Modern database management:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ
Pearson Prentice Hall
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 9. ed., internat. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | 729 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 28 cm |
| ISBN: | 0137130481 9780137130481 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 0137130481 |c (hbk.) : 153.33, £80.99, EUR 79.99 |9 0-13-713048-1 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780137130481 |c (hbk.) : 153.33, £80.99, EUR 79.99 |9 978-0-13-713048-1 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Hoffer, Jeffrey A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Modern database management |c Jeffrey A. Hoffer ; Mary B. Prescott ; Heikki Topi |
| 250 | |a 9. ed., internat. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Upper Saddle River, NJ |b Pearson Prentice Hall |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a 729 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 28 cm | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138332445212672 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
R
MODERN DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
N I N TH E D I T I ON
JEFFREY A. HOFF ER
UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON MARY B. PRESCBTT UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA HEIKKI TOPI
BENTLEY COLLEGE
PEARSON
PRENTICE HALL
PEARSON EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
PREFACE 29
PART I THE CONTEXT OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT 41 AN OVERVIEW OF PART ONE 41
CHAPTER 1 THE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 43
DATA MATTERS! 43 J 1 INTRODUCTION 45
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 46 DATA 46
DATA VERSUS INFORMATION 47 METADATA 48
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 49 DATA MODELS 49 ENTITIES 49 RELATIONSHIPS
49
RELATIONAL DATABASES 51
TRADITIONAL FILE PROCESSING SYSTEMS 51 FILE PROCESSING SYSTEMS AT PINE
VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY 51 DISADVANTAGES OF FILE PROCESSING SYSTEMS 52
PROGRAM-DATA DEPENDENCE 52
DUPLICATION OF DATA 52 LIMITED DATA SHARING 53 LENGTHY DEVELOPMENT TIMES
53 EXCESSIVE PROGRAM MAINTENANCE 53
THE DATABASE APPROACH 53 ADVANTAGES OF THE DATABASE APPROACH 54
PROGRAM-DATA INDEPENDENCE 54 PLANNED DATA REDUNDANCY 54
IMPROVED DATA CONSISTENCY 55 IMPROVED DATA SHARING 55 INCREASED
PRODUCTIVITY OF APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT 55 ENFORCEMENT OF STANDARDS 55
IMPROVED DATA QUALITY 56 IMPROVED DATA ACCESSIBILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS
56
REDUCED PROGRAM MAINTENANCE 56 IMPROVED DECISION SUPPORT 57 CAUTIONS
ABOUT DATABASE BENEFITS 57 COSTS AND RISKS OF THE DATABASE APPROACH 57
NEW, SPECIALIZED PERSONNEL 57 INSTALLATION AND MANAGEMENT COST AND
COMPLEXITY 57 CONVERSION COSTS 58 NEED FOR EXPLICIT BACKUP AND RECOVERY
58 ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT 58
COMPONENTS OF THE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT 58
THE RANGE OF DATABASE APPLICATIONS 60 PERSONAL DATABASES 60 WORKGROUP
DATABASES 61
IMAGE 3
DEPARTMENTAL/DIVISIONAL DATABASES 63
ENTERPRISE DATABASES 63 WEB-ENABLED DATABASES 65 SUMMARY OF DATABASE
APPLICATIONS 66 EVOLUTION OF DATABASE SYSTEMS 67
1960S 67
1970S 68
1980S 68
1990S 68
2000 AND BEYOND 68
SUMMARY 69
CHAPTER REVIEW 70 KEY TERMS 70 .REVIEW QUESTIONS 70
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 71 FIELD EXERCISES 73 REFERENCES 74
FURTHER READING 74
WEB RESOURCES 74 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL - 75
CHAPTER 2 THE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 78
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 78 INTRODUCTION 79
DATABASE DEVELOPMENT WITHIN INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 80
INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 80 INFORMATION ENGINEERING 81
INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANNING 81
IDENTIFYING STRATEGIC PLANNING FACTORS 81 IDENTIFYING CORPORATE PLANNING
OBJECTS 82 DEVELOPING AN ENTERPRISE MODEL 82 DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS 85 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 85 PLANNING-ENTERPRISE
MODELING 86 PLANNING-CONCEPTUAL DATA MODELING 87 ANALYSIS-CONCEPTUAL
DATA MODELING 88 DESIGN-LOGICAL DATABASE DESIGN 88 DESIGN-PHYSICAL
DATABASE DESIGN AND DEFINITION 89 IMPLEMENTATION-DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION
89 MAINTENANCE-DATABASE MAINTENANCE 89 ALTERNATIVE IS DEVELOPMENT
APPROACHES 89 ROLE OF PACKAGED DATA MODELS 91 UNIVERSAL DATA MODELS 92
INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC DATA MODELS 92 SUMMARY 92 THE ROLE OF CASE AND A
REPOSITORY 93 MANAGING THE PEOPLE INVOLVED IN DATABASE DEVELOPMENT 94
THREE-SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE FOR DATABASE DEVELOPMENT 95 THREE-SCHEMA
COMPONENTS 95 SUMMARY OF SCHEMAS 96 ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL 97
USER VIEWS 97
10 CONTENTS
IMAGE 4
CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA 97
LOGICAL SCHEMA 97 PHYSICAL SCHEMA 98 STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT 98
THREE-TIERED DATABASE LOCATION ARCHITECTURE 99 DEVELOPING A DATABASE
APPLICATION FOR PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY 101 SIMPLIFIED PROJECT
DATA MODEL EXAMPLE 102 A CURRENT PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY PROJECT
REQUEST 105
MATCHING USER NEEDS TO THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 106
ANALYZING DATABASE REQUIREMENTS 108 DESIGNING THE DATABASE 109 USING THE
DATABASE 111
ADMINISTERING THE DATABASE 114
SUMMARY 114 CHAPTER REVIEW 115
KEY TERMS 115 REVIEW QUESTIONS 115
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 116 FIELD EXERCISES 118
REFERENCES 119 FURTHER READING 119
WEB RESOURCES 119 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 120
PART II DATABASE ANALYSIS 127
AN OVERVIEW OF PART TWO 127 CHAPTER 3 MODELING DATA IN THE ORGANIZATION
129
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 129
INTRODUCTION 130
MODELING THE RULES OF THE ORGANIZATION 131 OVERVIEW OF BUSINESS RULES
132 THE BUSINESS RULES PARADIGM 132 SCOPE OF BUSINESS RULES 133
GOOD BUSINESS RULES 133 GATHERING BUSINESS RULES 133 DATA NAMES AND
DEFINITIONS 134 DATA NAMES 134
DATA DEFINITIONS 135 GOOD DATA DEFINITIONS 136 THE E-R MODEL: AN
OVERVIEW 137 SAMPLE E-R DIAGRAM 137 E-R MODEL NOTATION 139 MODELING
ENTITIES AND ATTRIBUTES 140
ENTITIES 140 ENTITY TYPE VERSUS ENTITY INSTANCE 141 ENTITY TYPE VERSUS
SYSTEM INPUT, OUTPUT, OR USER 141 STRONG VERSUS WEAK ENTITY TYPES 142
NAMING AND DEFINING ENTITY TYPES 143 ATTRIBUTES 145
REQUIRED VERSUS OPTIONAL ATTRIBUTES 145 SIMPLE VERSUS COMPOSITE
ATTRIBUTES 146
CONTENTS 11
IMAGE 5
SINGLE-VALUED VERSUS MULTIVALUED ATTRIBUTES 146
STORED VERSUS DERIVED ATTRIBUTES 147 IDENTIFIER ATTRIBUTE 147 NAMING AND
DEFINING ATTRIBUTES 149
MODELING RELATIONSHIPS 150 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS IN
RELATIONSHIPS 151 ATTRIBUTES ON RELATIONSHIPS 152 ASSOCIATIVE ENTITIES
152 DEGREE OF A RELATIONSHIP 154
UNARY RELATIONSHIP 154 BINARY RELATIONSHIP 157 TERNARY RELATIONSHIP 157
ATTRIBUTES OR ENTITY? 158
CARDINALITY CONSTRAINTS 160 MINIMUM CARDINALITY 160 . MAXIMUM
CARDINALITY 161
SOME EXAMPLES 161
A TERNARY RELATIONSHIP 162 MODELING TIME-DEPENDENT DATA 163 MULTIPLE
RELATIONSHIPS 165 NAMING AND DEFINING RELATIONSHIPS 167 E-R MODELING
EXAMPLE: PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY 168 DATABASE PROCESSING AT PINE
VALLEY FURNITURE 171
SHOWING PRODUCT INFORMATION 171 SHOWING CUSTOMER INFORMATION 172 SHOWING
CUSTOMER ORDER STATUS 172 SHOWING PRODUCT SALES 173 SUMMARY 174
CHAPTER REVIEW 175
KEY TERMS 175
REVIEW QUESTIONS 176
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 177 FIELD EXERCISES 186 REFERENCES 186 FURTHER
READING 187
WEB RESOURCES 187 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 188
CHAPTER 4 THE ENHANCED E-R MODEL AND BUSINESS RULES 190
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 190
INTRODUCTION 191 REPRESENTING SUPERTYPES AND SUBTYPES 192 BASIC CONCEPTS
AND NOTATION 192 AN EXAMPLE 194
ATTRIBUTE INHERITANCE 194 WHEN TO USE SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIPS
195 REPRESENTING SPECIALIZATION AND GENERALIZATION 196 GENERALIZATION
196
SPECIALIZATION 197 COMBINING SPECIALIZATION AND GENERALIZATION 198
SPECIFYING CONSTRAINTS IN SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIPS 199
12 CONTENTS
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SPECIFYING COMPLETENESS CONSTRAINTS 199
TOTAL SPECIALIZATION RULE 199 PARTIAL SPECIALIZATION RULE 199 SPECIFYING
DISJOINTNESS CONSTRAINTS 199 DISJOINT RULE 200
OVERLAP RULE 201 DEFINING SUBTYPE DISCRIMINATORS 202 DISJOINT SUBTYPES
202
OVERLAPPING SUBTYPES 203 DEFINING SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE HIERARCHIES 203 AN
EXAMPLE 204 SUMMARY OF SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE HIERARCHIES 205 EER MODELING
EXAMPLE: PINE VALLEY FURNITURE 205
ENTITY CLUSTERING 209 PACKAGED DATA MODELS 212 BUSINESS RULES
REVISITED 218
CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS RULES 219 STATING A STRUCTURAL ASSERTION 220
DERIVED FACTS 221 STATING AN ACTION ASSERTION 221
TYPES OF ACTION ASSERTIONS 222 REPRESENTING AND ENFORCING BUSINESS RULES
222 SAMPLE BUSINESS RULES 223 IDENTIFYING AND TESTING BUSINESS RULES 225
SUMMARY 226
CHAPTER REVIEW 227 KEY TERMS 227 REVIEW QUESTIONS 227
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 228 FIELD EXERCISES 234 REFERENCES 234 FURTHER
READING 235 WEB RESOURCES 235
CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 236
PART III DATABASE DESIGN 239
AN OVERVIEW OF PART THREE 239 CHAPTER 5 LOGICAL DATABASE DESIGN AND THE
RELATIONAL MODEL 241
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 241
INTRODUCTION 241 THE RELATIONAL DATA MODEL 242 BASIC DEFINITIONS 243
RELATIONAL DATA STRUCTURE 243
RELATIONAL KEYS 243 PROPERTIES OF RELATIONS 244 REMOVING MULTIVALUED
ATTRIBUTES FROM TABLES 244 EXAMPLE DATABASE 245 INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS
247
DOMAIN CONSTRAINTS 247 ENTITY INTEGRITY 248
CONTENTS 13
IMAGE 7
REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY 248
ACTION ASSERTIONS 249 CREATING RELATIONAL TABLES 250 WELL-STRUCTURED
RELATIONS 251
TRANSFORMING EER DIAGRAMS INTO RELATIONS 252 STEP 1: MAP REGULAR
ENTITIES 252 COMPOSITE ATTRIBUTES 253 MULTIVALUED ATTRIBUTES 253 STEP 2:
MAP WEAK ENTITIES 254
WHEN TO CREATE A SURROGATE KEY 255 STEP 3: MAP BINARY RELATIONSHIPS 256
MAP BINARY ONE-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS 256 MAP BINARY MANY-TO-MANY
RELATIONSHIPS 257
MAP BINARY ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIPS 257 STEP 4: MAP ASSOCIATIVE ENTITIES
258 IDENTIFIER NOT ASSIGNED 259 IDENTIFIER ASSIGNED 259
STEP 5: MAP UNARY RELATIONSHIPS 261 UNARY ONE-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS 261
UNARY MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS 261 STEP 6: MAP TERNARY (AND N-ARY)
RELATIONSHIPS 262 STEP 7: MAP SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIPS 264
SUMMARY OF EER TO RELATIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS 265 INTRODUCTION TO
NORMALIZATION 266 STEPS IN NORMALIZATION 267 FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCIES AND
KEYS 268
DETERMINANTS 268 CANDIDATE KEYS 268
NORMALIZATION EXAMPLE: PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY 270 STEP 0:
REPRESENT THE VIEW IN TABULAR FORM 270 STEP 1: CONVERT TO FIRST NORMAL
FORM 271 REMOVE REPEATING GROUPS 271
SELECT THE PRIMARY KEY 272 ANOMALIES IN INF 272 STEP 2: CONVERT TO
SECOND NORMAL FORM 273 STEP 3: CONVERT TO THIRD NORMAL FORM 274
REMOVING TRANSITIVE DEPENDENCIES 274 DETERMINANTS AND NORMALIZATION 275
STEP 4: FURTHER NORMALIZATION 276 MERGING RELATIONS 276
AN EXAMPLE 277 VIEW INTEGRATION PROBLEMS 277 SYNONYMS 277 HOMONYMS 277
TRANSITIVE DEPENDENCIES 278 SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIPS 278
A FINAL STEP FOR DEFINING RELATIONAL KEYS 279
SUMMARY 280
CHAPTER REVIEW 282
KEY TERMS 282
REVIEW QUESTIONS 282
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 283
FIELD EXERCISES 290
14 CONTENTS
IMAGE 8
REFERENCES 291
FURTHER READING 291
WEB RESOURCES 291 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 292
CHAPTER 6 PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE 297
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 297 INTRODUCTION 297
PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN PROCESS 298 DATA VOLUME AND USAGE ANALYSIS 299
DESIGNING FIELDS 301 CHOOSING DATA TYPES 301 CODING AND COMPRESSION
TECHNIQUES 302 . CONTROLLING DATA INTEGRITY-A FOUNDATION FOR
SARBANES-OXLEY COMPLIANCE 303 HANDLING MISSING DATA 305
DESIGNING PHYSICAL RECORDS AND DENORMALIZATION 305 DENORMALIZATION 306
DENORMALIZE WITH CAUTION 306 OPPORTUNITIES AND TYPES OF DENORMALIZATION
307
DESIGNING PHYSICAL FILES 312 POINTER 313 FILE ORGANIZATIONS 313
SEQUENTIAL FILE ORGANIZATIONS 314
INDEXED FILE ORGANIZATIONS 314 HASHED FILE ORGANIZATIONS 319 SUMMARY OF
FILE ORGANIZATIONS 321 CLUSTERING FILES 321 DESIGNING CONTROLS FOR FILES
323
USING AND SELECTING INDEXES 323 CREATING A UNIQUE KEY INDEX 323 CREATING
A SECONDARY (NONUNIQUE) KEY INDEX 324 WHEN TO USE INDEXES 324
RAID: IMPROVING FILE ACCESS PERFORMANCE BY PARALLEL PROCESSING 325
DESIGNING DATABASES 328 OPTIMIZING FOR QUERY PERFORMANCE 331 PARALLEL
QUERY PROCESSING 331 OVERRIDING AUTOMATIC QUERY OPTIMIZATION 332
PICKING DATA BLOCK SIZE 333 BALANCING I/O ACROSS DISK CONTROLLERS 334
GUIDELINES FOR BETTER QUERY DESIGN 334
SUMMARY 336 CHAPTER REVIEW 337 KEY TERMS 337
REVIEW QUESTIONS 338 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 338 FIELD EXERCISES 342
REFERENCES 342 FURTHER READING 343
WEB RESOURCES 343 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 344
CONTENTS 15
IMAGE 9
I
PART IV IMPLEMENTATION 347
AN OVERVIEW OF PART FOUR 347 CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION TO SQL 349 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES 349
INTRODUCTION 349 HISTORY OF THE SQL STANDARD 351 THE ROLE OF SQL IN A
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE 352 THE SQL ENVIRONMENT 353
DEFINING A DATABASE IN SQL 358 GENERATING SQL DATABASE DEFINITIONS 358
CREATING TABLES 359 CREATING DATA INTEGRITY CONTROLS 362 V CHANGING
TABLE DEFINITIONS 363
REMOVING TABLES 364 INSERTING, UPDATING, AND DELETING DATA 364 BATCH
INPUT 366 DELETING DATABASE CONTENTS 366
UPDATING DATABASE CONTENTS 366
INTERNAL SCHEMA DEFINITION IN RDBMSS 367 CREATING INDEXES 368 PROCESSING
SINGLE TABLES 368 CLAUSES OF THE SELECT STATEMENT 369
USING EXPRESSIONS 371 USING FUNCTIONS 371 USING WILDCARDS 372 USING
COMPARISON OPERATORS 373
USING BOOLEAN OPERATORS 373 USING RANGES FOR QUALIFICATION 376 USING
DISTINCT VALUES 377 USING IN AND NOT IN WITH LISTS 379 SORTING RESULTS:
THE ORDER BY CLAUSE 379 CATEGORIZING RESULTS: THE GROUP BY CLAUSE 380
QUALIFYING RESULTS BY CATEGORIES: THE HAVING CLAUSE 381
USING AND DEFINING VIEWS 382 MATERIALIZED VIEWS 386
SUMMARY 387 CHAPTER REVIEW 387 KEY TERMS 387
REVIEW QUESTIONS 387 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 389 FIELD EXERCISES 393
REFERENCES 394
FURTHER READING 394 WEB RESOURCES 394 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY
HOSPITAL 395
CHAPTER 8 ADVANCED SQL 396 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 396 INTRODUCTION 396
16 CONTENTS
IMAGE 10
PROCESSING MULTIPLE TABLES 397
EQUI-JOIN 398 NATURAL JOIN 400 OUTER JOIN 401 UNION JOIN 402
SAMPLE MULTIPLE JOIN INVOLVING FOUR TABLES 403 SUBQUERIES 404 CORRELATED
SUBQUERIES 408 USING DERIVED TABLES 409
COMBINING QUERIES 409 CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS 412 MORE COMPLICATED SQL
QUERIES 413 TIPS FOR DEVELOPING QUERIES 415 ENSURING TRANSACTION
INTEGRITY 416
DATA DICTIONARY FACILITIES 418 SQL:200N ENHANCEMENTS AND EXTENSIONS TO
SQL 420 ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS 420 NEW DATA TYPES 421
OTHER ENHANCEMENTS 422 PROGRAMMING EXTENSIONS 422
TRIGGERS AND ROUTINES 424 TRIGGERS 425 ROUTINES 426
EMBEDDED SQL AND DYNAMIC SQL 428 OLAP SQL 431 SUMMARY 433 CHAPTER REVIEW
434 KEY TERMS 434 REVIEW QUESTIONS 434 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 435 FIELD
EXERCISES 439
REFERENCES 439 FURTHER READING 439 WEB RESOURCES 439 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW
COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 440
CHAPTER 9 THE CLIENT/SERVER DATABASE ENVIRONMENT 441 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
441 LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION! 441 INTRODUCTION 443 CLIENT/SERVER
ARCHITECTURES 444
FILE SERVER ARCHITECTURES 444 LIMITATIONS OF FILE SERVERS 445 DATABASE
SERVER ARCHITECTURES 446
THREE-TIER ARCHITECTURES 447 PARTITIONING AN APPLICATION 449 ROLE OF THE
MAINFRAME 452 USING MIDDLEWARE 453 CLIENT/SERVER ISSUES 455
CONTENTS 17
IMAGE 11
USING ODBC TO LINK EXTERNAL TABLES STORED ON A DATABASE SERVER 457
USING JDBC TO LINK EXTERNAL TABLES STORED ON A DATABASE SERVER 459
LOOKING FORWARD WITH CLIENT/SERVER IN MIND 459 SUMMARY 459 CHAPTER
REVIEW 460 KEY TERMS 460 REVIEW QUESTIONS 461 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 461
FIELD EXERCISES 462 REFERENCES 462 FURTHER READING 462 WEB RESOURCES 463
FCASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 464
CHAPTER 10 THE INTERNET DATABASE ENVIRONMENT 466 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 466
INTRODUCTION 467 THE INTERNET AND DATABASE CONNECTION 467
THE INTERNET ENVIRONMENT 468 COMMON INTERNET ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS 470
INTERNET-RELATED LANGUAGES 470 XML AND XQUERY OVERVIEW 473
SERVER-SIDE EXTENSIONS 477 WEB SERVER INTERFACES 478 WEBSERVERS 479
CLIENT-SIDE EXTENSIONS 480
WEB-TO-DATABASE TOOLS 481 WEB SERVICES 483 LACK OF MATURE STANDARDS 490
LACK OF SECURITY 490 SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE (SOA) 491 SEMANTIC
WEB 491 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY RATE-OF-CHANGE ISSUES 491 SUMMARY 492
CHAPTER REVIEW 493 KEY TERMS 493 REVIEW QUESTIONS 493 PROBLEMS AND
EXERCISES 494 FIELD EXERCISES 495 REFERENCES 495 FURTHER READING 495
WEB RESOURCES 496 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 497
CHAPTER 11 DATA WAREHOUSING 499 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 499 INTRODUCTION 500
BASIC CONCEPTS OF DATA WAREHOUSING 502
18 CONTENTS
IMAGE 12
A BRIEF HISTORY 503
THE NEED FOR DATA WAREHOUSING 503 NEED FOR A COMPANY-WIDE VIEW 503 NEED
TO SEPARATE OPERATIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL SYSTEMS 505 DATA WAREHOUSING
SUCCESS 506 DATA WAREHOUSE ARCHITECTURES 507
INDEPENDENT DATA MART DATA WAREHOUSING ENVIRONMENT 508 DEPENDENT DATA
MART AND OPERATIONAL DATA STORE ARCHITECTURE: A THREE-LEVEL APPROACH 510
LOGICAL DATA MART AND REAL-TIME DATA WAREHOUSE ARCHITECTURE 512
THREE-LAYER DATA ARCHITECTURE 515
ROLE OF THE ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL 515 ROLE OF METADATA 516 SOME
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA WAREHOUSE DATA 516 STATUS VERSUS EVENT DATA 516
TRANSIENT VERSUS PERIODIC DATA 517 AN EXAMPLE OF TRANSIENT AND PERIODIC
DATA 517 TRANSIENT DATA 519 PERIODIC DATA 519
OTHER DATA WAREHOUSE CHANGES 519 THE DERIVED DATA LAYER 520
CHARACTERISTICS OF DERIVED DATA 520 THE STAR SCHEMA 521
FACT TABLES AND DIMENSION TABLES 521 EXAMPLE STAR SCHEMA 522 SURROGATE
KEY 524 GRAIN OF FACT TABLE 525
DURATION OF THE DATABASE 526 SIZE OF THE FACT TABLE 526 MODELING DATE
AND TIME 527 VARIATIONS OF THE STAR SCHEMA 528 MULTIPLE FACT TABLES 528
FACTLESS FACT TABLES 529 NORMALIZING DIMENSION TABLES 530
MULTIVALUED DIMENSIONS 530 HIERARCHIES 531 SLOWLY CHANGING DIMENSIONS
533 DETERMINING DIMENSIONS AND FACTS 536
THE USER INTERFACE 538 ROLE OF METADATA 538 SQL OLAP QUERYING 538 ONLINE
ANALYTICAL PROCESSING (OLAP) TOOLS 540
SLICING A CUBE 541 DRILL-DOWN 542 SUMMARIZING MORE THAN THREE DIMENSIONS
543 DATA VISUALIZATION 543 BUSINESS PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT AND
DASHBOARDS 544 DATA-MINING TOOLS 545
DATA-MINING TECHNIQUES 545 DATA-MINING APPLICATIONS 546 SUMMARY 547
CHAPTER REVIEW 548 KEY TERMS 548
REVIEW QUESTIONS 548 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 549
CONTENTS 19
IMAGE 13
FIELD EXERCISES 554
REFERENCES 554 FURTHER READING 555
WEB RESOURCES 555 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 556
PART V ADVANCED DATABASE TOPICS 559
AN OVERVIEW OF PART FIVE 559
CHAPTER 12 DATA QUALITY AND INTEGRATION 562
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 562
INTRODUCTION 562
MANAGING DATA QUALITY 564 THE STATE OF DATA QUALITY 566 EXTERNAL DATA
SOURCES 567 REDUNDANT DATA STORAGE AND INCONSISTENT METADATA 567
DATA ENTRY 567 LACK OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT 567 DATA QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT 567 CONDUCT A DATA QUALITY AUDIT 567
IMPROVE DATA CAPTURE PROCESSES 569 ESTABLISH A DATA STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
569 APPLY TQM PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES 571 APPLY MODERN DATA MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY 571 ESTIMATE RETURN ON INVESTMENT 571 START WITH A
HIGH-QUALITY DATA MODEL 571 SUMMARY OF DATA QUALITY 573 DATA
INTEGRATION: AN OVERVIEW 573
GENERAL APPROACHES TO DATA INTEGRATION 573 DATA FEDERATION 574 DATA
PROPAGATION 574 MASTER DATA MANAGEMENT 575 DATA INTEGRATION FOR DATA
WAREHOUSING: THE RECONCILED
DATA LAYER 577 CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA AFTER ETL 577 THE ETL PROCESS 578
MAPPING AND METADATA MANAGEMENT 579
EXTRACT 579 CLEANSE 580 LOAD AND INDEX 583
DATA TRANSFORMATION 584 DATA TRANSFORMATION FUNCTIONS 585 RECORD-LEVEL
FUNCTIONS 585 FIELD-LEVEL FUNCTIONS 586
MORE COMPLEX TRANSFORMATIONS 586 TOOLS TO SUPPORT DATA RECONCILIATION
586 DATA QUALITY TOOLS 587
DATA CONVERSION TOOLS 589 DATA CLEANSING TOOLS 589 SELECTING TOOLS 589
SUMMARY 589
CHAPTER REVIEW 590
KEY TERMS 590
20 CONTENTS
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REVIEW QUESTIONS 590
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 591 FIELD EXERCISES 592
REFERENCES 592 FURTHER READING 593 WEB RESOURCES 593
CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 594
CHAPTER 13 DATA AND DATABASE ADMINISTRATION 596
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 596 INTRODUCTION 597
THE ROLES OF DATA AND DATABASE ADMINISTRATORS 598 TRADITIONAL DATA
ADMINISTRATION 599 TRADITIONAL DATABASE ADMINISTRATION 600 EVOLVING
APPROACHES TO DATA ADMINISTRATION 603
BLENDING DATA AND DATABASE ADMINISTRATION 603 FAST-TRACK DEVELOPMENT 603
NEW DBA ROLES 603 SUMMARY OF EVOLVING DATA ADMINISTRATION ROLES 605
THE OPEN-SOURCE MOVEMENT 605
MODELING ENTERPRISE DATA 607 ORGANIZATIONAL ROLES 607 ROLE OF AN
INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 608 MANAGING DATA SECURITY 608
THREATS TO DATA SECURITY 609 ESTABLISHING CLIENT/SERVER SECURITY 610
SERVER SECURITY / 611 NETWORK SECURITY 611
CLIENT/SERVER SECURITY ISSUES FOR WEB-ENABLED DATABASES 611 WEB SECURITY
612 WEB PRIVACY 613
DATABASE SOFTWARE DATA SECURITY FEATURES 614 VIEWS 614
INTEGRITY CONTROLS 615 AUTHORIZATION RULES 617 USER-DEFINED PROCEDURES
618 ENCRYPTION 619 AUTHENTICATION SCHEMES 620
PASSWORDS 620 STRONG AUTHENTICATION 621 MEDIATED AUTHENTICATION 622
SECURITY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 622
PERSONNEL CONTROLS 622 PHYSICAL ACCESS CONTROLS 623 MAINTENANCE CONTROLS
623 DATA PRIVACY CONTROLS 623 DATABASE BACKUP AND RECOVERY 624
BASIC RECOVERY FACILITIES 624 BACKUP FACILITIES 624 JOURNALIZING
FACILITIES 625 CHECKPOINT FACILITY 626
RECOVERY MANAGER 626 RECOVERY AND RESTART PROCEDURES 626
CONTENTS 21
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DISK MIRRORING 626
RESTORE/RERUN 626 MAINTAINING TRANSACTION INTEGRITY 627 BACKWARD
RECOVERY 628 FORWARD RECOVERY 629 TYPES OF DATABASE FAILURE 630
ABORTED TRANSACTIONS 630 INCORRECT DATA 630 SYSTEM FAILURE 631 DATABASE
DESTRUCTION 631
DISASTER RECOVERY 631
CONTROLLING CONCURRENT ACCESS 632 THE PROBLEM OF LOST UPDATES 632
SERIALIZABILITY 633 LOCKING MECHANISMS 633 W LOCKING LEVEL 634
TYPES OF LOCKS 635
DEADLOCK 636 MANAGING DEADLOCK 636 VERSIONING 637 DATA DICTIONARIES AND
REPOSITORIES 638 DATA DICTIONARY 638 REPOSITORIES 639
OVERVIEW OF TUNING THE DATABASE FOR PERFORMANCE 641 INSTALLATION OF THE
DBMS 641 MEMORY AND STORAGE SPACE USAGE 642 INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O)
CONTENTION 642
CPU USAGE 643 APPLICATION TUNING 643
DATA AVAILABILITY 644 COSTS OF DOWNTIME 644 MEASURES TO ENSURE
AVAILABILITY 645 HARDWARE FAILURES 645
LOSS OR CORRUPTION OF DATA 645 HUMAN ERROR 645 MAINTENANCE DOWNTIME 646
NETWORK-RELATED PROBLEMS 646 SUMMARY 646 CHAPTER REVIEW 647 KEY TERMS
647 REVIEW QUESTIONS 647 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 649
FIELD EXERCISES 652 REFERENCES 653 FURTHER READING 653 WEB RESOURCES 653
CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 654
CHAPTER 14 OVERVIEW: DISTRIBUTED DATABASES 655 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 655
OVERVIEW 656 OBJECTIVES AND TRADE-OFFS 656
OPTIONS FOR DISTRIBUTING A DATABASE 656
22 CONTENTS
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DISTRIBUTED DBMS 657
QUERY OPTIMIZATION 658
CHAPTER REVIEW 658 REFERENCES 658 FURTHER READING 659 WEB RESOURCES 659
CHAPTER 15 OVERVIEW: OBJECT-ORIENTED DATA MODELING 660
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 660
OVERVIEW 661 THE UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE 661 OBJECT-ORIENTED DATA
MODELING 662 REPRESENTING AGGREGATION 667
CHAPTER REVIEW 668 REFERENCES 668 FURTHER READING 668 WEB RESOURCES 668
CHAPTER 16 OVERVIEW: USING RELATIONAL DATABASES TO PROVIDE OBJECT
PERSISTENCE 669
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 669
OVERVIEW 670 PROVIDING PERSISTENCE FOR OBJECTS USING RELATIONAL
DATABASES 671 ~ CALL-LEVEL APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACES 671 SQL QUERY
MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 671
OBJECT-RELATIONAL MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 671 PROPRIETARY APPROACHES 672
OBJECT-RELATIONAL MAPPING EXAMPLE 673 MAPPING FILES Y 674
RESPONSIBILITIES OF OBJECT-RELATIONAL MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 676 SUMMARY 677
CHAPTER REVIEW 678
REFERENCES 678
FURTHER READING 679
WEB RESOURCES 679
APPENDIX A DATA MODELING TOOLS AND NOTATION 680
COMPARING E-R MODELING CONVENTIONS 680 VISIO PROFESSIONAL 2003 NOTATION
683 ENTITIES 683 RELATIONSHIPS 683 ALLFUSION ERWIN DATA MODELER 4.1 SP1
NOTATION 683
ENTITIES 683 RELATIONSHIPS 685 SYBASE POWER DESIGNER 11.1 NOTATION 685
ENTITIES 685
RELATIONSHIPS 687 ORACLE DESIGNER NOTATION 687 ENTITIES 687
RELATIONSHIPS 688 COMPARISON OF TOOL INTERFACES AND E-R DIAGRAMS 688
APPENDIX B ADVANCED NORMAL FORMS 691
BOYCE-CODD NORMAL FORM 691
CONTENTS 23
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ANOMALIES IN STUDENT_ADVISOR 691
DEFINITION OF BOYCE-CODD NORMAL FORM (BCNF) 692 CONVERTING A RELATION TO
BCNF 692 FOURTH NORMAL FORM 694 MULTIVALUED DEPENDENCIES 695 HIGHER
NORMAL FORMS 696 APPENDIX REVIEW 696 KEY TERMS 696 REFERENCES 696 WEB
RESOURCES 696
APPENDIX C DATA STRUCTURES 697 POINTERS 697 ! DATA STRUCTURE BUILDING
BLOCKS 699 LINEAR DATA STRUCTURES 699
STACKS 702
QUEUES 702
SORTED LISTS 702 MULTILISTS 705
HAZARDS OF CHAIN STRUCTURES 706 TREES 706 BALANCED TREES 707 REFERENCES
709 GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS 710 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 712 INDEX 721
24 CONTENTS
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| adam_txt |
IMAGE 1
R
MODERN DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
N I N TH E D I T I ON
JEFFREY A. HOFF ER
UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON MARY B. PRESCBTT UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA HEIKKI TOPI
BENTLEY COLLEGE
PEARSON
PRENTICE HALL
PEARSON EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL
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CONTENTS
PREFACE 29
PART I THE CONTEXT OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT 41 AN OVERVIEW OF PART ONE 41
CHAPTER 1 THE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 43
DATA MATTERS! 43 J 1 INTRODUCTION 45
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 46 DATA 46
DATA VERSUS INFORMATION 47 METADATA 48
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 49 DATA MODELS 49 ENTITIES 49 RELATIONSHIPS
49
RELATIONAL DATABASES 51
TRADITIONAL FILE PROCESSING SYSTEMS 51 FILE PROCESSING SYSTEMS AT PINE
VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY 51 DISADVANTAGES OF FILE PROCESSING SYSTEMS 52
PROGRAM-DATA DEPENDENCE 52
DUPLICATION OF DATA 52 LIMITED DATA SHARING 53 LENGTHY DEVELOPMENT TIMES
53 EXCESSIVE PROGRAM MAINTENANCE 53
THE DATABASE APPROACH 53 ADVANTAGES OF THE DATABASE APPROACH 54
PROGRAM-DATA INDEPENDENCE 54 PLANNED DATA REDUNDANCY 54
IMPROVED DATA CONSISTENCY 55 IMPROVED DATA SHARING 55 INCREASED
PRODUCTIVITY OF APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT 55 ENFORCEMENT OF STANDARDS 55
IMPROVED DATA QUALITY 56 IMPROVED DATA ACCESSIBILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS
56
REDUCED PROGRAM MAINTENANCE 56 IMPROVED DECISION SUPPORT 57 CAUTIONS
ABOUT DATABASE BENEFITS 57 COSTS AND RISKS OF THE DATABASE APPROACH 57
NEW, SPECIALIZED PERSONNEL 57 INSTALLATION AND MANAGEMENT COST AND
COMPLEXITY 57 CONVERSION COSTS 58 NEED FOR EXPLICIT BACKUP AND RECOVERY
58 ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT 58
COMPONENTS OF THE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT 58
THE RANGE OF DATABASE APPLICATIONS 60 PERSONAL DATABASES 60 WORKGROUP
DATABASES 61
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DEPARTMENTAL/DIVISIONAL DATABASES 63
ENTERPRISE DATABASES 63 WEB-ENABLED DATABASES 65 SUMMARY OF DATABASE
APPLICATIONS 66 EVOLUTION OF DATABASE SYSTEMS 67
1960S 67
1970S 68
1980S 68
1990S 68
2000 AND BEYOND 68
SUMMARY 69
CHAPTER REVIEW 70 KEY TERMS 70 .REVIEW QUESTIONS 70
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 71 FIELD EXERCISES 73 REFERENCES 74
FURTHER READING 74
WEB RESOURCES 74 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL - 75
CHAPTER 2 THE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 78
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 78 INTRODUCTION 79
DATABASE DEVELOPMENT WITHIN INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 80
INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 80 INFORMATION ENGINEERING 81
INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANNING 81
IDENTIFYING STRATEGIC PLANNING FACTORS 81 IDENTIFYING CORPORATE PLANNING
OBJECTS 82 DEVELOPING AN ENTERPRISE MODEL 82 DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS 85 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 85 PLANNING-ENTERPRISE
MODELING 86 PLANNING-CONCEPTUAL DATA MODELING 87 ANALYSIS-CONCEPTUAL
DATA MODELING 88 DESIGN-LOGICAL DATABASE DESIGN 88 DESIGN-PHYSICAL
DATABASE DESIGN AND DEFINITION 89 IMPLEMENTATION-DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION
89 MAINTENANCE-DATABASE MAINTENANCE 89 ALTERNATIVE IS DEVELOPMENT
APPROACHES 89 ROLE OF PACKAGED DATA MODELS 91 UNIVERSAL DATA MODELS 92
INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC DATA MODELS 92 SUMMARY 92 THE ROLE OF CASE AND A
REPOSITORY 93 MANAGING THE PEOPLE INVOLVED IN DATABASE DEVELOPMENT 94
THREE-SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE FOR DATABASE DEVELOPMENT 95 THREE-SCHEMA
COMPONENTS 95 SUMMARY OF SCHEMAS 96 ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL 97
USER VIEWS 97
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CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA 97
LOGICAL SCHEMA 97 PHYSICAL SCHEMA 98 STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT 98
THREE-TIERED DATABASE LOCATION ARCHITECTURE 99 DEVELOPING A DATABASE
APPLICATION FOR PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY 101 SIMPLIFIED PROJECT
DATA MODEL EXAMPLE 102 A CURRENT PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY PROJECT
REQUEST 105
MATCHING USER NEEDS TO THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 106
ANALYZING DATABASE REQUIREMENTS 108 DESIGNING THE DATABASE 109 USING THE
DATABASE 111
ADMINISTERING THE DATABASE 114
SUMMARY 114 CHAPTER REVIEW 115
KEY TERMS 115 REVIEW QUESTIONS 115
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 116 FIELD EXERCISES 118
REFERENCES 119 FURTHER READING 119
WEB RESOURCES 119 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 120
PART II DATABASE ANALYSIS 127
AN OVERVIEW OF PART TWO 127 CHAPTER 3 MODELING DATA IN THE ORGANIZATION
129
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 129
INTRODUCTION 130
MODELING THE RULES OF THE ORGANIZATION 131 OVERVIEW OF BUSINESS RULES
132 THE BUSINESS RULES PARADIGM 132 SCOPE OF BUSINESS RULES 133
GOOD BUSINESS RULES 133 GATHERING BUSINESS RULES 133 DATA NAMES AND
DEFINITIONS 134 DATA NAMES 134
DATA DEFINITIONS 135 GOOD DATA DEFINITIONS 136 THE E-R MODEL: AN
OVERVIEW 137 SAMPLE E-R DIAGRAM 137 E-R MODEL NOTATION 139 MODELING
ENTITIES AND ATTRIBUTES 140
ENTITIES 140 ENTITY TYPE VERSUS ENTITY INSTANCE 141 ENTITY TYPE VERSUS
SYSTEM INPUT, OUTPUT, OR USER 141 STRONG VERSUS WEAK ENTITY TYPES 142
NAMING AND DEFINING ENTITY TYPES 143 ATTRIBUTES 145
REQUIRED VERSUS OPTIONAL ATTRIBUTES 145 SIMPLE VERSUS COMPOSITE
ATTRIBUTES 146
CONTENTS 11
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SINGLE-VALUED VERSUS MULTIVALUED ATTRIBUTES 146
STORED VERSUS DERIVED ATTRIBUTES 147 IDENTIFIER ATTRIBUTE 147 NAMING AND
DEFINING ATTRIBUTES 149
MODELING RELATIONSHIPS 150 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS IN
RELATIONSHIPS 151 ATTRIBUTES ON RELATIONSHIPS 152 ASSOCIATIVE ENTITIES
152 DEGREE OF A RELATIONSHIP 154
UNARY RELATIONSHIP 154 BINARY RELATIONSHIP 157 TERNARY RELATIONSHIP 157
ATTRIBUTES OR ENTITY? 158
CARDINALITY CONSTRAINTS 160 MINIMUM CARDINALITY 160 . MAXIMUM
CARDINALITY 161
' SOME EXAMPLES 161
A TERNARY RELATIONSHIP 162 MODELING TIME-DEPENDENT DATA 163 MULTIPLE
RELATIONSHIPS 165 NAMING AND DEFINING RELATIONSHIPS 167 E-R MODELING
EXAMPLE: PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY 168 DATABASE PROCESSING AT PINE
VALLEY FURNITURE 171
SHOWING PRODUCT INFORMATION 171 SHOWING CUSTOMER INFORMATION 172 SHOWING
CUSTOMER ORDER STATUS 172 SHOWING PRODUCT SALES 173 SUMMARY 174
CHAPTER REVIEW 175
KEY TERMS 175
REVIEW QUESTIONS 176
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 177 FIELD EXERCISES 186 REFERENCES 186 FURTHER
READING 187
WEB RESOURCES 187 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 188
CHAPTER 4 THE ENHANCED E-R MODEL AND BUSINESS RULES 190
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 190
INTRODUCTION 191 REPRESENTING SUPERTYPES AND SUBTYPES 192 BASIC CONCEPTS
AND NOTATION 192 AN EXAMPLE 194
ATTRIBUTE INHERITANCE 194 WHEN TO USE SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIPS
195 REPRESENTING SPECIALIZATION AND GENERALIZATION 196 GENERALIZATION
196
SPECIALIZATION 197 COMBINING SPECIALIZATION AND GENERALIZATION 198
SPECIFYING CONSTRAINTS IN SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIPS 199
12 CONTENTS
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SPECIFYING COMPLETENESS CONSTRAINTS 199
TOTAL SPECIALIZATION RULE 199 PARTIAL SPECIALIZATION RULE 199 SPECIFYING
DISJOINTNESS CONSTRAINTS 199 DISJOINT RULE 200
OVERLAP RULE 201 DEFINING SUBTYPE DISCRIMINATORS 202 DISJOINT SUBTYPES
202
OVERLAPPING SUBTYPES 203 DEFINING SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE HIERARCHIES 203 AN
EXAMPLE 204 SUMMARY OF SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE HIERARCHIES 205 EER MODELING
EXAMPLE: PINE VALLEY FURNITURE 205
ENTITY CLUSTERING 209 PACKAGED DATA MODELS 212 ' BUSINESS RULES
REVISITED 218
CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS RULES 219 STATING A STRUCTURAL ASSERTION 220
DERIVED FACTS 221 STATING AN ACTION ASSERTION 221
TYPES OF ACTION ASSERTIONS 222 REPRESENTING AND ENFORCING BUSINESS RULES
222 SAMPLE BUSINESS RULES 223 IDENTIFYING AND TESTING BUSINESS RULES 225
"SUMMARY 226
CHAPTER REVIEW 227 KEY TERMS 227 REVIEW QUESTIONS 227
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 228 FIELD EXERCISES 234 REFERENCES 234 FURTHER
READING 235 WEB RESOURCES 235
CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 236
PART III DATABASE DESIGN 239
AN OVERVIEW OF PART THREE 239 CHAPTER 5 LOGICAL DATABASE DESIGN AND THE
RELATIONAL MODEL 241
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 241
INTRODUCTION 241 THE RELATIONAL DATA MODEL 242 BASIC DEFINITIONS 243
RELATIONAL DATA STRUCTURE 243
RELATIONAL KEYS 243 PROPERTIES OF RELATIONS 244 REMOVING MULTIVALUED
ATTRIBUTES FROM TABLES 244 EXAMPLE DATABASE 245 INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS
247
DOMAIN CONSTRAINTS 247 ENTITY INTEGRITY 248
CONTENTS 13
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REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY 248
ACTION ASSERTIONS 249 CREATING RELATIONAL TABLES 250 WELL-STRUCTURED
RELATIONS 251
TRANSFORMING EER DIAGRAMS INTO RELATIONS 252 STEP 1: MAP REGULAR
ENTITIES 252 COMPOSITE ATTRIBUTES 253 MULTIVALUED ATTRIBUTES 253 STEP 2:
MAP WEAK ENTITIES 254
WHEN TO CREATE A SURROGATE KEY 255 STEP 3: MAP BINARY RELATIONSHIPS 256
MAP BINARY ONE-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS 256 MAP BINARY MANY-TO-MANY
RELATIONSHIPS 257
MAP BINARY ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIPS 257 STEP 4: MAP ASSOCIATIVE ENTITIES
258 IDENTIFIER NOT ASSIGNED 259 IDENTIFIER ASSIGNED 259
STEP 5: MAP UNARY RELATIONSHIPS 261 UNARY ONE-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS 261
UNARY MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS 261 STEP 6: MAP TERNARY (AND N-ARY)
RELATIONSHIPS 262 STEP 7: MAP SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIPS 264
SUMMARY OF EER TO RELATIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS 265 INTRODUCTION TO
NORMALIZATION 266 STEPS IN NORMALIZATION 267 FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCIES AND
KEYS 268
DETERMINANTS 268 CANDIDATE KEYS 268
NORMALIZATION EXAMPLE: PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY 270 STEP 0:
REPRESENT THE VIEW IN TABULAR FORM 270 STEP 1: CONVERT TO FIRST NORMAL
FORM 271 REMOVE REPEATING GROUPS 271
SELECT THE PRIMARY KEY 272 ANOMALIES IN INF 272 STEP 2: CONVERT TO
SECOND NORMAL FORM 273 STEP 3: CONVERT TO THIRD NORMAL FORM 274
REMOVING TRANSITIVE DEPENDENCIES 274 DETERMINANTS AND NORMALIZATION 275
STEP 4: FURTHER NORMALIZATION 276 MERGING RELATIONS 276
AN EXAMPLE 277 VIEW INTEGRATION PROBLEMS 277 SYNONYMS 277 HOMONYMS 277
TRANSITIVE DEPENDENCIES 278 SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIPS 278
A FINAL STEP FOR DEFINING RELATIONAL KEYS 279
SUMMARY 280
CHAPTER REVIEW 282
KEY TERMS 282
REVIEW QUESTIONS 282
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 283
FIELD EXERCISES 290
14 CONTENTS
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REFERENCES 291
FURTHER READING 291
WEB RESOURCES 291 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 292
CHAPTER 6 PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE 297
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 297 INTRODUCTION 297
PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN PROCESS 298 DATA VOLUME AND USAGE ANALYSIS 299
DESIGNING FIELDS 301 CHOOSING DATA TYPES 301 CODING AND COMPRESSION
TECHNIQUES 302 . CONTROLLING DATA INTEGRITY-A FOUNDATION FOR
SARBANES-OXLEY COMPLIANCE 303 ' HANDLING MISSING DATA 305
DESIGNING PHYSICAL RECORDS AND DENORMALIZATION 305 DENORMALIZATION 306
DENORMALIZE WITH CAUTION 306 OPPORTUNITIES AND TYPES OF DENORMALIZATION
307
DESIGNING PHYSICAL FILES 312 POINTER 313 FILE ORGANIZATIONS 313
SEQUENTIAL FILE ORGANIZATIONS 314
INDEXED FILE ORGANIZATIONS 314 HASHED FILE ORGANIZATIONS 319 SUMMARY OF
FILE ORGANIZATIONS 321 CLUSTERING FILES 321 DESIGNING CONTROLS FOR FILES
323
USING AND SELECTING INDEXES 323 CREATING A UNIQUE KEY INDEX 323 CREATING
A SECONDARY (NONUNIQUE) KEY INDEX 324 WHEN TO USE INDEXES 324
RAID: IMPROVING FILE ACCESS PERFORMANCE BY PARALLEL PROCESSING 325
DESIGNING DATABASES 328 OPTIMIZING FOR QUERY PERFORMANCE 331 PARALLEL
QUERY PROCESSING 331 OVERRIDING AUTOMATIC QUERY OPTIMIZATION 332
PICKING DATA BLOCK SIZE 333 BALANCING I/O ACROSS DISK CONTROLLERS 334
GUIDELINES FOR BETTER QUERY DESIGN 334
SUMMARY 336 CHAPTER REVIEW 337 KEY TERMS 337
REVIEW QUESTIONS 338 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 338 FIELD EXERCISES 342
REFERENCES 342 FURTHER READING 343
WEB RESOURCES 343 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 344
CONTENTS 15
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I
PART IV IMPLEMENTATION 347
AN OVERVIEW OF PART FOUR 347 CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION TO SQL 349 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES 349
INTRODUCTION 349 HISTORY OF THE SQL STANDARD 351 THE ROLE OF SQL IN A
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE 352 THE SQL ENVIRONMENT 353
DEFINING A DATABASE IN SQL 358 GENERATING SQL DATABASE DEFINITIONS 358
CREATING TABLES 359 CREATING DATA INTEGRITY CONTROLS 362 V CHANGING
TABLE DEFINITIONS 363
REMOVING TABLES 364 INSERTING, UPDATING, AND DELETING DATA 364 BATCH
INPUT 366 DELETING DATABASE CONTENTS 366
UPDATING DATABASE CONTENTS 366
INTERNAL SCHEMA DEFINITION IN RDBMSS 367 CREATING INDEXES 368 PROCESSING
SINGLE TABLES 368 CLAUSES OF THE SELECT STATEMENT 369
USING EXPRESSIONS 371 USING FUNCTIONS 371 USING WILDCARDS 372 USING
COMPARISON OPERATORS 373
USING BOOLEAN OPERATORS 373 USING RANGES FOR QUALIFICATION 376 USING
DISTINCT VALUES 377 USING IN AND NOT IN WITH LISTS 379 SORTING RESULTS:
THE ORDER BY CLAUSE 379 CATEGORIZING RESULTS: THE GROUP BY CLAUSE 380
QUALIFYING RESULTS BY CATEGORIES: THE HAVING CLAUSE 381
USING AND DEFINING VIEWS 382 MATERIALIZED VIEWS 386
SUMMARY 387 CHAPTER REVIEW 387 KEY TERMS 387
REVIEW QUESTIONS 387 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 389 FIELD EXERCISES 393
REFERENCES 394
FURTHER READING 394 WEB RESOURCES 394 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY
HOSPITAL 395
CHAPTER 8 ADVANCED SQL 396 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 396 INTRODUCTION 396
16 CONTENTS
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PROCESSING MULTIPLE TABLES 397
EQUI-JOIN 398 NATURAL JOIN 400 OUTER JOIN 401 UNION JOIN 402
SAMPLE MULTIPLE JOIN INVOLVING FOUR TABLES 403 SUBQUERIES 404 CORRELATED
SUBQUERIES 408 USING DERIVED TABLES 409
COMBINING QUERIES 409 CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS 412 MORE COMPLICATED SQL
QUERIES 413 TIPS FOR DEVELOPING QUERIES 415 ENSURING TRANSACTION
INTEGRITY 416
DATA DICTIONARY FACILITIES 418 SQL:200N ENHANCEMENTS AND EXTENSIONS TO
SQL 420 ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS 420 NEW DATA TYPES 421
OTHER ENHANCEMENTS 422 PROGRAMMING EXTENSIONS 422
TRIGGERS AND ROUTINES 424 TRIGGERS 425 ROUTINES 426
EMBEDDED SQL AND DYNAMIC SQL 428 OLAP SQL 431 SUMMARY 433 CHAPTER REVIEW
434 KEY TERMS 434 REVIEW QUESTIONS 434 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 435 FIELD
EXERCISES 439
REFERENCES 439 FURTHER READING 439 WEB RESOURCES 439 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW
COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 440
CHAPTER 9 THE CLIENT/SERVER DATABASE ENVIRONMENT 441 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
441 LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION! 441 INTRODUCTION 443 CLIENT/SERVER
ARCHITECTURES 444
FILE SERVER ARCHITECTURES 444 LIMITATIONS OF FILE SERVERS 445 DATABASE
SERVER ARCHITECTURES 446
THREE-TIER ARCHITECTURES 447 PARTITIONING AN APPLICATION 449 ROLE OF THE
MAINFRAME 452 USING MIDDLEWARE 453 CLIENT/SERVER ISSUES 455
CONTENTS 17
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USING ODBC TO LINK EXTERNAL TABLES STORED ON A DATABASE SERVER 457
USING JDBC TO LINK EXTERNAL TABLES STORED ON A DATABASE SERVER 459
LOOKING FORWARD WITH CLIENT/SERVER IN MIND 459 SUMMARY 459 CHAPTER
REVIEW 460 KEY TERMS 460 REVIEW QUESTIONS 461 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 461
FIELD EXERCISES 462 REFERENCES 462 FURTHER READING 462 WEB RESOURCES 463
FCASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 464
CHAPTER 10 THE INTERNET DATABASE ENVIRONMENT 466 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 466
INTRODUCTION 467 THE INTERNET AND DATABASE CONNECTION 467
THE INTERNET ENVIRONMENT 468 COMMON INTERNET ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS 470
INTERNET-RELATED LANGUAGES 470 XML AND XQUERY OVERVIEW 473
SERVER-SIDE EXTENSIONS 477 WEB SERVER INTERFACES 478 WEBSERVERS 479
CLIENT-SIDE EXTENSIONS 480
WEB-TO-DATABASE TOOLS 481 WEB SERVICES 483 LACK OF MATURE STANDARDS 490
LACK OF SECURITY 490 SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE (SOA) 491 SEMANTIC
WEB 491 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY RATE-OF-CHANGE ISSUES 491 SUMMARY 492
CHAPTER REVIEW 493 KEY TERMS 493 REVIEW QUESTIONS 493 PROBLEMS AND
EXERCISES 494 FIELD EXERCISES 495 REFERENCES 495 FURTHER READING 495
WEB RESOURCES 496 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 497
CHAPTER 11 DATA WAREHOUSING 499 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 499 INTRODUCTION 500
BASIC CONCEPTS OF DATA WAREHOUSING 502
18 CONTENTS
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A BRIEF HISTORY 503
THE NEED FOR DATA WAREHOUSING 503 NEED FOR A COMPANY-WIDE VIEW 503 NEED
TO SEPARATE OPERATIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL SYSTEMS 505 DATA WAREHOUSING
SUCCESS 506 DATA WAREHOUSE ARCHITECTURES 507
INDEPENDENT DATA MART DATA WAREHOUSING ENVIRONMENT 508 DEPENDENT DATA
MART AND OPERATIONAL DATA STORE ARCHITECTURE: A THREE-LEVEL APPROACH 510
LOGICAL DATA MART AND REAL-TIME DATA WAREHOUSE ARCHITECTURE 512
THREE-LAYER DATA ARCHITECTURE 515
ROLE OF THE ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL 515 ROLE OF METADATA 516 SOME
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA WAREHOUSE DATA 516 STATUS VERSUS EVENT DATA 516
TRANSIENT VERSUS PERIODIC DATA 517 AN EXAMPLE OF TRANSIENT AND PERIODIC
DATA 517 TRANSIENT DATA 519 PERIODIC DATA 519
OTHER DATA WAREHOUSE CHANGES 519 THE DERIVED DATA LAYER 520
CHARACTERISTICS OF DERIVED DATA 520 THE STAR SCHEMA 521
FACT TABLES AND DIMENSION TABLES 521 EXAMPLE STAR SCHEMA 522 SURROGATE
KEY 524 GRAIN OF FACT TABLE 525
DURATION OF THE DATABASE 526 SIZE OF THE FACT TABLE 526 MODELING DATE
AND TIME 527 VARIATIONS OF THE STAR SCHEMA 528 MULTIPLE FACT TABLES 528
FACTLESS FACT TABLES 529 NORMALIZING DIMENSION TABLES 530
MULTIVALUED DIMENSIONS 530 HIERARCHIES 531 SLOWLY CHANGING DIMENSIONS
533 DETERMINING DIMENSIONS AND FACTS 536
THE USER INTERFACE 538 ROLE OF METADATA 538 SQL OLAP QUERYING 538 ONLINE
ANALYTICAL PROCESSING (OLAP) TOOLS 540
SLICING A CUBE 541 DRILL-DOWN 542 SUMMARIZING MORE THAN THREE DIMENSIONS
543 DATA VISUALIZATION 543 BUSINESS PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT AND
DASHBOARDS 544 DATA-MINING TOOLS 545
DATA-MINING TECHNIQUES 545 DATA-MINING APPLICATIONS 546 SUMMARY 547
CHAPTER REVIEW 548 KEY TERMS 548
REVIEW QUESTIONS 548 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 549
CONTENTS 19
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FIELD EXERCISES 554
REFERENCES 554 FURTHER READING 555
WEB RESOURCES 555 CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 556
PART V ADVANCED DATABASE TOPICS 559
AN OVERVIEW OF PART FIVE 559
CHAPTER 12 DATA QUALITY AND INTEGRATION 562
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 562
INTRODUCTION 562
MANAGING DATA QUALITY 564 THE STATE OF DATA QUALITY 566 EXTERNAL DATA
SOURCES 567 REDUNDANT DATA STORAGE AND INCONSISTENT METADATA 567
DATA ENTRY 567 LACK OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT 567 DATA QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT 567 CONDUCT A DATA QUALITY AUDIT 567
IMPROVE DATA CAPTURE PROCESSES 569 ESTABLISH A DATA STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
569 APPLY TQM PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES 571 APPLY MODERN DATA MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY 571 ESTIMATE RETURN ON INVESTMENT 571 START WITH A
HIGH-QUALITY DATA MODEL 571 SUMMARY OF DATA QUALITY 573 DATA
INTEGRATION: AN OVERVIEW 573
GENERAL APPROACHES TO DATA INTEGRATION 573 DATA FEDERATION 574 DATA
PROPAGATION 574 MASTER DATA MANAGEMENT 575 DATA INTEGRATION FOR DATA
WAREHOUSING: THE RECONCILED
DATA LAYER 577 CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA AFTER ETL 577 THE ETL PROCESS 578
MAPPING AND METADATA MANAGEMENT 579
EXTRACT 579 CLEANSE 580 LOAD AND INDEX 583
DATA TRANSFORMATION 584 DATA TRANSFORMATION FUNCTIONS 585 RECORD-LEVEL
FUNCTIONS 585 FIELD-LEVEL FUNCTIONS 586
MORE COMPLEX TRANSFORMATIONS 586 TOOLS TO SUPPORT DATA RECONCILIATION
586 DATA QUALITY TOOLS 587
DATA CONVERSION TOOLS 589 DATA CLEANSING TOOLS 589 SELECTING TOOLS 589
SUMMARY 589
CHAPTER REVIEW 590
KEY TERMS 590
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REVIEW QUESTIONS 590
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 591 FIELD EXERCISES 592
REFERENCES 592 FURTHER READING 593 WEB RESOURCES 593
CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 594
CHAPTER 13 DATA AND DATABASE ADMINISTRATION 596
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 596 INTRODUCTION 597
THE ROLES OF DATA AND DATABASE ADMINISTRATORS 598 TRADITIONAL DATA
ADMINISTRATION 599 TRADITIONAL DATABASE ADMINISTRATION 600 EVOLVING
APPROACHES TO DATA ADMINISTRATION 603
BLENDING DATA AND DATABASE ADMINISTRATION 603 FAST-TRACK DEVELOPMENT 603
NEW DBA ROLES 603 SUMMARY OF EVOLVING DATA ADMINISTRATION ROLES 605
THE OPEN-SOURCE MOVEMENT 605
MODELING ENTERPRISE DATA 607 ORGANIZATIONAL ROLES 607 ROLE OF AN
INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 608 MANAGING DATA SECURITY 608
THREATS TO DATA SECURITY 609 ESTABLISHING CLIENT/SERVER SECURITY 610
SERVER SECURITY / 611 NETWORK SECURITY 611
CLIENT/SERVER SECURITY ISSUES FOR WEB-ENABLED DATABASES 611 WEB SECURITY
612 WEB PRIVACY 613
DATABASE SOFTWARE DATA SECURITY FEATURES 614 VIEWS 614
INTEGRITY CONTROLS 615 AUTHORIZATION RULES 617 USER-DEFINED PROCEDURES
618 ENCRYPTION 619 AUTHENTICATION SCHEMES 620
PASSWORDS 620 STRONG AUTHENTICATION 621 MEDIATED AUTHENTICATION 622
SECURITY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 622
PERSONNEL CONTROLS 622 PHYSICAL ACCESS CONTROLS 623 MAINTENANCE CONTROLS
623 DATA PRIVACY CONTROLS 623 DATABASE BACKUP AND RECOVERY 624
BASIC RECOVERY FACILITIES 624 BACKUP FACILITIES 624 JOURNALIZING
FACILITIES 625 CHECKPOINT FACILITY 626
RECOVERY MANAGER 626 RECOVERY AND RESTART PROCEDURES 626
CONTENTS 21
IMAGE 15
DISK MIRRORING 626
RESTORE/RERUN 626 MAINTAINING TRANSACTION INTEGRITY 627 BACKWARD
RECOVERY 628 FORWARD RECOVERY 629 TYPES OF DATABASE FAILURE 630
ABORTED TRANSACTIONS 630 INCORRECT DATA 630 SYSTEM FAILURE 631 DATABASE
DESTRUCTION 631
DISASTER RECOVERY 631
CONTROLLING CONCURRENT ACCESS 632 THE PROBLEM OF LOST UPDATES 632
SERIALIZABILITY 633 LOCKING MECHANISMS 633 W LOCKING LEVEL 634
' TYPES OF LOCKS 635
DEADLOCK 636 MANAGING DEADLOCK 636 VERSIONING 637 DATA DICTIONARIES AND
REPOSITORIES 638 DATA DICTIONARY 638 REPOSITORIES 639
OVERVIEW OF TUNING THE DATABASE FOR PERFORMANCE 641 INSTALLATION OF THE
DBMS 641 MEMORY AND STORAGE SPACE USAGE 642 INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O)
CONTENTION 642
CPU USAGE 643 APPLICATION TUNING 643
DATA AVAILABILITY 644 COSTS OF DOWNTIME 644 MEASURES TO ENSURE
AVAILABILITY 645 HARDWARE FAILURES 645
LOSS OR CORRUPTION OF DATA 645 HUMAN ERROR 645 MAINTENANCE DOWNTIME 646
NETWORK-RELATED PROBLEMS 646 SUMMARY 646 CHAPTER REVIEW 647 KEY TERMS
647 REVIEW QUESTIONS 647 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 649
FIELD EXERCISES 652 REFERENCES 653 FURTHER READING 653 WEB RESOURCES 653
CASE: MOUNTAIN VIEW COMMUNITY HOSPITAL 654
CHAPTER 14 OVERVIEW: DISTRIBUTED DATABASES 655 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 655
OVERVIEW 656 OBJECTIVES AND TRADE-OFFS 656
OPTIONS FOR DISTRIBUTING A DATABASE 656
22 CONTENTS
IMAGE 16
DISTRIBUTED DBMS 657
QUERY OPTIMIZATION 658
CHAPTER REVIEW 658 REFERENCES 658 FURTHER READING 659 WEB RESOURCES 659
CHAPTER 15 OVERVIEW: OBJECT-ORIENTED DATA MODELING 660
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 660
OVERVIEW 661 THE UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE 661 OBJECT-ORIENTED DATA
MODELING 662 REPRESENTING AGGREGATION 667
CHAPTER REVIEW 668 REFERENCES 668 FURTHER READING 668 WEB RESOURCES 668
CHAPTER 16 OVERVIEW: USING RELATIONAL DATABASES TO PROVIDE OBJECT
PERSISTENCE 669
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 669
OVERVIEW 670 PROVIDING PERSISTENCE FOR OBJECTS USING RELATIONAL
DATABASES 671 '~ CALL-LEVEL APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACES 671 SQL QUERY
MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 671
OBJECT-RELATIONAL MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 671 PROPRIETARY APPROACHES 672
OBJECT-RELATIONAL MAPPING EXAMPLE 673 MAPPING FILES Y 674
RESPONSIBILITIES OF OBJECT-RELATIONAL MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 676 SUMMARY 677
CHAPTER REVIEW 678
REFERENCES 678
FURTHER READING 679
WEB RESOURCES 679
APPENDIX A DATA MODELING TOOLS AND NOTATION 680
COMPARING E-R MODELING CONVENTIONS 680 VISIO PROFESSIONAL 2003 NOTATION
683 ENTITIES 683 RELATIONSHIPS 683 ALLFUSION ERWIN DATA MODELER 4.1 SP1
NOTATION 683
ENTITIES 683 RELATIONSHIPS 685 SYBASE POWER DESIGNER 11.1 NOTATION 685
ENTITIES 685
RELATIONSHIPS 687 ORACLE DESIGNER NOTATION 687 ENTITIES 687
RELATIONSHIPS 688 COMPARISON OF TOOL INTERFACES AND E-R DIAGRAMS 688
APPENDIX B ADVANCED NORMAL FORMS 691
BOYCE-CODD NORMAL FORM 691
CONTENTS 23
IMAGE 17
ANOMALIES IN STUDENT_ADVISOR 691
DEFINITION OF BOYCE-CODD NORMAL FORM (BCNF) 692 CONVERTING A RELATION TO
BCNF 692 FOURTH NORMAL FORM 694 MULTIVALUED DEPENDENCIES 695 HIGHER
NORMAL FORMS 696 APPENDIX REVIEW 696 KEY TERMS 696 REFERENCES 696 WEB
RESOURCES 696
APPENDIX C DATA STRUCTURES 697 POINTERS 697 ! DATA STRUCTURE BUILDING
BLOCKS 699 LINEAR DATA STRUCTURES 699
STACKS 702
QUEUES 702
SORTED LISTS 702 MULTILISTS 705
HAZARDS OF CHAIN STRUCTURES 706 TREES 706 BALANCED TREES 707 REFERENCES
709 GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS 710 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 712 INDEX 721
24 CONTENTS |
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| author | Hoffer, Jeffrey A. Prescott, Mary B. Topi, Heikki 1962- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035166541 |
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| discipline | Informatik |
| discipline_str_mv | Informatik |
| edition | 9. ed., internat. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV035166541 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:52:42Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:26:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0137130481 9780137130481 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016973564 |
| oclc_num | 243824923 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-945 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-945 |
| physical | 729 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 28 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Pearson Prentice Hall |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hoffer, Jeffrey A. Verfasser aut Modern database management Jeffrey A. Hoffer ; Mary B. Prescott ; Heikki Topi 9. ed., internat. ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall 2009 729 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 28 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Database management Datenbank (DE-588)4011119-2 gnd rswk-swf Datenbanksystem (DE-588)4113276-2 gnd rswk-swf Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 gnd rswk-swf Datenbankverwaltung (DE-588)4389357-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Datenbankverwaltung (DE-588)4389357-0 s DE-604 Datenbank (DE-588)4011119-2 s Datenbanksystem (DE-588)4113276-2 s Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 s 1\p DE-604 Prescott, Mary B. Verfasser aut Topi, Heikki 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)124988555 aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016973564&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Hoffer, Jeffrey A. Prescott, Mary B. Topi, Heikki 1962- Modern database management Database management Datenbank (DE-588)4011119-2 gnd Datenbanksystem (DE-588)4113276-2 gnd Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 gnd Datenbankverwaltung (DE-588)4389357-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4011119-2 (DE-588)4113276-2 (DE-588)4043774-7 (DE-588)4389357-0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Modern database management |
| title_auth | Modern database management |
| title_exact_search | Modern database management |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Modern database management |
| title_full | Modern database management Jeffrey A. Hoffer ; Mary B. Prescott ; Heikki Topi |
| title_fullStr | Modern database management Jeffrey A. Hoffer ; Mary B. Prescott ; Heikki Topi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern database management Jeffrey A. Hoffer ; Mary B. Prescott ; Heikki Topi |
| title_short | Modern database management |
| title_sort | modern database management |
| topic | Database management Datenbank (DE-588)4011119-2 gnd Datenbanksystem (DE-588)4113276-2 gnd Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 gnd Datenbankverwaltung (DE-588)4389357-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Database management Datenbank Datenbanksystem Organisation Datenbankverwaltung Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016973564&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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