Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2009
|
| Series: | Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry
63 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 369 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783540689195 9783540689225 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement |c Alan L. Kriz ; Brian A. Larkins |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 369 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry |v 63 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Corn |x Biotechnology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Corn |x Molecular genetics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Crop improvement | |
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| _version_ | 1804138343132299264 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement
Autor: Kriz, Alan L.
Jahr: 2009
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement - an
Introduction................................................ 3
Robert T. Fraley
References..................................................... 6
2 Maize Tissue Culture and Transformation: The First 20 Years...... 7
Todd J. Jones
2.1 Introduction.............................................. 7
2.2 Maize Plant Regeneration Systems........................... 8
2.2.1 Somatic Embryogenesis in Maize.................... 8
2.2.2 Organogenesis in Maize............................ 11
2.3 Maize Transformation Systems.............................. 12
2.3.1 Protoplast Transformation.......................... 13
2.3.2 Particle Bombardment (Biolistics) ................... 13
2.3.3 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation ............. 15
2.4 Selectable Marker Systems................................. 16
2.4.1 Herbicidal Selectable Markers....................... 16
2.4.2 Alternative Non-antibiotic, Non-herbicidal
Selectable Markers................................ 17
2.5 Marker-Free Transformation................................ 18
2.5.1 Co-transformation and Transgene Segregation ......... 18
2.6 Future Prospects: Bigger and Better.......................... 20
2.6.1 Homologous Recombination and Targeted Integration ... 20
2.6.2 High Molecular Weight DNA Transformation.......... 22
References..................................................... 23
viii Contents
Part II Transgenic Traits
3 Insect Resistance in Corn Through Biotechnology................ 31
Graham Head and Dannette Ward
3.1 Introduction.............................................. 31
3.2 The Nature of Bt Corn Technologies......................... 32
3.3 Adoption of Bt Corn Technologies and Their Impact on
Insecticide Use........................................... 33
3.4 The Economic Impact of Bt Corn............................ 35
3.5 The Impact of Bt Corn on Grain Quality...................... 36
3.6 The Environmental Impact of Bt Corn........................ 37
3.7 Conclusions.............................................. 38
References..................................................... 39
4 Seed Total Phosphate and Phytic Acid.......................... 41
Victor Raboy
4.1 Introduction.............................................. 41
4.2 Phytic Acid Synthesis, Breakdown and Storage................ 43
4.3 Seed Total P.............................................. 47
4.4 Conclusion............................................... 50
References..................................................... 51
5 Traits and Genes for Plant Drought Tolerance................... 55
John Mullet
5.1 Introduction.............................................. 55
5.2 Prospects for Improving Plant Stress Tolerance
Through Genetics......................................... 56
5.3 Physiological/Developmental Framework for Assessing the Role
and Potential Utility of Genes and Traits for Drought Tolerance... 58
5.4 Identification and Testing Gene/Trait Leads for
Drought Tolerance ........................................ 59
5.5 Deployment of Drought Tolerance Genes and Genotype......... 62
References..................................................... 63
6 Biotechnology Approaches to Improving Maize Nitrogen
Use Efficiency .............................................. 65
Stephen Moose and Fred E. Below
6.1 The Importance of Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency and a
Biotechnology Approach................................... 65
6.2 The Biology of Maize NUE................................. 66
6.2.1 N Uptake and Assimilation ......................... 67
6.2.2 N Transport...................................... 68
6.2.3 N Utilization by Kernels............................ 69
6.2.4 Regulation of N-Associated Processes................ 70
Contents ix
6.3 Candidate Genes for Enhancing Maize NUE................... 71
6.3.1 Quantitative Trait Loci............................. 71
6.3.2 RNA Expression Profiling.......................... 72
6.3.3 Transgenes for Improving Maize NUE................ 72
6.4 Commercialization of Maize Hybrids with Improved NUE....... 73
References..................................................... 76
7 Enhancement of Amino Acid Availability in Corn Grain........... 79
Alan L. Kriz
7.1 Introduction.............................................. 79
7.2 Increased Lysine Accumulation Through Deregulation of
Metabolic Pathways....................................... 80
7.3 Modification of Corn Grain Protein Profiles................... 81
7.3.1 Distribution of Proteins in the Corn Grain............. 81
7.3.2 Zein Reduction................................... 81
7.4 Expression of Lysine-rich Proteins in Corn Grain............... 86
References..................................................... 87
8 Over-expression of Novel Proteins in Maize...................... 91
Elizabeth E. Hood and John A. Howard
8.1 Introduction.............................................. 91
8.1.1 Why Over-produce Proteins?........................ 91
8.1.2 What Do We Want in a Host for Over-production?...... 91
8.2 Expression Technology.................................... 92
8.2.1 What Is the Protein Being Expressed and How
Much is Accumulated?............................. 92
8.2.2 Protein Characteristics............................. 92
8.2.3 Molecular and Cellular Characteristics................ 93
8.2.4 General Tools to Effect Accumulation................ 96
8.3 Production............................................... 97
8.3.1 Confinement...................................... 99
8.4 Examples of Products......................................100
8.5 Future Prospects..........................................101
References.....................................................101
9 Global Regulation of Transgenic Crops......................... 107
Bruce M. Chassy
9.1 Regulatory Oversight of Transgenic Maize....................107
9.1.1 Development of a Regulatory Paradigm and Rationale... 108
9.1.2 Divergent Regulatory Approaches Around the World___109
9.2 Scientific Assessment of Risks Associated with
Transgenic Maize.........................................110
9.2.1 Description of the Event and Organisms...............113
9.2.2 Evaluation of Agricultural Hazards...................113
x Contents
9.2.3 Evaluation of Environmental Hazards.................113
9.2.4 Evaluation of Food Safety Hazards...................115
9.3 Discussion and Conclusions ................................120
References.....................................................122
Part III Breeding and Genetics
10 Doubled HapJoids...........................................127
Ming-Tang Chang and Edward H. Coe, Jr
10.1 Introduction..............................................127
10.2 History..................................................128
10.3 Methods.................................................130
10.3.1 Spontaneous Haploids..............................130
10.3.2 Genetic Induction.................................130
10.3.3 Modifications in Handling..........................131
10.3.4 Artificial Induction................................131
10.3.5 Anther Culture, Embryo Culture and
Microspore Culture................................132
10.3.6 Wide Crosses and Chromosome Elimination...........132
10.3.7 Apomixis (Parthenogenesis and/or Androgenesis)......132
10.4 Chromosome Doubling....................................133
10.4.1 Spontaneous Doubling.............................133
10.4.2 Selection for Spontaneous Doubling..................134
10.4.3 Artificial Doubling................................134
10.5 Advantages..............................................134
10.5.1 Genetic Homozygosity.............................134
10.5.2 Genetic Enrichment................................135
10.5.3 Gamete Selection..................................135
10.5.4 Gene Mutation....................................136
10.5.5 Molecular Mapping Applications....................136
10.6 Future Perspectives........................................137
References.....................................................138
11 Transposon Tagging and Reverse Genetics ...................... 143
A. Mark Settles
11.1 Introduction..............................................143
11.2 General Strategies for Transposon Tagging....................144
11.3 Directed Tagging..........................................146
11.4 Non-directed Tagging......................................149
11.5 Reverse Genetics Resources................................151
11.5.1 Single-Gene Screening Resources....................151
11.5.2 Flanking Sequence Tags and Reverse Genetics.........152
11.5.3 An Optimal Reverse Genetics Strategy?...............154
11.6 Future Perspectives........................................155
References.....................................................155
Contents xi
12 EMS Mutagenesis and Point Mutation Discovery................. 161
Clifford F. Weil and Rita-Ann Monde
12.1 Introduction..............................................161
12.2 EMS Mutagenesis.........................................161
12.3 TILLING................................................164
12.3.1 TILLING Mutagenized Lines.......................164
12.3.2 EcoTILLING.....................................166
12.4 Targeted Resequencing Using Massively Parallel Strategies:
TRUMPing TILLING .....................................168
12.5 Conclusion...............................................170
References.....................................................170
13 Applications of Linkage Disequilibrium and Association
Mapping in Maize........................................... 173
Elhan S. Ersoz, Jianming Yu, and Edward S. Buckler
13.1 Introduction..............................................173
13.2 What is Linkage Disequilibrium and How is it Related to
Association Mapping Studies...............................174
13.2.1 How to Estimate LD...............................175
13.2.2 Interpretation of LD Data...........................176
13.2.3 LD in Maize......................................177
13.3 Association Populations and Statistics........................177
13.3.1 Population Structure...............................179
13.3.2 Classic Association Populations.....................180
13.3.3 Family-Based Association Populations................181
13.3.4 Special Association Populations.....................182
13.4 False Positives and Power of Association .....................183
13.5 Phenotyping and Genotyping Strategies for
Association Testing .......................................185
13.6 Association Mapping in Crop Plants .........................187
13.7 Conclusions..............................................189
References.....................................................190
14 Maize Genetic Resources..................................... 197
Martin M. Sachs
14.1 Introduction..............................................197
14.2 Genetic Stocks ...........................................198
14.2.1 Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center
(MGCSC; GSZE).................................198
14.2.2 The Genetic Stock Collection .......................199
14.2.3 The Services Provided.............................201
14.2.4 The Value of the Stocks............................202
14.3 Other Maize Germplasm...................................203
14.3.1 The North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station
(NCRPIS; NC7)...................................203
xii Contents
14.3.2 Centra International de Mejoramiento de
Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT)...........................204
14.3.3 The National Center for Genetic Resources
Preservation (NCGRP).............................205
14.4 Conclusions..............................................205
References.....................................................206
PartlV The Corn Genome
15 The Structure of the Maize Genome............................213
Joachim Messing
15.1 Introduction..............................................213
15.2 The Gold Standard of Genome Sequence .....................214
15.3 Fractionation Methods of the Maize Genome..................215
15.4 Distribution of Methylated and Repetitive DNA in the
Maize Genome...........................................216
15.5 One Hundred Random Regions of the Maize Genome...........217
15.6 Physical Map of the Maize Genome..........................218
15.7 Evolution of Maize Chromosome Numbers....................220
15.8 Diploidization of the Maize Genome.........................220
15.9 Retrotransposition.........................................221
15.10 Chromosome Expansion and Contraction.....................222
15.11 Orthologous and Paralogous Gene Copies.....................224
15.12 Haplotype Variation.......................................225
References.....................................................227
16 Molecular Markers..........................................231
Patrick S. Schnable, An-Ping Hsia, Ling Guo, and W. Brad Barbazuk
16.1 Utility of Molecular Markers................................231
16.2 Molecular Markers........................................232
16.2.1 Detection of Polymorphisms........................232
16.2.2 SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats)....................232
16.2.3 IDPs (InDel Polymorphisms)........................233
16.2.4 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms).............233
16.3 Maize Mapping Populations................................235
16.4 Genetic Maps of Maize....................................236
16.5 Future Perspectives........................................237
References.....................................................237
17 Applied Cytogenetics........................................241
R. Kelly Dawe
17.1 Chromosome Analysis on Mitotic Chromosome by FISH........241
17.2 Histones, ChIP, Genes and Histones..........................242
17.3 Centromere Cytogenetics...................................243
17.4 Minichromosomes - Using Cytogenetics to Produce
a Better Vector............................................244
Contents xiii
17.4.1 Background......................................244
17.4.2 Efforts in Plants...................................244
17.4.3 Limitations and Outlook for Engineered
Chromosomes....................................245
References.....................................................246
18 The Wonderland of Global Expression Profiling .................251
David W. Galbraith
18.1 Introduction..............................................251
18.1.1 Some Definitions..................................251
18.1.2 Available Platforms for Global Expression Profiling.....252
18.1.3 Fractionation and Prepurification Procedures for
Complex Systems.................................255
18.1.4 The Information Content of the Maize Genome........256
18.2 Global Transcript Analysis .................................257
18.2.1 Affymetrix GeneChips.............................257
18.2.2 Microarrays Employing PCR Amplicons as Probes.....258
18.2.3 Microarrays Employing Long Oligonucleotides
as Probes ........................................259
18.2.4 Non-Microarray-Based Profiling.....................260
18.3 MicroRNA Profiling.......................................261
18.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects ...........................262
References.....................................................262
Part V Molecular Biology and Physiological Studies
19 Zein Storage Proteins........................................269
David R. Holding and Brian A. Larkins
19.1 Introduction..............................................269
19.2 Storage Proteins in the Maize Kernel.........................270
19.2.1 Embryo Proteins..................................270
19.2.2 Endosperm Proteins ...............................271
19.3 High Lysine Corn and the Development of Quality
Protein Maize............................................279
19.4 Future Perspectives........................................281
References.....................................................282
20 The Complexities of Starch Biosynthesis in Cereal Endosperms.....287
L. Curtis Hannah and Thomas Greene
20.1 Introduction..............................................287
20.2 The Starch Biosynthetic Pathway............................288
20.3 Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) ... 289
20.3.1 Subunits of AGPase ...............................289
20.3.2 Subcellular localization of AGPase...................290
xiv Contents
20.3.3 Allosteric Properties of AGPase .....................291
20.3.4 Allosteric Properties of AGPase Are Pivotal
in Controlling Starch Levels.........................292
20.4 Starch Synthases (SS)......................................293
20.4.1 Starch Synthase Isoforms...........................294
20.5 Starch Branching Enzymes (SBE)...........................295
20.6 Starch Debranching Enzymes (DBE).........................296
20.6.1 Physiological Role of DBEs.........................297
References.....................................................298
21 Development of a High Oil Trait for Maize......................303
Dale L. Val, Steven H. Schwartz, Michael R. Kerns, and Jill Deikman
21.1 Introduction..............................................303
21.2 Background..............................................304
21.2.1 Kernel Morphology and Lipid Content................304
21.2.2 Effects of Environment and Agricultural Practices on
Kernel Oil Content................................305
21.2.3 Inheritance of Oil Phenotype........................305
21.3 Breeding for High Oil .....................................306
21.3.1 High Oil Sources..................................306
21.3.2 Oil QTL Analysis.................................306
21.3.3 TopCross™ Strategy for High Oil Hybrids............308
21.3.4 Contemporary Strategies for High Oil Breeding........308
21.4 Synthesis of Oil in the Kernel...............................308
21.4.1 Synthesis and Plastid Import of the Carbon
Precursor(s) of Acetyl-CoA.........................310
21.4.2 Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA in the Plastid................312
21.4.3 Plastidial de novo Fatty Acid Synthesis...............312
21.4.4 Fatty Acid Termination, Export and Transfer
to the ER ........................................313
21.4.5 ER Membrane Glycerolipid Synthesis and Fatty
Acid Desaturation.................................314
21.4.6 Synthesis of TAG from ER Membrane Lipids..........314
21.5 Regulation of Oil Biosynthesis..............................316
21.6 Conclusions..............................................316
References.....................................................318
22 Chloroplasts................................................325
Delene J. Oldenburg and Arnold J. Bendich
22.1 Introduction..............................................325
22.2 Size, Form, and Genomic Map of cpDNA.....................326
22.2.1 Highlights of the Genome Sequence..................326
22.2.2 The Traditional Model: The Circular Form of
Maize cpDNA....................................327
22.2.3 The Revised Model: Linear and Complex Forms of
Maize cpDNA....................................328
Contents xv
22.3 Replication of cpDNA.....................................331
22.3.1 The Traditional Model: D-Loop-to-Theta-to-Rolling
Circle Replication.................................331
22.3.2 The Revised Model: OPaLI-RDR....................331
22.4 Plastid Development in Maize...............................333
22.4.1 Progressive Leaf and Plastid Development.............333
22.4.2 Changes in Genome Copy Number and cpDNA
Molecular Form ..................................334
22.4.3 Effects of Light on cpDNA .........................335
22.4.4 Genes that Influence Plastid Development
and cpDNA Levels................................336
22.4.5 Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cell-Specific Processes... 337
22.5 Strategies for Engineering the Chloroplast.....................338
22.5.1 Nuclear-Encoded Plastid-Targeted Transgenes.........338
22.5.2 Plastid-Encoded Transgenes.........................338
References.....................................................340
Part VI Biomass and Energy
23 Ethanol Production from Maize...............................347
Stefan Schwietzke, Youngmi Kim, Eduardo Ximenes,
Nathan Mosier, and Michael Ladisch
23.1 Introduction..............................................348
23.2 Maize as a Feedstock for Ethanol Production..................348
23.3 Ethanol Production from Corn Grain.........................350
23.3.1 Wet Milling......................................351
23.3.2 Dry Milling......................................353
23.3.3 Enzymes.........................................354
23.3.4 DDGS...........................................354
23.4 Ethanol Production from Corn Cob and Corn Stover............355
23.4.1 Cellulolytic Microorganisms........................357
23.4.2 Cellulolytic Enzymes..............................357
23.5 Comparison of Ethanol Yields for Conversion of Starch,
By-products, and Corn Stover...............................359
23.6 Conclusion...............................................362
References.....................................................362
Index.............................................................365
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement
Autor: Kriz, Alan L.
Jahr: 2009
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement - an
Introduction. 3
Robert T. Fraley
References. 6
2 Maize Tissue Culture and Transformation: The First 20 Years. 7
Todd J. Jones
2.1 Introduction. 7
2.2 Maize Plant Regeneration Systems. 8
2.2.1 Somatic Embryogenesis in Maize. 8
2.2.2 Organogenesis in Maize. 11
2.3 Maize Transformation Systems. 12
2.3.1 Protoplast Transformation. 13
2.3.2 Particle Bombardment (Biolistics) . 13
2.3.3 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation . 15
2.4 Selectable Marker Systems. 16
2.4.1 Herbicidal Selectable Markers. 16
2.4.2 Alternative Non-antibiotic, Non-herbicidal
Selectable Markers. 17
2.5 Marker-Free Transformation. 18
2.5.1 Co-transformation and Transgene Segregation . 18
2.6 Future Prospects: Bigger and Better. 20
2.6.1 Homologous Recombination and Targeted Integration . 20
2.6.2 High Molecular Weight DNA Transformation. 22
References. 23
viii Contents
Part II Transgenic Traits
3 Insect Resistance in Corn Through Biotechnology. 31
Graham Head and Dannette Ward
3.1 Introduction. 31
3.2 The Nature of Bt Corn Technologies. 32
3.3 Adoption of Bt Corn Technologies and Their Impact on
Insecticide Use. 33
3.4 The Economic Impact of Bt Corn. 35
3.5 The Impact of Bt Corn on Grain Quality. 36
3.6 The Environmental Impact of Bt Corn. 37
3.7 Conclusions. 38
References. 39
4 Seed Total Phosphate and Phytic Acid. 41
Victor Raboy
4.1 Introduction. 41
4.2 Phytic Acid Synthesis, Breakdown and Storage. 43
4.3 Seed Total P. 47
4.4 Conclusion. 50
References. 51
5 Traits and Genes for Plant Drought Tolerance. 55
John Mullet
5.1 Introduction. 55
5.2 Prospects for Improving Plant Stress Tolerance
Through Genetics. 56
5.3 Physiological/Developmental Framework for Assessing the Role
and Potential Utility of Genes and Traits for Drought Tolerance. 58
5.4 Identification and Testing Gene/Trait Leads for
Drought Tolerance . 59
5.5 Deployment of Drought Tolerance Genes and Genotype. 62
References. 63
6 Biotechnology Approaches to Improving Maize Nitrogen
Use Efficiency . 65
Stephen Moose and Fred E. Below
6.1 The Importance of Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency and a
Biotechnology Approach. 65
6.2 The Biology of Maize NUE. 66
6.2.1 N Uptake and Assimilation . 67
6.2.2 N Transport. 68
6.2.3 N Utilization by Kernels. 69
6.2.4 Regulation of N-Associated Processes. 70
Contents ix
6.3 Candidate Genes for Enhancing Maize NUE. 71
6.3.1 Quantitative Trait Loci. 71
6.3.2 RNA Expression Profiling. 72
6.3.3 Transgenes for Improving Maize NUE. 72
6.4 Commercialization of Maize Hybrids with Improved NUE. 73
References. 76
7 Enhancement of Amino Acid Availability in Corn Grain. 79
Alan L. Kriz
7.1 Introduction. 79
7.2 Increased Lysine Accumulation Through Deregulation of
Metabolic Pathways. 80
7.3 Modification of Corn Grain Protein Profiles. 81
7.3.1 Distribution of Proteins in the Corn Grain. 81
7.3.2 Zein Reduction. 81
7.4 Expression of Lysine-rich Proteins in Corn Grain. 86
References. 87
8 Over-expression of Novel Proteins in Maize. 91
Elizabeth E. Hood and John A. Howard
8.1 Introduction. 91
8.1.1 Why Over-produce Proteins?. 91
8.1.2 What Do We Want in a Host for Over-production?. 91
8.2 Expression Technology. 92
8.2.1 What Is the Protein Being Expressed and How
Much is Accumulated?. 92
8.2.2 Protein Characteristics. 92
8.2.3 Molecular and Cellular Characteristics. 93
8.2.4 General Tools to Effect Accumulation. 96
8.3 Production. 97
8.3.1 Confinement. 99
8.4 Examples of Products.100
8.5 Future Prospects.101
References.101
9 Global Regulation of Transgenic Crops. 107
Bruce M. Chassy
9.1 Regulatory Oversight of Transgenic Maize.107
9.1.1 Development of a Regulatory Paradigm and Rationale. 108
9.1.2 Divergent Regulatory Approaches Around the World_109
9.2 Scientific Assessment of Risks Associated with
Transgenic Maize.110
9.2.1 Description of the Event and Organisms.113
9.2.2 Evaluation of Agricultural Hazards.113
x Contents
9.2.3 Evaluation of Environmental Hazards.113
9.2.4 Evaluation of Food Safety Hazards.115
9.3 Discussion and Conclusions .120
References.122
Part III Breeding and Genetics
10 Doubled HapJoids.127
Ming-Tang Chang and Edward H. Coe, Jr
10.1 Introduction.127
10.2 History.128
10.3 Methods.130
10.3.1 Spontaneous Haploids.130
10.3.2 Genetic Induction.130
10.3.3 Modifications in Handling.131
10.3.4 Artificial Induction.131
10.3.5 Anther Culture, Embryo Culture and
Microspore Culture.132
10.3.6 Wide Crosses and Chromosome Elimination.132
10.3.7 Apomixis (Parthenogenesis and/or Androgenesis).132
10.4 Chromosome Doubling.133
10.4.1 Spontaneous Doubling.133
10.4.2 Selection for Spontaneous Doubling.134
10.4.3 Artificial Doubling.134
10.5 Advantages.134
10.5.1 Genetic Homozygosity.134
10.5.2 Genetic Enrichment.135
10.5.3 Gamete Selection.135
10.5.4 Gene Mutation.136
10.5.5 Molecular Mapping Applications.136
10.6 Future Perspectives.137
References.138
11 Transposon Tagging and Reverse Genetics . 143
A. Mark Settles
11.1 Introduction.143
11.2 General Strategies for Transposon Tagging.144
11.3 Directed Tagging.146
11.4 Non-directed Tagging.149
11.5 Reverse Genetics Resources.151
11.5.1 Single-Gene Screening Resources.151
11.5.2 Flanking Sequence Tags and Reverse Genetics.152
11.5.3 An Optimal Reverse Genetics Strategy?.154
11.6 Future Perspectives.155
References.155
Contents xi
12 EMS Mutagenesis and Point Mutation Discovery. 161
Clifford F. Weil and Rita-Ann Monde
12.1 Introduction.161
12.2 EMS Mutagenesis.161
12.3 TILLING.164
12.3.1 TILLING Mutagenized Lines.164
12.3.2 EcoTILLING.166
12.4 Targeted Resequencing Using Massively Parallel Strategies:
TRUMPing TILLING .168
12.5 Conclusion.170
References.170
13 Applications of Linkage Disequilibrium and Association
Mapping in Maize. 173
Elhan S. Ersoz, Jianming Yu, and Edward S. Buckler
13.1 Introduction.173
13.2 What is Linkage Disequilibrium and How is it Related to
Association Mapping Studies.174
13.2.1 How to Estimate LD.175
13.2.2 Interpretation of LD Data.176
13.2.3 LD in Maize.177
13.3 Association Populations and Statistics.177
13.3.1 Population Structure.179
13.3.2 Classic Association Populations.180
13.3.3 Family-Based Association Populations.181
13.3.4 Special Association Populations.182
13.4 False Positives and Power of Association .183
13.5 Phenotyping and Genotyping Strategies for
Association Testing .185
13.6 Association Mapping in Crop Plants .187
13.7 Conclusions.189
References.190
14 Maize Genetic Resources. 197
Martin M. Sachs
14.1 Introduction.197
14.2 Genetic Stocks .198
14.2.1 Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center
(MGCSC; GSZE).198
14.2.2 The Genetic Stock Collection .199
14.2.3 The Services Provided.201
14.2.4 The Value of the Stocks.202
14.3 Other Maize Germplasm.203
14.3.1 The North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station
(NCRPIS; NC7).203
xii Contents
14.3.2 Centra International de Mejoramiento de
Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT).204
14.3.3 The National Center for Genetic Resources
Preservation (NCGRP).205
14.4 Conclusions.205
References.206
PartlV The Corn Genome
15 The Structure of the Maize Genome.213
Joachim Messing
15.1 Introduction.213
15.2 The Gold Standard of Genome Sequence .214
15.3 Fractionation Methods of the Maize Genome.215
15.4 Distribution of Methylated and Repetitive DNA in the
Maize Genome.216
15.5 One Hundred Random Regions of the Maize Genome.217
15.6 Physical Map of the Maize Genome.218
15.7 Evolution of Maize Chromosome Numbers.220
15.8 Diploidization of the Maize Genome.220
15.9 Retrotransposition.221
15.10 Chromosome Expansion and Contraction.222
15.11 Orthologous and Paralogous Gene Copies.224
15.12 Haplotype Variation.225
References.227
16 Molecular Markers.231
Patrick S. Schnable, An-Ping Hsia, Ling Guo, and W. Brad Barbazuk
16.1 Utility of Molecular Markers.231
16.2 Molecular Markers.232
16.2.1 Detection of Polymorphisms.232
16.2.2 SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats).232
16.2.3 IDPs (InDel Polymorphisms).233
16.2.4 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms).233
16.3 Maize Mapping Populations.235
16.4 Genetic Maps of Maize.236
16.5 Future Perspectives.237
References.237
17 Applied Cytogenetics.241
R. Kelly Dawe
17.1 Chromosome Analysis on Mitotic Chromosome by FISH.241
17.2 Histones, ChIP, Genes and Histones.242
17.3 Centromere Cytogenetics.243
17.4 Minichromosomes - Using Cytogenetics to Produce
a Better Vector.244
Contents xiii
17.4.1 Background.244
17.4.2 Efforts in Plants.244
17.4.3 Limitations and Outlook for Engineered
Chromosomes.245
References.246
18 The Wonderland of Global Expression Profiling .251
David W. Galbraith
18.1 Introduction.251
18.1.1 Some Definitions.251
18.1.2 Available Platforms for Global Expression Profiling.252
18.1.3 Fractionation and Prepurification Procedures for
Complex Systems.255
18.1.4 The Information Content of the Maize Genome.256
18.2 Global Transcript Analysis .257
18.2.1 Affymetrix GeneChips.257
18.2.2 Microarrays Employing PCR Amplicons as Probes.258
18.2.3 Microarrays Employing Long Oligonucleotides
as Probes .259
18.2.4 Non-Microarray-Based Profiling.260
18.3 MicroRNA Profiling.261
18.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects .262
References.262
Part V Molecular Biology and Physiological Studies
19 Zein Storage Proteins.269
David R. Holding and Brian A. Larkins
19.1 Introduction.269
19.2 Storage Proteins in the Maize Kernel.270
19.2.1 Embryo Proteins.270
19.2.2 Endosperm Proteins .271
19.3 High Lysine Corn and the Development of Quality
Protein Maize.279
19.4 Future Perspectives.281
References.282
20 The Complexities of Starch Biosynthesis in Cereal Endosperms.287
L. Curtis Hannah and Thomas Greene
20.1 Introduction.287
20.2 The Starch Biosynthetic Pathway.288
20.3 Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) . 289
20.3.1 Subunits of AGPase .289
20.3.2 Subcellular localization of AGPase.290
xiv Contents
20.3.3 Allosteric Properties of AGPase .291
20.3.4 Allosteric Properties of AGPase Are Pivotal
in Controlling Starch Levels.292
20.4 Starch Synthases (SS).293
20.4.1 Starch Synthase Isoforms.294
20.5 Starch Branching Enzymes (SBE).295
20.6 Starch Debranching Enzymes (DBE).296
20.6.1 Physiological Role of DBEs.297
References.298
21 Development of a High Oil Trait for Maize.303
Dale L. Val, Steven H. Schwartz, Michael R. Kerns, and Jill Deikman
21.1 Introduction.303
21.2 Background.304
21.2.1 Kernel Morphology and Lipid Content.304
21.2.2 Effects of Environment and Agricultural Practices on
Kernel Oil Content.305
21.2.3 Inheritance of Oil Phenotype.305
21.3 Breeding for High Oil .306
21.3.1 High Oil Sources.306
21.3.2 Oil QTL Analysis.306
21.3.3 TopCross™ Strategy for High Oil Hybrids.308
21.3.4 Contemporary Strategies for High Oil Breeding.308
21.4 Synthesis of Oil in the Kernel.308
21.4.1 Synthesis and Plastid Import of the Carbon
Precursor(s) of Acetyl-CoA.310
21.4.2 Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA in the Plastid.312
21.4.3 Plastidial de novo Fatty Acid Synthesis.312
21.4.4 Fatty Acid Termination, Export and Transfer
to the ER .313
21.4.5 ER Membrane Glycerolipid Synthesis and Fatty
Acid Desaturation.314
21.4.6 Synthesis of TAG from ER Membrane Lipids.314
21.5 Regulation of Oil Biosynthesis.316
21.6 Conclusions.316
References.318
22 Chloroplasts.325
Delene J. Oldenburg and Arnold J. Bendich
22.1 Introduction.325
22.2 Size, Form, and Genomic Map of cpDNA.326
22.2.1 Highlights of the Genome Sequence.326
22.2.2 The Traditional Model: The Circular Form of
Maize cpDNA.327
22.2.3 The Revised Model: Linear and Complex Forms of
Maize cpDNA.328
Contents xv
22.3 Replication of cpDNA.331
22.3.1 The Traditional Model: D-Loop-to-Theta-to-Rolling
Circle Replication.331
22.3.2 The Revised Model: OPaLI-RDR.331
22.4 Plastid Development in Maize.333
22.4.1 Progressive Leaf and Plastid Development.333
22.4.2 Changes in Genome Copy Number and cpDNA
Molecular Form .334
22.4.3 Effects of Light on cpDNA .335
22.4.4 Genes that Influence Plastid Development
and cpDNA Levels.336
22.4.5 Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cell-Specific Processes. 337
22.5 Strategies for Engineering the Chloroplast.338
22.5.1 Nuclear-Encoded Plastid-Targeted Transgenes.338
22.5.2 Plastid-Encoded Transgenes.338
References.340
Part VI Biomass and Energy
23 Ethanol Production from Maize.347
Stefan Schwietzke, Youngmi Kim, Eduardo Ximenes,
Nathan Mosier, and Michael Ladisch
23.1 Introduction.348
23.2 Maize as a Feedstock for Ethanol Production.348
23.3 Ethanol Production from Corn Grain.350
23.3.1 Wet Milling.351
23.3.2 Dry Milling.353
23.3.3 Enzymes.354
23.3.4 DDGS.354
23.4 Ethanol Production from Corn Cob and Corn Stover.355
23.4.1 Cellulolytic Microorganisms.357
23.4.2 Cellulolytic Enzymes.357
23.5 Comparison of Ethanol Yields for Conversion of Starch,
By-products, and Corn Stover.359
23.6 Conclusion.362
References.362
Index.365 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:55:17Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:26:41Z |
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| language | English |
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| series | Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry |
| series2 | Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry |
| spelling | Kriz, Alan L. Verfasser aut Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement Alan L. Kriz ; Brian A. Larkins Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2009 XXI, 369 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 63 Corn Biotechnology Corn Molecular genetics Crop improvement Gentechnologie (DE-588)4071722-7 gnd rswk-swf Maiszüchtung (DE-588)4168646-9 gnd rswk-swf Maiszüchtung (DE-588)4168646-9 s Gentechnologie (DE-588)4071722-7 s DE-604 Larkins, Brian A. Verfasser aut Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 63 (DE-604)BV035362096 63 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016980634&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kriz, Alan L. Larkins, Brian A. Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry Corn Biotechnology Corn Molecular genetics Crop improvement Gentechnologie (DE-588)4071722-7 gnd Maiszüchtung (DE-588)4168646-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071722-7 (DE-588)4168646-9 |
| title | Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement |
| title_auth | Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement |
| title_exact_search | Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement |
| title_full | Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement Alan L. Kriz ; Brian A. Larkins |
| title_fullStr | Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement Alan L. Kriz ; Brian A. Larkins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement Alan L. Kriz ; Brian A. Larkins |
| title_short | Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement |
| title_sort | molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement |
| topic | Corn Biotechnology Corn Molecular genetics Crop improvement Gentechnologie (DE-588)4071722-7 gnd Maiszüchtung (DE-588)4168646-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Corn Biotechnology Corn Molecular genetics Crop improvement Gentechnologie Maiszüchtung |
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