a hoard at Mohenjo-daro 258
9.11 Pottery from burial lot 145 at Harappa 265
9.12 Plan of burial sectors at Kalibangan 268
10.1 Terracotta mask from Harappa 278
10.2 Animal and human figurines from Harappa 278
10.3 Narrative image of seated deity 279
10.4 Narrative image from Mohenjo-daro and
Kalibangan 291
10.5 Narrative imagery from Harappa 292
10.6 A narrative image of processing deities from
Mohenjo-daro 293
10.7 Cylinder seal impressions from Mesopotamia 298
10.8 Narrative imagery from Southeastern Iran 300
11.1 Locations of regions referred to in text 311
11.2 Post-urban/Late Harappan settlement patterns in the
Upper Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra 316
Tables
1.1 Generalized Chronology 22
3.1 Summary of Chronology and Occupations at Mehrgarh 54
3.2 Percentages of Types of Grave Goods in Period III by
Age and Sex 66
4.1 Pre-urban Ceramics and Regional Equivalences 85
4.2 Site Size Categories - Hakra Phase, Cholistan Survey 93
4.3 Site Size Categories - Kot Diji Phase, Cholistan Survey 94
xvi List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes
4.4 Functional Categories - Kot Diji and Hakra Phases,
Cholistan Survey 94
5.1 Beas River Settlements and Harappa 129
5.2 Comparisons of Hakra, Early Harappan/Kot Diji,
Urban Phases in Cholistan 132
5.3 Comparison of Single-Function Sites in Cholistan 133
9.1 Total Count of Beads, HARP Excavations (1986-1990) 249
9.2 Beads Tabulated from Published Accounts of the DK-G
Area Mohenjo-daro 250
11.1 Post-urban Chronologies 310
Boxes
2.1 Climate Change and Archaeological Methods 31
2.2 The Past Climate of Harappa and Beas River Discharge:
An Archaeoclimate Model 40
3.1 How Did Humans Domesticate Plants and Animals and How
do Archaeologists Distinguish Domestic from Wild Forms? 46
3.2 Mounds and Tells 53
3.3 Pots to Cook and New Foods to Eat 60
3.4 Human Figurines at Mehrgarh 62
3.5 A New Aesthetic 69
4.1 Periods, Phases, and Other Schemes - Amri, Kot Diji,
Hakra, Ravi, Sothi-Siswal 84
5.1 Determining Contemporaneity of Pottery Styles 108
5.2 Recent Explorations at Mohenjo-daro 114
5.3 Mohenjo-daro -The Stupa and the Monastery 118
6.1 Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economies -
Intensification, Specialization, Diversification and the
Organization, of Production, Distribution, and Exchange 147
6.2 Seals and Sealing Devices 162
6.3 Archaeological Indicators of Agriculture 168
6.4 Archaeological Indicators of Animal Exploitation
in the Indus 171
7.1 Archaeological Indicators of the Organization
of Production 182
7.2 The Indus Script 185
8.1 Routes of Conquest and Trade 218
10.1 Rituals, Performances, and Stories 294
10.2 An Imagined Performance and Ritual Space 306
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Wright, Rita P. 1936- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142737887 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035208019 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
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| callnumber-raw | DS425 |
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| callnumber-sort | DS 3425 |
| callnumber-subject | DS - Asia |
| classification_rvk | NG 6440 NG 6460 NG 9840 RR 37826 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)226984820 (DE-599)BVBBV035208019 |
| dewey-full | 934 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 934 - India to 647 |
| dewey-raw | 934 |
| dewey-search | 934 |
| dewey-sort | 3934 |
| dewey-tens | 930 - History of ancient world to ca. 499 |
| discipline | Geschichte Geographie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
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| id | DE-604.BV035208019 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:28:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521572194 9780521576529 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008020090 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017014285 |
| oclc_num | 226984820 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-11 |
| physical | XIX, 396 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Case studies in early societies |
| spelling | Wright, Rita P. 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)142737887 aut The ancient Indus urbanism, economy, and society Rita P. Wright 1. publ. New York [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2010 XIX, 396 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Case studies in early societies Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Indus civilization Harappakultur (DE-588)4023410-1 gnd rswk-swf Harappakultur (DE-588)4023410-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017014285&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wright, Rita P. 1936- The ancient Indus urbanism, economy, and society Indus civilization Harappakultur (DE-588)4023410-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4023410-1 |
| title | The ancient Indus urbanism, economy, and society |
| title_auth | The ancient Indus urbanism, economy, and society |
| title_exact_search | The ancient Indus urbanism, economy, and society |
| title_full | The ancient Indus urbanism, economy, and society Rita P. Wright |
| title_fullStr | The ancient Indus urbanism, economy, and society Rita P. Wright |
| title_full_unstemmed | The ancient Indus urbanism, economy, and society Rita P. Wright |
| title_short | The ancient Indus |
| title_sort | the ancient indus urbanism economy and society |
| title_sub | urbanism, economy, and society |
| topic | Indus civilization Harappakultur (DE-588)4023410-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Indus civilization Harappakultur |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017014285&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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