Qualitative research & evaluation methods:
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| Previous Title: | Patton, Michael Q. Qualitative evaluation and research methods |
|---|---|
| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Thousand Oaks [u.a.]
Sage
2002
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | 2. Aufl. u.d.T.: Qualitative evaluation and research methods. - Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Physical Description: | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0761919716 9780761919711 |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804138127236792320 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | 3 Hey Corvferv+s
Preface xxi
PyVRT 1. Conceptual Issues in Qualitative Inquiry 1
1. The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry 3
2. Strategic Themes in Qualitative Inquiry 37
3. Variety in Qualitative Inquiry: Theoretical Orientations 75
4. Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications 143
HART 2. Qualitative Designs and Data Collection 207
5. Designing Qualitative Studies 209
6. Fieldwork Strategies and Observation Methods 259
7. Qualitative Interviewing 339
PART 3 • Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting 429
8. Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation 431
9. Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis 541
References Rl
Author Index II
Subject Index 113
About the Author Al
Detailed (Sorvten+s
Preface xxi
PyVRT 1. Conceptual Issues in Qualitative Inquiry 1
1. The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry 3
The Fruit of Qualitative Methods 3
^^^^02 Three Kinds of Qualitative Data 4
Recognizing Qualitative Data 4
Qualitative Findings: Themes, Patterns, Concepts, Insights, Understandings 5
Q^^Q^^J Women s Ways of Knowing: An Example of
Qualitative Findings 7
u^raUHS Coming-of-Age Paradigms 9
Different Purposes of and Audiences for Qualitative Studies:
Research, Evaluation, Dissertations, and Personal Inquiry 9
Making Methods Decisions 12
Methods Choices: Contrasting Qualitative and Quantitative Emphases 12
Q^^y^Q Some Guiding Questions and Options for Methods Decisions 13
Comparing Two Kinds of Data: An Example 14
The Power of Qualitative Data 17
Face Validity and Credibility 20
3
The Purpose of Open-Ended Responses 20
Inquiry by Observation 21
The Raw Data of Qualitative Inquiry 26
People-Oriented Inquiry 27
The Fruit of Qualitative Methods Revisited 28
^^^^^^^M Internet E-mail Discussion Groups (listservs)
on Qualitative Methods 29
Between-Chapters Interlude:
Top Ten Pieces of Advice to a Graduate Student
Considering a Qualitative Dissertation 31
. Strategic Themes in Qualitative Inquiry 37
General Principles 37
The Purpose of a Strategic Framework 38
Design Strategies for Qualitative Inquiry 39
Naturalistic Inquiry 39
^^Q^^^Q Themes of Qualitative Inquiry 40
Emergent Design Flexibility 43
Purposeful Sampling 45
Data Collection and Fieldwork: Strategies for Qualitative Inquiry 47
Qualitative Data 47
Direct Personal Experience and Engagement: Going Into the Field 47
Empathic Neutrality 49
Empathy and Insight 51
A Dynamic, Developmental Perspective 54
Analysis Strategies for Qualitative Inquiry 55
Unique Case Orientation 55
Inductive Analysis and Creative Synthesis 55
Holistic Perspective 58
Context Sensitivity 61
Voice and Perspective: Reflexivity 63
^^^Q^^Q Reflexive Questions: Triangulated Inquiry 66
From Strategic Ideals to Practical Choices 66
Beyond Competing Inquiry Paradigms 68
Pragmatism 71
Ideal Conditions for Research: A Cautionary Tale 72
3. Variety in Qualitative Inquiry: Theoretical Orientations 75
Special Gifts 75
From Core Strategies to Rich Diversity 76
Q^^^Q Which Approach Is Right? 77
Alternative Ways of Distinguishing Qualitative Traditions 79
Foundational Questions 80
Theoretical Traditions and Orientations 81
Ethnography 81
^^^QSQgJIQ Culture, Culture Everywhere: Sample of Media Headlines 83
Autoethnography and Evocative Forms of Inquiry 84
^^^^^^Q Varieties of Autoethnography: A Partial Lexicology 85
Truth and Reality-Oriented Correspondence Theory:
Positivist, Realist, and Analytic Induction Approaches 91
Social Construction and Constructivism 91
^^^^^^2| Constructivism Versus Constructionism 97
Phenomenology 104
Heuristic Inquiry 107
Qualitative Heuristics: A German Alternative Tradition 109
Ethnomethodology 110
Symbolic Interaction 112
Hermeneutics 113
Narratology or Narrative Analysis 115
Ecological Psychology 118
A Systems Perspective and Systems Theory 119
Chaos and Complexity Theory: Nonlinear Dynamics 123
Grounded Theory 124
^^^[[^^J Complexity (Chaos) Theory Precepts and Qualitative
Inquiry Implications 126
Orientational Qualitative Inquiry: Feminist Inquiry, Critical Theory,
and Queer Theory as Examples 129
Variety in Qualitative Inquiry: Different Answers to Core Questions 131
^^^^^^Q Variety in Qualitative Inquiry: Theoretical Traditions 132
Pragmatism 135
^^^^^^M Sample Internet E-mail Discussion Groups (listservs) and
Sites Relevant to Qualitative Inquiry and Theory 136
The Apple of Your Eye 137
APPENDIX 3.1. Example of Autoethnographic Writing 138
4. Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications 143
Apprenticeship in Pragmatism 143
Practical Purposes and Concrete Questions 145
A Focus on Quality 145
Quality Assurance and Program Evaluation 147
J^Q^^2^H Comparing Program Evaluation and Quality Assurance 149
Evaluation Applications 151
Outcomes Evaluation 151
Evaluating Individualized Outcomes 152
^^J^^^^J Behind the Numbers of an Employment Program:
The Story of Li 155
Process Studies 159
Implementation Evaluation 161
Logic Models and Theories of Action 162
Evaluability Assessments 163
Comparing Programs: Focus on Diversity 163
^gQ^^^I Types of Teacher Centers 166
Prevention Evaluation 166
Documenting Development Over Time and Investigating
System Changes 167
From Evaluation Issues to Evaluation Models 168
Evaluation Models 169
Goal-Free Evaluation 169
Transaction Models: Responsive and Illuminative Evaluation 171
Connoisseurship Studies 172
Utilization-Focused Evaluation 173
Interactive and Participatory Applications 175
Personalizing and Humanizing Evaluation 175
Harmonizing Program and Evaluation Values 176
Developmental Applications: Action Research, Action Learning,
Reflective Practice, and Learning Organizations 177
Q^^yj^Q Common Principles Undergirding Qualitative Inquiry
and Humanistic Values 177
Jj^^^QQ Matching Program Philosophy and Evaluation Approach:
An Illustration 178
Appreciative Inquiry 181
Participatory Research and Evaluation: Valuing and Facilitating
Collaboration 182
^^^^jy^^J Principles of Fully Participatory and Genuinely
Collaborative Inquiry 185
Supporting Democratic Dialogue and Deliberation 185
Supporting Democracy Through Process Use: Helping the
Citizenry Weigh Evidence and Think Evaluatively 187
Special Applications 191
The Need for Unobtrusive Measures 191
State-of-the-Art Considerations: Lack of Proven Quantitative
Instrumentation 192
Confirmatory and Elucidating Research: Adding Depth, Detail,
and Meaning to Quantitative Analyses 193
Rapid Reconnaissance 194
Capturing and Communicating Stories 195
^^^^^^Q Example of a Most Significant Change Story 197
Legislative Auditing and Monitoring 198
Futuring Applications: Anticipatory Research and Prospective
Policy Analysis 200
Breaking the Routine: Generating New Insights 202
Summary: A Vision of the Utility of Qualitative Methods 202
^^^^^Q^ Qualitative Inquiry Applications: Summary Checklist
of Particularly Appropriate Uses of Qualitative Methods 204
Q^Q^jQQ Sample Internet E-mail Discussion Groups (listservs)
and Sites Relevant to Qualitative Applications and Practice 205
PART 2. Qualitative Designs and Data Collection 207
5. Designing Qualitative Studies 209
The First Evaluation 209
A Meta-Evaluation 211
Clarity About Purpose: A Typology 213
Basic Research 215
^^^^^^Q Fundamental Disciplinary Questions 216
Applied Research 217
^^^^^^^9 Sample Interdisciplinary Applied Research Questions 218
Evaluation Research: Summative and Formative 218
Action-Oriented, Problem-Solving Research 221
The Purpose of Purpose Distinctions 222
Examples of Types of Research Questions: A Family Research Example 223
Critical Trade-Offs in Design 223
^^^^^^^| A Typology of Research Purposes 224
mOQQ^^I Family Research Example: Research Questions
Matched to Research Category 225
Breadth Versus Depth 227
Units of Analysis 228
Purposeful Sampling 230
^^^Qg^ Examples of Units of Analysis for Case Studies and
Comparisons 231
Information-Rich Cases 242
Sample Size 242
I^^^QQI Sampling Strategies 243
Emergent Designs and Protection of Human Subjects 246
Methodological Mixes 247
Triangulation 247
Mixing Data, Design, and Analysis Approaches 248
The Case of Operation Reach-Out: Variations in Program
Evaluation Design 249
Alternative Pure and Mixed Strategies 251
H^^^^^^J Measurement, Design, and Analysis:
Pure and Mixed Combinations 252
Design and Methods Decisions 253
Jg^^^^^^j Design Issues and Options 254
Choices 257
6. Fieldwork Strategies and Observation Methods 259
To Understand the World 260
Folk Wisdom About Human Observation 261
The Value of Direct Observations 264
Observation-Based Evaluation and Applied Research in a
Political World 265
Variations in Observational Methods 265
Variations in Observer Involvement: Participant or Onlooker or Both? 265
Insider and Outsider Perspectives: Emic Versus Etic Approaches 267
Who Conducts the Inquiry? Solo and Team Versus Participatory
and Collaborative Approaches 269
Overt Versus Covert Observations 273
Variations in Duration of Observations 273
Variations in Observational Focus 275
Dimensions Along Which Fieldwork Varies: An Overview 276
What to Observe: A Sensitizing Framework 276
j^^^^^^^^ Dimensions Showing Fieldwork Variations 277
Sources of Data 279
^^^^^^Q Examples of Sensitizing Concepts 280
The Setting 280
^^^^QgJ Example of Combining Description and Metaphor
to Provide a Sense of Place 282
The Human, Social Environment 283
Historical Perspectives 284
Planned Program Implementation Activities and Formal Interactions 285
Informal Interactions and Unplanned Activities 285
The Native Language of the Program 288
Nonverbal Communication 290
Unobtrusive Observations 291
Documents 293
Observing What Does Not Happen 295
Nested and Layered Case Studies During Fieldwork 297
Observing Oneself 299
^^^^^^^Q Nested, Layered, and Overlapping Mini-Case Studies
During Fieldwork: Example From the Wilderness
Education Program Evaluation 300
Sources of Data Reviewed 301
Creativity in Fieldwork 302
Doing Fieldwork: The Data-Gathering Process 302
Field Notes 302
^^^^^^Q Fieldnotes Comparisons 304
Procedurally Speaking 305
Observations, Interviews, and Documentation: Bringing Together
Multiple Perspectives 306
The Technology of Fieldwork and Observation 307
Stages of Fieldwork 310
Entry Into the Field 310
What You Say and What You Do 314
Routinization of Fieldwork: The Dynamics of the Second Stage 317
Key Informants 321
Bringing Fieldwork to a Close 322
Evaluation Feedback 324
The Observer and What Is Observed: Unity and Separation 326
The Personal Experience of Fieldwork 329
A Part of and Apart From the World Observed 329
Summary Guidelines for Fieldwork 330
^Q^^^Q Summary Guidelines for Fieldwork 330
Between-Chapters Interlude:
Outside to Inside, Inside to Outside: Shifting Perspectives 333
Preface 335
Nothing About Us, Without Us 335
Barbara Lee
7. Qualitative Interviewing 339
Beyond Silent Observation 339
Rigorous and Skillful Interviewing 340
Inner Perspectives 340
Variations in Qualitative Interviewing 341
The Informal Conversational Interview 342
The Interview Guide 343
The Standardized Open-Ended Interview 344
Q^^^^yg Evaluation Interview Guide for Participants in an
Employment Training Program 345
Combining Approaches 347
Summary of Interviewing Strategies 348
Question Options 348
Experience and Behavior Questions 348
H^^^^^S Variations in Interview Instrumentation 349
Opinion and Values Questions 350
Feeling Questions 350
Knowledge Questions 350
Sensory Questions 350
Background/Demographic Questions 351
Distinguishing Question Types 351
The Time Frame of Questions 351
K^^Maln A Matrix of Question Options 352
Sequencing Questions 352
Wording Questions 353
Asking Truly Open-Ended Questions 353
The Horns of a Dichotomy 354
Asking Singular Questions 358
Clarity of Questions 361
Why to Take Care Asking Why? 363
Rapport and Neutrality 365
Neutral Questions 365
Using Illustrative Examples in Questions 366
Role-Playing and Simulation Questions 367
Presupposition Questions 369
Alternative Question Formats 370
Prefatory Statements and Announcements 370
Probes and Follow-Up Questions 371
Process Feedback During the Interview 374
Support and Recognition Responses 375
Maintaining Control and Enhancing the Quality of Responses 375
The One-Shot Question 378
The Final or Closing Question 379
Beyond Technique 379
Mechanics of Gathering Interview Data 380
Recording the Data 380
H^^^^^l Tips for Tape-Recording Interviews: How to Keep
Transcribers Sane 382
Taking Notes During Interviews 383
After the Interview 383
Special Applications and Issues 385
Think-Aloud Protocol Interviewing 385
Focus Group Interviews 385
Group Interviews 390
Cross-Cultural Interviewing 391
Language Differences 392
Differing Norms and Values 393
Beyond Standard Interviewing: Creative Qualitative Modes of Inquiry 394
Participant Interview Chain 396
Data Collection by Program Staff 397
^^^^^^Q| Training Nonresearchers as Focus Group Interviewers:
Women Leaving Prostitution 399
Interactive Group Interviewing and Dialogues 400
Creativity and Data Quality: Qualitative Bricolage 400
Specialized and Targeted Interview Approaches 402
Ethical Challenges in Qualitative Interviewing 405
Informed Consent and Confidentiality 407
^^QjQQ Ethical Issues Checklist 408
New Directions in Informed Consent: Confidentiality
Versus People Owning Their Own Stories 411
Reciprocity: Should Interviewees Be Compensated? If So, How? 412
How Hard Should Interviewers Push for Sensitive Information? 415
Be Careful. It s Dangerous Out There. 415
Personal Reflections on Interviewing 416
An Interview With the King of the Monkeys 417
Halcolm on Interviewing 418
APPENDIX 7.1. Sample of a Detailed Interview Guide 419
APPENDIX 7.2. Examples of Standardized Open-Ended Interviews 422
PART 3. Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting 429
8. Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation 431
The Complete Analysis Isn t 431
The Challenge 432
Purpose as Context 434
When Does Analysis Begin? 436
Thick Description 437
^^QQQ^m Options for Organizing and Reporting Qualitative Data 439
Organizing the Data 440
Protecting Data 441
Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Management and Analysis 442
j^^^^^S Examples of Software Programs for Qualitative Analysis 444
H^^^^^gjj Internet Resources and E-mail Discussion Groups (listservs)
on Qualitative Analysis 445
Case Studies 447
^^R^Q^Jj Case Study: Layers of Possible Analysis 448
From Data to Case Study 449
^^^^K^g The Process of Constructing Case Studies 450
Pattern, Theme, and Content Analysis 452
Inductive and Deductive Qualitative Analyses 453
Indigenous Concepts and Practices 454
Sensitizing Concepts 456
Indigenous Typologies 457
Analyst-Constructed Typologies 458
jQ^^^^jj Qualitative Analysis of Ancestry at the U.S. Census 461
The Intellectual and Mechanical Work of Analysis 462
Coding Data, Finding Patterns, Labeling Themes, and Developing
Category Systems 462
^^^QQ^Q First-Cut Coding Examples: Sample Codes From the
Field Note Margins 464
Convergence and Divergence in Coding and Classifying 465
Determining Substantive Significance 467
Logical Analysis 468
JgjQ^^^J An Empirical Typology of Teacher Roles in Dealing With
High School Dropouts 469
A Process/Outcomes Matrix 471
^^^^Q^Q Mapping Stakeholders Stakes 472
fgg^^^^^J Conceptual Guide for Data Collection and Analysis:
Utilization of Planning, Evaluation, and Reporting 473
^gg^^^Q Matrix of Linkages Between Program Processes and Impacts 474
An Analysis Example: Recognizing Processes, Outcomes, and
Linkages in Qualitative Data 474
Interpreting Findings 477
Interpreting for Meaning 477
Comparisons, Causes, Consequences, and Relationships 478
Theory-Based Analysis Approaches 481
Phenomenological Analysis 482
Grounded Theory 487
Qualitative Comparative Analysis 492
Analytic Induction 493
Special Analytical Issues and Frameworks 494
Reflexivity and Voice 494
Collaborative and Participatory Analyses 496
The Hermeneutic Circle and Interpretation 497
Analyzing Institutional Documents 498
Dramaturgical Analysis 499
Finding Nothing 500
Synthesizing Qualitative Studies 500
Reporting Findings 502
Balance Between Description and Interpretation 503
Communicating With Metaphors and Analogies 504
Drawing Conclusions 506
Special Issues in Evaluation Reporting and an Example 506
Feedback and Analysis 506
Evaluative Feedback Using Indigenous Typologies 507
jQQjJ^I^^Q Distinguishing Observations From Perceived Impacts 509
To Write a Report or Not to Write a Report? 510
Focus 511
The Executive Summary and Research Abstract 511
KK^^^^^Q Utilization-Focused Evaluation Reporting 512
Carpe Diem Briefings 512
The Creativity of Qualitative Inquiry 512
The Past and the Future: Deciding in Which Direction to Look 515
APPENDIX 8.1. Excerpts From a Codebook for Use by Multiple Coders 516
APPENDIX 8.2. Mike: An Illustrative Case Study 518
APPENDIX 8.3. Excerpts From an Illustrative Interview Analysis:
Reflections on Outcomes From Participants in a
Wilderness Education Program 525
Between-Chapters Interlude:
Riddles of Qualitative Inquiry: Who Am I? 537
Gary D. Shank
9. Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis 541
Interpreting Truth 541
Alternative Criteria for Judging Quality 542
jjg^^^^Q Alternative Sets of Criteria for Judging the Quality
and Credibility of Qualitative Inquiry 544
Traditional Scientific Research Criteria 544
Social Construction and Constructivist Criteria 546
Artistic and Evocative Criteria 547
Critical Change Criteria 548
Evaluation Standards and Principles 549
Clouds and Cotton: Mixing and Changing Perspectives 551
Credibility 552
Rigor: Strategies for Enhancing the Quality of Analysis 553
Integrity in Analysis: Generating and Assessing Rival Conclusions 553
Negative Cases 554
Triangulation 555
j^^^^JlEl A Story of Triangulation: Testing Conclusions With
More Fieldwork 559
Design Checks: Keeping Methods and Data in Context 563
High-Quality Lessons Learned 564
^^^^^^Q High-Quality Lessons Learned 565
The Credibility of the Researcher 566
Considering Investigator Effects: Varieties of Reactivity 567
Intellectual Rigor 570
The Paradigms Debate and Credibility 570
Beyond the Numbers Game 572
Beyond Objectivity and Subjectivity: New Concepts, New Language 574
Reflections on Truth and Utility as Criteria of Quality 577
From Generalizations to Extrapolations and Transferability 581
The Credibility Issue in Retrospect: Increased Legitimacy for
Qualitative Methods 584
Beyond the Qualitative-Quantitative Debate 584
Matching Claims and Criteria 587
APPENDIX 9.1. Case Study: A Documenter s Perspective 589
References Rl
Author Index II
Subject Index 113
About the Author Al
|
| adam_txt |
3 Hey Corvferv+s
Preface xxi
PyVRT 1. Conceptual Issues in Qualitative Inquiry 1
1. The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry 3
2. Strategic Themes in Qualitative Inquiry 37
3. Variety in Qualitative Inquiry: Theoretical Orientations 75
4. Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications 143
HART 2. Qualitative Designs and Data Collection 207
5. Designing Qualitative Studies 209
6. Fieldwork Strategies and Observation Methods 259
7. Qualitative Interviewing 339
PART 3 • Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting 429
8. Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation 431
9. Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis 541
References Rl
Author Index II
Subject Index 113
About the Author Al
Detailed (Sorvten+s
Preface xxi
PyVRT 1. Conceptual Issues in Qualitative Inquiry 1
1. The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry 3
The Fruit of Qualitative Methods 3
^^^^02 Three Kinds of Qualitative Data 4
Recognizing Qualitative Data 4
Qualitative Findings: Themes, Patterns, Concepts, Insights, Understandings 5
Q^^Q^^J Women's Ways of Knowing: An Example of
Qualitative Findings 7
u^raUHS Coming-of-Age Paradigms 9
Different Purposes of and Audiences for Qualitative Studies:
Research, Evaluation, Dissertations, and Personal Inquiry 9
Making Methods Decisions 12
Methods Choices: Contrasting Qualitative and Quantitative Emphases 12
Q^^y^Q Some Guiding Questions and Options for Methods Decisions 13
Comparing Two Kinds of Data: An Example 14
The Power of Qualitative Data 17
Face Validity and Credibility 20
3
The Purpose of Open-Ended Responses 20
Inquiry by Observation 21
The Raw Data of Qualitative Inquiry 26
People-Oriented Inquiry 27
The Fruit of Qualitative Methods Revisited 28
^^^^^^^M Internet E-mail Discussion Groups (listservs)
on Qualitative Methods 29
Between-Chapters Interlude:
Top Ten Pieces of Advice to a Graduate Student
Considering a Qualitative Dissertation 31
. Strategic Themes in Qualitative Inquiry 37
General Principles 37
The Purpose of a Strategic Framework 38
Design Strategies for Qualitative Inquiry 39
Naturalistic Inquiry 39
^^Q^^^Q Themes of Qualitative Inquiry 40
Emergent Design Flexibility 43
Purposeful Sampling 45
Data Collection and Fieldwork: Strategies for Qualitative Inquiry 47
Qualitative Data 47
Direct Personal Experience and Engagement: Going Into the Field 47
Empathic Neutrality 49
Empathy and Insight 51
A Dynamic, Developmental Perspective 54
Analysis Strategies for Qualitative Inquiry 55
Unique Case Orientation 55
Inductive Analysis and Creative Synthesis 55
Holistic Perspective 58
Context Sensitivity 61
Voice and Perspective: Reflexivity 63
^^^Q^^Q Reflexive Questions: Triangulated Inquiry 66
From Strategic Ideals to Practical Choices 66
Beyond Competing Inquiry Paradigms 68
Pragmatism 71
Ideal Conditions for Research: A Cautionary Tale 72
3. Variety in Qualitative Inquiry: Theoretical Orientations 75
Special Gifts 75
From Core Strategies to Rich Diversity 76
Q^^^Q Which Approach Is Right? 77
Alternative Ways of Distinguishing Qualitative Traditions 79
Foundational Questions 80
Theoretical Traditions and Orientations 81
Ethnography 81
^^^QSQgJIQ Culture, Culture Everywhere: Sample of Media Headlines 83
Autoethnography and Evocative Forms of Inquiry 84
^^^^^^Q Varieties of Autoethnography: A Partial Lexicology 85
Truth and Reality-Oriented Correspondence Theory:
Positivist, Realist, and Analytic Induction Approaches 91
Social Construction and Constructivism 91
^^^^^^2| Constructivism Versus Constructionism 97
Phenomenology 104
Heuristic Inquiry 107
Qualitative Heuristics: A German Alternative Tradition 109
Ethnomethodology 110
Symbolic Interaction 112
Hermeneutics 113
Narratology or Narrative Analysis 115
Ecological Psychology 118
A Systems Perspective and Systems Theory 119
Chaos and Complexity Theory: Nonlinear Dynamics 123
Grounded Theory 124
^^^[[^^J Complexity (Chaos) Theory Precepts and Qualitative
Inquiry Implications 126
Orientational Qualitative Inquiry: Feminist Inquiry, Critical Theory,
and Queer Theory as Examples 129
Variety in Qualitative Inquiry: Different Answers to Core Questions 131
^^^^^^Q Variety in Qualitative Inquiry: Theoretical Traditions 132
Pragmatism 135
^^^^^^M Sample Internet E-mail Discussion Groups (listservs) and
Sites Relevant to Qualitative Inquiry and Theory 136
The Apple of Your Eye 137
APPENDIX 3.1. Example of Autoethnographic Writing 138
4. Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications 143
Apprenticeship in Pragmatism 143
Practical Purposes and Concrete Questions 145
A Focus on Quality 145
Quality Assurance and Program Evaluation 147
J^Q^^2^H Comparing Program Evaluation and Quality Assurance 149
Evaluation Applications 151
Outcomes Evaluation 151
Evaluating Individualized Outcomes 152
^^J^^^^J Behind the Numbers of an Employment Program:
The Story of Li 155
Process Studies 159
Implementation Evaluation 161
Logic Models and Theories of Action 162
Evaluability Assessments 163
Comparing Programs: Focus on Diversity 163
^gQ^^^I Types of Teacher Centers 166
Prevention Evaluation 166
Documenting Development Over Time and Investigating
System Changes 167
From Evaluation Issues to Evaluation Models 168
Evaluation Models 169
Goal-Free Evaluation 169
Transaction Models: Responsive and Illuminative Evaluation 171
Connoisseurship Studies 172
Utilization-Focused Evaluation 173
Interactive and Participatory Applications 175
Personalizing and Humanizing Evaluation 175
Harmonizing Program and Evaluation Values 176
Developmental Applications: Action Research, Action Learning,
Reflective Practice, and Learning Organizations 177
Q^^yj^Q Common Principles Undergirding Qualitative Inquiry
and Humanistic Values 177
Jj^^^QQ Matching Program Philosophy and Evaluation Approach:
An Illustration 178
Appreciative Inquiry 181
Participatory Research and Evaluation: Valuing and Facilitating
Collaboration 182
^^^^jy^^J Principles of Fully Participatory and Genuinely
Collaborative Inquiry 185
Supporting Democratic Dialogue and Deliberation 185
Supporting Democracy Through Process Use: Helping the
Citizenry Weigh Evidence and Think Evaluatively 187
Special Applications 191
The Need for Unobtrusive Measures 191
State-of-the-Art Considerations: Lack of Proven Quantitative
Instrumentation 192
Confirmatory and Elucidating Research: Adding Depth, Detail,
and Meaning to Quantitative Analyses 193
Rapid Reconnaissance 194
Capturing and Communicating Stories 195
^^^^^^Q Example of a "Most Significant Change" Story 197
Legislative Auditing and Monitoring 198
Futuring Applications: Anticipatory Research and Prospective
Policy Analysis 200
Breaking the Routine: Generating New Insights 202
Summary: A Vision of the Utility of Qualitative Methods 202
^^^^^Q^ Qualitative Inquiry Applications: Summary Checklist
of Particularly Appropriate Uses of Qualitative Methods 204
Q^Q^jQQ Sample Internet E-mail Discussion Groups (listservs)
and Sites Relevant to Qualitative Applications and Practice 205
PART 2. Qualitative Designs and Data Collection 207
5. Designing Qualitative Studies 209
The First Evaluation 209
A Meta-Evaluation 211
Clarity About Purpose: A Typology 213
Basic Research 215
^^^^^^Q Fundamental Disciplinary Questions 216
Applied Research 217
^^^^^^^9 Sample Interdisciplinary Applied Research Questions 218
Evaluation Research: Summative and Formative 218
Action-Oriented, Problem-Solving Research 221
The Purpose of Purpose Distinctions 222
Examples of Types of Research Questions: A Family Research Example 223
Critical Trade-Offs in Design 223
^^^^^^^| A Typology of Research Purposes 224
mOQQ^^I Family Research Example: Research Questions
Matched to Research Category 225
Breadth Versus Depth 227
Units of Analysis 228
Purposeful Sampling 230
^^^Qg^ Examples of Units of Analysis for Case Studies and
Comparisons 231
Information-Rich Cases 242
Sample Size 242
I^^^QQI Sampling Strategies 243
Emergent Designs and Protection of Human Subjects 246
Methodological Mixes 247
Triangulation 247
Mixing Data, Design, and Analysis Approaches 248
The Case of Operation Reach-Out: Variations in Program
Evaluation Design 249
Alternative Pure and Mixed Strategies 251
H^^^^^^J Measurement, Design, and Analysis:
Pure and Mixed Combinations 252
Design and Methods Decisions 253
Jg^^^^^^j Design Issues and Options 254
Choices 257
6. Fieldwork Strategies and Observation Methods 259
To Understand the World 260
Folk Wisdom About Human Observation 261
The Value of Direct Observations 264
Observation-Based Evaluation and Applied Research in a
Political World 265
Variations in Observational Methods 265
Variations in Observer Involvement: Participant or Onlooker or Both? 265
Insider and Outsider Perspectives: Emic Versus Etic Approaches 267
Who Conducts the Inquiry? Solo and Team Versus Participatory
and Collaborative Approaches 269
Overt Versus Covert Observations 273
Variations in Duration of Observations 273
Variations in Observational Focus 275
Dimensions Along Which Fieldwork Varies: An Overview 276
What to Observe: A Sensitizing Framework 276
j^^^^^^^^ Dimensions Showing Fieldwork Variations 277
Sources of Data 279
^^^^^^Q Examples of Sensitizing Concepts 280
The Setting 280
^^^^QgJ Example of Combining Description and Metaphor
to Provide a Sense of Place 282
The Human, Social Environment 283
Historical Perspectives 284
Planned Program Implementation Activities and Formal Interactions 285
Informal Interactions and Unplanned Activities 285
The Native Language of the Program 288
Nonverbal Communication 290
Unobtrusive Observations 291
Documents 293
Observing What Does Not Happen 295
Nested and Layered Case Studies During Fieldwork 297
Observing Oneself 299
^^^^^^^Q Nested, Layered, and Overlapping Mini-Case Studies
During Fieldwork: Example From the Wilderness
Education Program Evaluation 300
Sources of Data Reviewed 301
Creativity in Fieldwork 302
Doing Fieldwork: The Data-Gathering Process 302
Field Notes 302
^^^^^^Q Fieldnotes Comparisons 304
Procedurally Speaking 305
Observations, Interviews, and Documentation: Bringing Together
Multiple Perspectives 306
The Technology of Fieldwork and Observation 307
Stages of Fieldwork 310
Entry Into the Field 310
What You Say and What You Do 314
Routinization of Fieldwork: The Dynamics of the Second Stage 317
Key Informants 321
Bringing Fieldwork to a Close 322
Evaluation Feedback 324
The Observer and What Is Observed: Unity and Separation 326
The Personal Experience of Fieldwork 329
A Part of and Apart From the World Observed 329
Summary Guidelines for Fieldwork 330
^Q^^^Q Summary Guidelines for Fieldwork 330
Between-Chapters Interlude:
Outside to Inside, Inside to Outside: Shifting Perspectives 333
Preface 335
"Nothing About Us, Without Us" 335
Barbara Lee
7. Qualitative Interviewing 339
Beyond Silent Observation 339
Rigorous and Skillful Interviewing 340
Inner Perspectives 340
Variations in Qualitative Interviewing 341
The Informal Conversational Interview 342
The Interview Guide 343
The Standardized Open-Ended Interview 344
Q^^^^yg Evaluation Interview Guide for Participants in an
Employment Training Program 345
Combining Approaches 347
Summary of Interviewing Strategies 348
Question Options 348
Experience and Behavior Questions 348
H^^^^^S Variations in Interview Instrumentation 349
Opinion and Values Questions 350
Feeling Questions 350
Knowledge Questions 350
Sensory Questions 350
Background/Demographic Questions 351
Distinguishing Question Types 351
The Time Frame of Questions 351
K^^Maln A Matrix of Question Options 352
Sequencing Questions 352
Wording Questions 353
Asking Truly Open-Ended Questions 353
The Horns of a Dichotomy 354
Asking Singular Questions 358
Clarity of Questions 361
Why to Take Care Asking "Why?" 363
Rapport and Neutrality 365
Neutral Questions 365
Using Illustrative Examples in Questions 366
Role-Playing and Simulation Questions 367
Presupposition Questions 369
Alternative Question Formats 370
Prefatory Statements and Announcements 370
Probes and Follow-Up Questions 371
Process Feedback During the Interview 374
Support and Recognition Responses 375
Maintaining Control and Enhancing the Quality of Responses 375
The One-Shot Question 378
The Final or Closing Question 379
Beyond Technique 379
Mechanics of Gathering Interview Data 380
Recording the Data 380
H^^^^^l Tips for Tape-Recording Interviews: How to Keep
Transcribers Sane 382
Taking Notes During Interviews 383
After the Interview 383
Special Applications and Issues 385
Think-Aloud Protocol Interviewing 385
Focus Group Interviews 385
Group Interviews 390
Cross-Cultural Interviewing 391
Language Differences 392
Differing Norms and Values 393
Beyond Standard Interviewing: Creative Qualitative Modes of Inquiry 394
Participant Interview Chain 396
Data Collection by Program Staff 397
^^^^^^Q| Training Nonresearchers as Focus Group Interviewers:
Women Leaving Prostitution 399
Interactive Group Interviewing and Dialogues 400
Creativity and Data Quality: Qualitative Bricolage 400
Specialized and Targeted Interview Approaches 402
Ethical Challenges in Qualitative Interviewing 405
Informed Consent and Confidentiality 407
^^QjQQ Ethical Issues Checklist 408
New Directions in Informed Consent: Confidentiality
Versus People Owning Their Own Stories 411
Reciprocity: Should Interviewees Be Compensated? If So, How? 412
How Hard Should Interviewers Push for Sensitive Information? 415
Be Careful. It's Dangerous Out There. 415
Personal Reflections on Interviewing 416
An Interview With the King of the Monkeys 417
Halcolm on Interviewing 418
APPENDIX 7.1. Sample of a Detailed Interview Guide 419
APPENDIX 7.2. Examples of Standardized Open-Ended Interviews 422
PART 3. Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting 429
8. Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation 431
The Complete Analysis Isn't 431
The Challenge 432
Purpose as Context 434
When Does Analysis Begin? 436
Thick Description 437
^^QQQ^m Options for Organizing and Reporting Qualitative Data 439
Organizing the Data 440
Protecting Data 441
Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Management and Analysis 442
j^^^^^S Examples of Software Programs for Qualitative Analysis 444
H^^^^^gjj Internet Resources and E-mail Discussion Groups (listservs)
on Qualitative Analysis 445
Case Studies 447
^^R^Q^Jj Case Study: Layers of Possible Analysis 448
From Data to Case Study 449
^^^^K^g The Process of Constructing Case Studies 450
Pattern, Theme, and Content Analysis 452
Inductive and Deductive Qualitative Analyses 453
Indigenous Concepts and Practices 454
Sensitizing Concepts 456
Indigenous Typologies 457
Analyst-Constructed Typologies 458
jQ^^^^jj Qualitative Analysis of Ancestry at the U.S. Census 461
The Intellectual and Mechanical Work of Analysis 462
Coding Data, Finding Patterns, Labeling Themes, and Developing
Category Systems 462
^^^QQ^Q First-Cut Coding Examples: Sample Codes From the
Field Note Margins 464
Convergence and Divergence in Coding and Classifying 465
Determining Substantive Significance 467
Logical Analysis 468
JgjQ^^^J An Empirical Typology of Teacher Roles in Dealing With
High School Dropouts 469
A Process/Outcomes Matrix 471
^^^^Q^Q Mapping Stakeholders' Stakes 472
fgg^^^^^J Conceptual Guide for Data Collection and Analysis:
Utilization of Planning, Evaluation, and Reporting 473
^gg^^^Q Matrix of Linkages Between Program Processes and Impacts 474
An Analysis Example: Recognizing Processes, Outcomes, and
Linkages in Qualitative Data 474
Interpreting Findings 477
Interpreting for Meaning 477
Comparisons, Causes, Consequences, and Relationships 478
Theory-Based Analysis Approaches 481
Phenomenological Analysis 482
Grounded Theory 487
Qualitative Comparative Analysis 492
Analytic Induction 493
Special Analytical Issues and Frameworks 494
Reflexivity and Voice 494
Collaborative and Participatory Analyses 496
The Hermeneutic Circle and Interpretation 497
Analyzing Institutional Documents 498
Dramaturgical Analysis 499
Finding Nothing 500
Synthesizing Qualitative Studies 500
Reporting Findings 502
Balance Between Description and Interpretation 503
Communicating With Metaphors and Analogies 504
Drawing Conclusions 506
Special Issues in Evaluation Reporting and an Example 506
Feedback and Analysis 506
Evaluative Feedback Using Indigenous Typologies 507
jQQjJ^I^^Q Distinguishing Observations From Perceived Impacts 509
To Write a Report or Not to Write a Report? 510
Focus 511
The Executive Summary and Research Abstract 511
KK^^^^^Q Utilization-Focused Evaluation Reporting 512
Carpe Diem Briefings 512
The Creativity of Qualitative Inquiry 512
The Past and the Future: Deciding in Which Direction to Look 515
APPENDIX 8.1. Excerpts From a Codebook for Use by Multiple Coders 516
APPENDIX 8.2. Mike: An Illustrative Case Study 518
APPENDIX 8.3. Excerpts From an Illustrative Interview Analysis:
Reflections on Outcomes From Participants in a
Wilderness Education Program 525
Between-Chapters Interlude:
Riddles of Qualitative Inquiry: Who Am I? 537
Gary D. Shank
9. Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis 541
Interpreting Truth 541
Alternative Criteria for Judging Quality 542
jjg^^^^Q Alternative Sets of Criteria for Judging the Quality
and Credibility of Qualitative Inquiry 544
Traditional Scientific Research Criteria 544
Social Construction and Constructivist Criteria 546
Artistic and Evocative Criteria 547
Critical Change Criteria 548
Evaluation Standards and Principles 549
Clouds and Cotton: Mixing and Changing Perspectives 551
Credibility 552
Rigor: Strategies for Enhancing the Quality of Analysis 553
Integrity in Analysis: Generating and Assessing Rival Conclusions 553
Negative Cases 554
Triangulation 555
j^^^^JlEl A Story of Triangulation: Testing Conclusions With
More Fieldwork 559
Design Checks: Keeping Methods and Data in Context 563
High-Quality Lessons Learned 564
^^^^^^Q High-Quality Lessons Learned 565
The Credibility of the Researcher 566
Considering Investigator Effects: Varieties of Reactivity 567
Intellectual Rigor 570
The Paradigms Debate and Credibility 570
Beyond the Numbers Game 572
Beyond Objectivity and Subjectivity: New Concepts, New Language 574
Reflections on Truth and Utility as Criteria of Quality 577
From Generalizations to Extrapolations and Transferability 581
The Credibility Issue in Retrospect: Increased Legitimacy for
Qualitative Methods 584
Beyond the Qualitative-Quantitative Debate 584
Matching Claims and Criteria 587
APPENDIX 9.1. Case Study: A Documenter's Perspective 589
References Rl
Author Index II
Subject Index 113
About the Author Al |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Patton, Michael Quinn 1945- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133179672 |
| author_facet | Patton, Michael Quinn 1945- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Patton, Michael Quinn 1945- |
| author_variant | m q p mq mqp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035142326 |
| classification_rvk | CM 3600 MR 2000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)612080259 (DE-599)BVBBV035142326 |
| dewey-full | 300/.7/23 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-raw | 300/.7/23 |
| dewey-search | 300/.7/23 |
| dewey-sort | 3300 17 223 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie Psychologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Soziologie Psychologie |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035142326 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:27:40Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:23:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0761919716 9780761919711 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016809694 |
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| physical | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Sage |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Patton, Michael Quinn 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)133179672 aut Qualitative research & evaluation methods Michael Quinn Patton Qualitative research and evaluation methods 3. ed. Thousand Oaks [u.a.] Sage 2002 Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 2. Aufl. u.d.T.: Qualitative evaluation and research methods. - Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd rswk-swf Qualitative Sozialforschung (DE-588)4395695-6 gnd rswk-swf Evaluationsforschung (DE-588)4153242-9 gnd rswk-swf Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 gnd rswk-swf Evaluation (DE-588)4071034-8 gnd rswk-swf Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Evaluationsforschung (DE-588)4153242-9 s Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s 1\p DE-604 Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 s 2\p DE-604 Evaluation (DE-588)4071034-8 s 3\p DE-604 Qualitative Sozialforschung (DE-588)4395695-6 s 4\p DE-604 2. Auflage Patton, Michael Q. Qualitative evaluation and research methods (DE-604)BV026086203 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016809694&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Patton, Michael Quinn 1945- Qualitative research & evaluation methods Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd Qualitative Sozialforschung (DE-588)4395695-6 gnd Evaluationsforschung (DE-588)4153242-9 gnd Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 gnd Evaluation (DE-588)4071034-8 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd |
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| title | Qualitative research & evaluation methods |
| title_alt | Qualitative research and evaluation methods |
| title_auth | Qualitative research & evaluation methods |
| title_exact_search | Qualitative research & evaluation methods |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Qualitative research & evaluation methods |
| title_full | Qualitative research & evaluation methods Michael Quinn Patton |
| title_fullStr | Qualitative research & evaluation methods Michael Quinn Patton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Qualitative research & evaluation methods Michael Quinn Patton |
| title_old | Patton, Michael Q. Qualitative evaluation and research methods |
| title_short | Qualitative research & evaluation methods |
| title_sort | qualitative research evaluation methods |
| topic | Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd Qualitative Sozialforschung (DE-588)4395695-6 gnd Evaluationsforschung (DE-588)4153242-9 gnd Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 gnd Evaluation (DE-588)4071034-8 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Methodologie Qualitative Sozialforschung Evaluationsforschung Qualitative Methode Evaluation Forschungsmethode |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016809694&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pattonmichaelquinn qualitativeresearchevaluationmethods AT pattonmichaelquinn qualitativeresearchandevaluationmethods |