Fire retardancy of polymers: new strategies and mechanisms
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| Language: | English |
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2009
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| Physical Description: | XX, 433 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780854041497 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fire retardancy of polymers |b new strategies and mechanisms |c ed. by T. Richard Hull ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge |b RSC Publ. |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 433 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Fire resistant polymers | |
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| adam_text | Contents
Introduction
Polymers
and Fire
T.R.
Hull and
A.A.
Stec
1
Hazards from Fire
1
2
Fires and Fire Growth
2
2.1
Conditions of Each Fire Stage
5
2.2
Chemical and Physical Processes
6
2.3
Studying Polymer Decomposition
7
3
Fire Effluent
Toxicity
8
4
Structural Deformation
9
5
Fire
Retardant
Strategies
9
5.1
Physical Action
10
5.2
Chemical Action
10
5.2
Polymer Nanocomposites
11
6
Conclusions
12
References
14
Fire
Retardant
Strategies
Chapter
1
Synergy between Nanometric Alumina and Organoclay in
Conventional Fire
Retardant
Systems for Ethylene-Vinyl
Acetate
N.
Cinausero, J.-M. Lopez-Cuesta, F. Laoutid.
A
.
Piechaczyk and
E. Leroy
1.1
Introduction
17
1.2
Experimental
18
1.2.1
Materials
18
1.2.2
Processing
18
1.2.3
Testing
18
Fire Retardancy of Polymers: New Strategies and Mechanisms
Edited by
T
Richard Hull and Baljinder
K Kandola
С
Royal Society of Chemistry
2009
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
ix
x
Contents
1.3
Results and Discussion
19
1.4
Conclusion
26
References
27
Chapter
2
Strained Organophosphorus Compounds as Reactive Flame
Retardants
for Polymeric Materials
Boh A
.
Howe/I
2.1
Introduction
28
2.2
Experimental
29
2.2.1
Materials
29
2.2.2
Initiator.
2.4.4.5.5-Pentaphenyl-l,3,2-Dioxa-
phospholane
29
2.2.3
Polymers
29
2.3
Results and Discussion
30
2.3.1
Thermal Properties of
Styrene
Polymers
Containing Phosphorus Units
33
2.3.2
Evaluation of Flammability
33
2.4
Conclusions
34
References
34
Chapter
3
Amorphous Silicon Dioxide as Additive to Improve the Fire
Retardancy of
Polyamides
G.
Schmciucks.
В.
Friede,
H.
Schreiner
and
J.
О.
Rósz
in.sk
і
35
40
40
40
40
41
47
47
48
Chapter
4
Lse
of
Organosilicone
Composites as Flame
Retardant
Additives and Coatings for Polypropylene
B.B.
Marosfői. A. Szabó,
К.
Kiss and
G.
Marosi
4.1
Introduction
49
4.2.
Experimental
50
4.2.1
Materials
50
4.2.2
Sample Preparation
51
4.2.3
Preparation of PP Compounds
51
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Experimental
3.2.1
Materials
3.2.2
Sample Preparation
3.2.3
Test Methods
3.3
Results and Discussion
3.4
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
С
oni
ent
s
xj
4.2.4
Preparation of Composites with Multilayer
Structures
51
4.2.5
Characterisation
52
4.3
Results and Discussion
52
4.3.1
Thermo-Oxidative Stability
52
4.3.2
Combustion Characteristics ol
Polypropylene-Based Composites
53
4.3.3
Multilayer Structure PP (pBSil OSHP MB)
56
4.4
Conclusion
57
Acknowledgements
57
References
58
Chapter
5
Organomodifíed
Ultrafine
Kaolin for Mechanical
Reinforcement and Improved Flame Retardancy of
Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate
B.
Swoboda,
E. Leroy,
J.-M.
Lopez Ciiesta,
C.
Artigo,
C. Petter
and C.H.
Sampaio
5.1
Introduction
59
5.2
Experimental
61
5.2.1
Materials
61
5.2.2
Processing
61
5.2.3
Characterization Techniques
62
5.3
Results and Discussion
64
5.3.1
Properties of Unmodified Kaolins
64
5.3.2
Grafting of TPP onto Kaolin Surface
64
5.3.3
Morphological, Rheological and
Mechanical Properties of Polymer
Compounds
67
5.3.4
Thermal Stability and Reaction to Fire of
Polymeric Compounds
69
5.4
Conclusion
73
5.5
Acknowledgements
73
References
73
Chapter
6
Complex Micro-analysis Assisted Design of
Fire-Retardant Nanocomposites
-
Contribution
to the Nanomechanism
A. Szaho, B.B. Marosfoi, P. Anna and
G y
.
Marosi
6.1
Introduction
74
6.2
Experimental
78
6.2.1
Materials
78
6.2.2
Methods
78
411 Contents
6.3
Results and Discussion
80
6.3.1
Nanonetwork Formation
80
6.3.2
Intumescent
Polymeric Particle
Formation
84
6.4
Conclusion
88
Acknowledgements
89
References
89
Nanoparticulate Fillers
Chapter
7
Impact of Nanoparticle Shape on the Flammability
of Nanocomposites
F. Yang, I. Bogdanova and
G. L.
Nelson
7.1
Introduction
95
7.2
Experiment
96
7.2.1
Preparation of Polymer-Inorganic
Nanocomposites
96
7.2.2
Mechanical Testing of Polymer-Inorganic
Nanocomposites
96
7.2.3
Morphology Study for Polymer-Inorganic
Nanocomposites
96
7.2.4
Thermal Degradation of
Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposites
97
7.2.5
Flammability of Polymer-Inorganic
Nanocomposites
97
7.3
Results and Discussion
97
7.3.1
Polycarbonate-Inorganic Nanocomposites
97
7.3.2
PS-Inorganic Nanocomposites
102
7.4
Conclusion
107
References
108
Chapter
8
Thermal and Combustion Behaviour of Polymer-Carbon
Nanofibre Composites
D.
Tahitani,
S.
Pagliari,
W. Gianelli and G.
Camino
8.1
Introduction
ПО
8.2
Materials
and Methods
111
8.2.1
Melt Blending 111
8.2.2
From Solution
111
8.2.3
Characterization
112
8.3
Results and Discussion
113
8.3.1
Morphology
113
8.3.2
Thermal Behaviour
115
8.4
Conclusions
123
References
123
Contents xjjj
Chapter
9
Combination of Carbon Nanotubes with Fire
Retardants:
Thermal and Fire Properties of
Polystyrene Nanocomposites
Florentina
Tutunea and Charles A. Wilkie
9.1
Introduction
125
9.2
Experimental
126
9.2.1
Materials
126
9.2.2
Preparation of Composites
127
9.2.3
Instrumentation
127
9.3
Results and Discussion
127
9.3.1
Thermogravimetric Analysis
127
9.3.2
Cone Calorimeter Evaluation
135
9.4
Conclusions
145
References
146
Chapter
10
Significant Assessment of Nanocomposites Combustion
Behaviour by the Appropriate Use of the Cone
Calorimeter
A. Fina,
F.
Canta
Α.
Castrovinci
and G.
Camino
10.1
Introduction
147
10.2
Experimental
148
10.2.1
Materials
148
10.2.2
Preparation and Characterization
148
10.2.3
Combustion Tests
150
10.3
Results and Discussion
151
10.3.1
8 mm Specimens Combustion Behaviour
151
10.3.2
16 mm Specimens Combustion
Behaviour
153
10.4
Conclusions
157
Acknowledgements
158
References
158
Chapter
11
Phosphorus-Based Epoxy Resin-Nanoclay Composites
Jianwei Hao, Yanbing Xiong and Na Wit
11.1
Introduction
160
11.2
Experimental
161
11.2.1
Materials
161
11.2.2
Preparation of Phosphorus-Based
Epoxide
162
11.2.3
Preparation of Phosphorus-Based
Epoxy-Nanoclay Composites
162
11.2.4
Characterization
162
1
1
Ч
Results
;
and Discussion
163
X1V
Contents
11.3.1
Structure
of
ЕРО
-P
Analysis with
FTIR
163
11.3.2
Structure of
ЕР
-P
nano
Composites
Analysis with XRD and
ТЕМ
163
11.3.3
Combustion Performance and
Mechanical Properties
164
11.4
Conclusion
167
References
167
Chapter
12
Study of the Relationship Between Flammability and
Melt Rheological Properties of Flame-Retarded
Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Containing
Nanoclays
S.
Nazaré,
T. R.
Hull,
В.
Biswas,
F.
Samyn,
S. Bourhigot,
С.
Jama. A.
Castrovinci,
A. Fina
and
G.
Camino
12.1
Introduction
168
12.2
Experimental
170
12.2.1
Materials
170
12.2.2
Sample Preparation
170
12.2.3
Characterization and Testing
171
12.3
Results and Discussion
172
12.3.1
Nanodispersion
172
12.3.2
Differential Scanning Calorimetry and
Thermal Analysis
174
12.3.3
Melt Viscosity
177
12.3.4
Flammability
178
12.4
Conclusions
182
Acknowledgements
182
References
183
Chapter
13
Thermal and Fire Performance of Flame-Retarded
Epoxy Resin: Investigating Interaction Between
Resorcinol Bis(Diphenyl Phosphate) and Epoxy
Nanocomposites
Charalampos
Kat
soul is,
Eversoti
Kandare
and
Baljinder K. Kandola
13.1
Introduction
184
13.2
Experimental
185
13.2.1
Materials
185
13.2.2
Sample Preparation and
Characterization
185
Contents xv
13.2.3 Thermogravimetric
Analysis
186
13.2.4 Flammability Tests 1S6
13.3
Results and Discussion
1X7
13.3.1 XRD and
ТЕМ
Analysis
187
13.3.2
Thermal
Degradation
Behaviour
ol
Epoxy Resin and Its Composites
188
13.3.3
Flammability Behaviour
195
13.4
Conclusions
202
Acknowledgements
203
References
203
Intumescents
Chapter
14
Porosity Estimates of
Intumescent
Chars by Image
Analysis
J.E.J.
S
taggs
14.1
Introduction
209
14.2
Pore-Finding Algorithm
212
14.3
Relationship Between Area Porosity
and Volume Porosity
213
14.4
Relationship Between 2D and
3D
Pore
Distributions
215
14.4.1
Test Case
1
(Identical Spheres)
216
14.4.2
Test Case
2
(Spheres with Uniformly
Distributed Radii)
217
14.5
Construction of
3D
Distributions from
2D Distributions
217
14.6
Analysis of a Real Char Section
219
14.7
Conclusion
223
Acknowledgements
224
References
224
Chapter
15
Efficient Modelling of Temperatures in Steel Plates
Protected by
Intumescent
Coating in Fire
J.F. Yuan and Y.C. Wang
15.1
Introduction
225
15.2
Mathematical Modelling
227
15.3
Validation
230
15.4
General Analysis of Intumescence Process
231
15.5
Parametric Studies
233
15.6
Conclusions
238
Nomenclature
238
References
239
XV1
Contents
Chapter
16
Fire Retardancy and Fire Protection of Materials using
Intumescent
Coatings
-
A Versatile Solution?
S. Duqitesne, M. Jimenez and S.
Bour
bigot
16.1
Introduction
240
16.2
The Use of
Intumescent
Coatings for The Fire
Protection of Steel Structures
241
16.3
Fire Protection of
Polyurethane
Foams using
Intumescent
Systems
245
16.4
Conclusion
252
References
252
Fibres and Textiles
Chapter
17
Trends in Textile Flame
Retardants
-
a Market Review
R. Hicklin, R.
Padda
and G. Lenotte
17.1
Introduction
255
17.2
Burning Behaviour of Cotton Fabrics
256
17.2.1
Factors that Affect the Burning
Behaviour of Cotton Fabrics
256
17.2.2
Combustion of Cotton
256
17.3
Mechanism of Phosphorus Flame
Retardants
256
17.4
Classification of Flame
Retardants
257
17.5
Flame
Retardant
Selection
257
17.5.1
Non-Durable Flame
Retardants
257
17.5.2
Semi-Durable Flame
Retardants
259
17.5.3
Durable Flame
Retardants
259
17.6
Flammability Standards and Testing
261
17.7
Health, Safety and Environmental
Considerations
261
17.8
Fibre Blends
262
17.9
Future Developments
263
17.9.1
Multifunctional Fabrics
263
17.9.2
Alternative Chemistries
263
17.9.3
Application Technologies
263
17.10
Conclusions
264
References
264
Chapter
18
New and Potential Textile Flammability Regulations and
Test Methods within the USA
P.J. Wakeiyn
18.1
Introduction
266
18.2
Mattresses and/or Foundation (Box Springs)
270
Contents xvii
18.2.1 US CPSC
270
18.2.2 CA BHFT1
271
18.3
Bedclothes
272
18.3.1 US CPSC
272
18.3.2 CA BHFTI
272
18.4
Upholstered Furniture
275
18.4.1 US CPSC
275
18.4.2 CA BHFTI (TB 117, TB 116)
280
18.4.3
Upholstered Furniture Action
Council
Voluntary Furniture Smoulder/
Cigarette Test
282
18.4.4
ASTM
Standard
283
18.5
Children s Sleepwear
283
18.5.1 1996
Amended Standard
283
18.5.2
New CPSC Data Collection Tool Tor
Clothing-Related Burn Injuries to
Children
284
18.6
Clothing Textiles
284
18.6.1
US CPSC General Apparel Standard
(16CFR
1610)
285
18.6.2
US CPSC Updated Standard
(2008)
285
18.7
Carpets and Rugs
286
18.8
Ignition Sources
287
18.8.1
Cigarette Lighters
287
18.8.2
Candles and Candle Accessories
287
18.8.3
Matches
287
18.8.4
Cigarettes
287
18.9
Flame
Retardant
Chemicals
288
18.10
Summary and Conclusions
289
Referei
η
ces
290
Chapter
19
Flame Retardancy of Cellulosic Fabrics: Interactions
between Nitrogen Additives and Phosphorus-Containing
Flame
Retardants
Sabyasachi
Gaan,
Gang
Sun, Katherine
Hutehes
und
Mark Engelhard
19.1
Introduction
294
19.2
Experimental
296
19.2.1
Material
296
19.2.2
Sample Preparation
296
19.2.3
Measurements
296
19.3
Results and Discussion
297
19.3.1.
Flammability of Treated Fabrics
297
19.3.2.
Surface Morphology of Char
297
19.3.3
ATR-FTIR Spectra of Char Surfaces
300
WIM
Contents
19.3.
4
XPS Analysis of Char
300
19.3.
5
Mechanism of Formation of Surface
Coating on the Char
303
19.4
Con,
elusion
305
References
305
Chapter
20
Synergistic Flame
Retardant
Copolvmeric Polyacryloni-
trile Fibres Containing Dispersed Phvllosilicate Clays and
Ammonium Polyphosphate
A.R.
Horrocks.
J. Hicks. P.J. Davies, A. Alclerson and
J. Taylor
20.1
Introduction
307
20.2
Experimental Method and Results
308
20.2.1
Materials and Characterization
308
20.2.2
In-Situ Radical Polymerization of
Nanocomposite Copolymers
310
20.2.3
Dope Blending of Clays
313
20.2.4
Polymer Spinning
313
20.2.5
Physical Characterization
314
20.5.6
Preparation and Flammability Testing
of Flame Retarded Experimental Tows
and Polymer Samples
320
20.6
Conclusions
328
Acknowledgements
329
References
329
Chapter
21
Flame Retardance of Polyacrylonitriles Covalently
Modified with Phosphorus- and Nitrogen-Containing
Groups
John R. Ebdon. Barry J. Hunt, Paul Joseph and
Тага К.
Wilkie
.1
Introduction
331
.2
Experimental
332
.3
Characterization
334
.4
Results and Discussion
335
.5
Conclusions
338
Acknowledgements
339
References
339
Chapter
22
Novel Fire
Retardant
Backcoatings for Textiles
M.A. Hassan
22.1
Introduction
22.2
Experimental
341
342
Contents
22.2.1
Materials
342
22.2.2
Preparation of Flame
Retardant
Compounds
342
22.2.3
Preparation of Coating Paste
345
22.2.4
Characterization
346
22.3
Result
and Discussion
346
22.3.1
Thermal Characterization of A |
and A5 Organophosphorus
Compounds
346
22.3.2
Pyrolysis Behaviour of Uncoatcd and
Back-coated Cotton Samples
348
22.3.3
Thermal Pyrolysis Process of
Uncoated and Back-coated Polyacrylic
Samples
351
22.3.4
Flammability Properties
354
22.3.5
Smoke Density Measurements
355
22.3.6
Conclusion
357
References
358
Chapter
23
Effect of Yarn, Fabric Construction and Colour
in Respect of Red Reflectance and Pigmentation
on the Thermal Properties and Limiting Oxygen
Index of Flame
Retardant
Polypropylene
Fabrics
C. Kindness B.K. Kandola and A.R.
Horrocks
23.1
Introduction
359
23.2
Experimental Methods
362
23.2.1
Materials
362
23.2.2
Flammability Testing
365
23.2.3
Thermal Analysis
366
23.2.4
Air Permeability
366
23.2.5
Colour Measurement and Pigment
Analysis
366
23.3
Results and Discussions
367
23.3.1
Commercial Fabrics
367
23.3.2
Experimental Fabrics
368
23.3.3
Air Permeability and the Effect
on
LOI
369
23.3.4
Effect of Colour on
LOI
370
23.3.5
Thermal Analysis of Fabrics and
Colour Pigments
372
23.4
Conclusions 373
Acknowledgements
376
References
376
XX
Contents
Fire
Toxicity
Chapter
24
Influence of Fire
Retardants on
Toxic and Environmental
Hazards from Fires
David Purser
24.1
Introduction
381
24.2
Major Determinants of Toxic Product Yields
383
24.3
Influence of Different Fire
Retardant
Systems
on Toxic Product Yields and Toxic Hazards
387
24.3.1
Inert and Active Fillers
387
24.3.2
Phosphorus-based Systems
390
24.3.3
Nitrogen, Melamine and Melamine-
chlorinated Phosphate Systems
390
24.3.4
Halogen Acid Vapour-phase Systems
393
24.3.5
Fluoropolymers and
Ultrafine
Particles
(Nanoparticles)
394
24.3.6
Environmental Contamination by
Dioxins
and
Furans
from Halogenated
Materials
398
24.4
Conclusions
402
References
402
Chapter
25
Assessment of Fire
Toxicity
from Polymer
Nanocomposites
Anna
A. Stec
and T. Richard Hull
25.1
Introduction
405
25.1.1
Fire Scenarios
406
25.1.2
The Steady-state Tube Furnace
(ISO
19700) 407
25.1.3
Toxic Potency of Fire Effluent
408
25.2
Experimental
410
25.2.1
Materials
410
25.3
Results
410
25.3.1
Yields of Toxic Products from PA6
and PP
410
25.3.2
Fractional Effective Dose
413
25.3.3
LC50 of Different Polymeric Materials
415
25.4
Conclusions
416
References
416
Subject Index
419
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Introduction
Polymers
and Fire
T.R.
Hull and
A.A.
Stec
1
Hazards from Fire
1
2
Fires and Fire Growth
2
2.1
Conditions of Each Fire Stage
5
2.2
Chemical and Physical Processes
6
2.3
Studying Polymer Decomposition
7
3
Fire Effluent
Toxicity
8
4
Structural Deformation
9
5
Fire
Retardant
Strategies
9
5.1
Physical Action
10
5.2
Chemical Action
10
5.2
Polymer Nanocomposites
11
6
Conclusions
12
References
14
Fire
Retardant
Strategies
Chapter
1
Synergy between Nanometric Alumina and Organoclay in
Conventional Fire
Retardant
Systems for Ethylene-Vinyl
Acetate
N.
Cinausero, J.-M. Lopez-Cuesta, F. Laoutid.
A
.
Piechaczyk and
E. Leroy
1.1
Introduction
17
1.2
Experimental
18
1.2.1
Materials
18
1.2.2
Processing
18
1.2.3
Testing
18
Fire Retardancy of Polymers: New Strategies and Mechanisms
Edited by
T
Richard Hull and Baljinder
K Kandola
С
Royal Society of Chemistry
2009
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
ix
x
Contents
1.3
Results and Discussion
19
1.4
Conclusion
26
References
27
Chapter
2
Strained Organophosphorus Compounds as Reactive Flame
Retardants
for Polymeric Materials
Boh A
.
Howe/I
2.1
Introduction
28
2.2
Experimental
29
2.2.1
Materials
29
2.2.2
Initiator.
2.4.4.5.5-Pentaphenyl-l,3,2-Dioxa-
phospholane
29
2.2.3
Polymers
29
2.3
Results and Discussion
30
2.3.1
Thermal Properties of
Styrene
Polymers
Containing Phosphorus Units
33
2.3.2
Evaluation of Flammability
33
2.4
Conclusions
34
References
34
Chapter
3
Amorphous Silicon Dioxide as Additive to Improve the Fire
Retardancy of
Polyamides
G.
Schmciucks.
В.
Friede,
H.
Schreiner
and
J.
О.
Rósz
in.sk
і
35
40
40
40
40
41
47
47
48
Chapter
4
Lse
of
Organosilicone
Composites as Flame
Retardant
Additives and Coatings for Polypropylene
B.B.
Marosfői. A. Szabó,
К.
Kiss and
G.
Marosi
4.1
Introduction
49
4.2.
Experimental
50
4.2.1
Materials
50
4.2.2
Sample Preparation
51
4.2.3
Preparation of PP Compounds
51
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Experimental
3.2.1
Materials
3.2.2
Sample Preparation
3.2.3
Test Methods
3.3
Results and Discussion
3.4
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
С
oni
ent
s
xj
4.2.4
Preparation of" Composites with Multilayer
Structures
51
4.2.5
Characterisation
52
4.3
Results and Discussion
52
4.3.1
Thermo-Oxidative Stability
52
4.3.2
Combustion Characteristics ol'
Polypropylene-Based Composites
53
4.3.3
Multilayer Structure PP (pBSil OSHP MB)
56
4.4
Conclusion
57
Acknowledgements
57
References
58
Chapter
5
Organomodifíed
Ultrafine
Kaolin for Mechanical
Reinforcement and Improved Flame Retardancy of
Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate
B.
Swoboda,
E. Leroy,
J.-M.
Lopez Ciiesta,
C.
Artigo,
C. Petter
and C.H.
Sampaio
5.1
Introduction
59
5.2
Experimental
61
5.2.1
Materials
61
5.2.2
Processing
61
5.2.3
Characterization Techniques
62
5.3
Results and Discussion
64
5.3.1
Properties of Unmodified Kaolins
64
5.3.2
Grafting of TPP onto Kaolin Surface
64
5.3.3
Morphological, Rheological and
Mechanical Properties of Polymer
Compounds
67
5.3.4
Thermal Stability and Reaction to Fire of
Polymeric Compounds
69
5.4
Conclusion
73
5.5
Acknowledgements
73
References
73
Chapter
6
Complex Micro-analysis Assisted Design of
Fire-Retardant Nanocomposites
-
Contribution
to the Nanomechanism
A. Szaho, B.B. Marosfoi, P. Anna and
G y
.
Marosi
6.1
Introduction
74
6.2
Experimental
78
6.2.1
Materials
78
6.2.2
Methods
78
411 Contents
6.3
Results and Discussion
80
6.3.1
Nanonetwork Formation
80
6.3.2
Intumescent
Polymeric Particle
Formation
84
6.4
Conclusion
88
Acknowledgements
89
References
89
Nanoparticulate Fillers
Chapter
7
Impact of Nanoparticle Shape on the Flammability
of Nanocomposites
F. Yang, I. Bogdanova and
G. L.
Nelson
7.1
Introduction
95
7.2
Experiment
96
7.2.1
Preparation of Polymer-Inorganic
Nanocomposites
96
7.2.2
Mechanical Testing of Polymer-Inorganic
Nanocomposites
96
7.2.3
Morphology Study for Polymer-Inorganic
Nanocomposites
96
7.2.4
Thermal Degradation of
Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposites
97
7.2.5
Flammability of Polymer-Inorganic
Nanocomposites
97
7.3
Results and Discussion
97
7.3.1
Polycarbonate-Inorganic Nanocomposites
97
7.3.2
PS-Inorganic Nanocomposites
102
7.4
Conclusion
107
References
108
Chapter
8
Thermal and Combustion Behaviour of Polymer-Carbon
Nanofibre Composites
D.
Tahitani,
S.
Pagliari,
W. Gianelli and G.
Camino
8.1
Introduction
ПО
8.2
Materials
and Methods
111
8.2.1
Melt Blending 111
8.2.2
From Solution
111
8.2.3
Characterization
112
8.3
Results and Discussion
113
8.3.1
Morphology
113
8.3.2
Thermal Behaviour
115
8.4
Conclusions
123
References
123
Contents xjjj
Chapter
9
Combination of Carbon Nanotubes with Fire
Retardants:
Thermal and Fire Properties of
Polystyrene Nanocomposites
Florentina
Tutunea and Charles A. Wilkie
9.1
Introduction
125
9.2
Experimental
126
9.2.1
Materials
126
9.2.2
Preparation of Composites
127
9.2.3
Instrumentation
127
9.3
Results and Discussion
127
9.3.1
Thermogravimetric Analysis
127
9.3.2
Cone Calorimeter Evaluation
135
9.4
Conclusions
145
References
146
Chapter
10
Significant Assessment of Nanocomposites' Combustion
Behaviour by the Appropriate Use of the Cone
Calorimeter
A. Fina,
F.
Canta
Α.
Castrovinci
and G.
Camino
10.1
Introduction
147
10.2
Experimental
148
10.2.1
Materials
148
10.2.2
Preparation and Characterization
148
10.2.3
Combustion Tests
150
10.3
Results and Discussion
151
10.3.1
8 mm Specimens Combustion Behaviour
151
10.3.2
16 mm Specimens Combustion
Behaviour
153
10.4
Conclusions
157
Acknowledgements
158
References
158
Chapter
11
Phosphorus-Based Epoxy Resin-Nanoclay Composites
Jianwei Hao, Yanbing Xiong and Na Wit
11.1
Introduction
160
11.2
Experimental
161
11.2.1
Materials
161
11.2.2
Preparation of Phosphorus-Based
Epoxide
162
11.2.3
Preparation of Phosphorus-Based
Epoxy-Nanoclay Composites
162
11.2.4
Characterization
162
1
1
Ч
Results
;
and Discussion
163
X1V
Contents
11.3.1
Structure
of
ЕРО
-P
Analysis with
FTIR
" 163
11.3.2
Structure of
ЕР
-P
nano
Composites
Analysis with XRD and
ТЕМ
163
11.3.3
Combustion Performance and
Mechanical Properties
164
11.4
Conclusion
167
References
167
Chapter
12
Study of the Relationship Between Flammability and
Melt Rheological Properties of Flame-Retarded
Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Containing
Nanoclays
S.
Nazaré,
T. R.
Hull,
В.
Biswas,
F.
Samyn,
S. Bourhigot,
С.
Jama. A.
Castrovinci,
A. Fina
and
G.
Camino
12.1
Introduction
168
12.2
Experimental
170
12.2.1
Materials
170
12.2.2
Sample Preparation
170
12.2.3
Characterization and Testing
171
12.3
Results and Discussion
172
12.3.1
Nanodispersion
172
12.3.2
Differential Scanning Calorimetry and
Thermal Analysis
174
12.3.3
Melt Viscosity
177
12.3.4
Flammability
178
12.4
Conclusions
182
Acknowledgements
182
References
183
Chapter
13
Thermal and Fire Performance of Flame-Retarded
Epoxy Resin: Investigating Interaction Between
Resorcinol Bis(Diphenyl Phosphate) and Epoxy
Nanocomposites
Charalampos
Kat
soul is,
Eversoti
Kandare
and
Baljinder K. Kandola
13.1
Introduction
184
13.2
Experimental
185
13.2.1
Materials
185
13.2.2
Sample Preparation and
Characterization
185
Contents xv
13.2.3 Thermogravimetric
Analysis
186
13.2.4 Flammability Tests 1S6
13.3
Results and Discussion
1X7
13.3.1 XRD and
ТЕМ
Analysis
187
13.3.2
Thermal
Degradation
Behaviour
ol"
Epoxy Resin and Its Composites
188
13.3.3
Flammability Behaviour
195
13.4
Conclusions
202
Acknowledgements
203
References
203
Intumescents
Chapter
14
Porosity Estimates of
Intumescent
Chars by Image
Analysis
J.E.J.
S
taggs
14.1
Introduction
209
14.2
Pore-Finding Algorithm
212
14.3
Relationship Between Area Porosity
and Volume Porosity
213
14.4
Relationship Between 2D and
3D
Pore
Distributions
215
14.4.1
Test Case
1
(Identical Spheres)
216
14.4.2
Test Case
2
(Spheres with Uniformly
Distributed Radii)
217
14.5
Construction of
3D
Distributions from
2D Distributions
217
14.6
Analysis of a Real Char Section
219
14.7
Conclusion
223
Acknowledgements
224
References
224
Chapter
15
Efficient Modelling of Temperatures in Steel Plates
Protected by
Intumescent
Coating in Fire
J.F. Yuan and Y.C. Wang
15.1
Introduction
225
15.2
Mathematical Modelling
227
15.3
Validation
230
15.4
General Analysis of Intumescence Process
231
15.5
Parametric Studies
233
15.6
Conclusions
238
Nomenclature
238
References
239
XV1
Contents
Chapter
16
Fire Retardancy and Fire Protection of Materials using
Intumescent
Coatings
-
A Versatile Solution?
S. Duqitesne, M. Jimenez and S.
Bour
bigot
16.1
Introduction
240
16.2
The Use of
Intumescent
Coatings for The Fire
Protection of Steel Structures
241
16.3
Fire Protection of
Polyurethane
Foams using
Intumescent
Systems
245
16.4
Conclusion
252
References
252
Fibres and Textiles
Chapter
17
Trends in Textile Flame
Retardants
-
a Market Review
R. Hicklin, R.
Padda
and G. Lenotte
17.1
Introduction
255
17.2
Burning Behaviour of Cotton Fabrics
256
17.2.1
Factors that Affect the Burning
Behaviour of Cotton Fabrics
256
17.2.2
Combustion of Cotton
256
17.3
Mechanism of Phosphorus Flame
Retardants
256
17.4
Classification of Flame
Retardants
257
17.5
Flame
Retardant
Selection
257
17.5.1
Non-Durable Flame
Retardants
257
17.5.2
Semi-Durable Flame
Retardants
259
17.5.3
Durable Flame
Retardants
259
17.6
Flammability Standards and Testing
261
17.7
Health, Safety and Environmental
Considerations
261
17.8
Fibre Blends
262
17.9
Future Developments
263
17.9.1
Multifunctional Fabrics
263
17.9.2
Alternative Chemistries
263
17.9.3
Application Technologies
263
17.10
Conclusions
264
References
264
Chapter
18
New and Potential Textile Flammability Regulations and
Test Methods within the USA
P.J. Wakeiyn
18.1
Introduction
266
18.2
Mattresses and/or Foundation (Box Springs)
270
Contents xvii
18.2.1 US CPSC
270
18.2.2 CA BHFT1
271
18.3
Bedclothes
272
18.3.1 US CPSC
272
18.3.2 CA BHFTI
272
18.4
Upholstered Furniture
275
18.4.1 US CPSC
275
18.4.2 CA BHFTI (TB 117, TB 116)
280
18.4.3
Upholstered Furniture Action
Council
Voluntary Furniture Smoulder/
Cigarette Test
282
18.4.4
ASTM
Standard
283
18.5
Children's Sleepwear
283
18.5.1 1996
Amended Standard
283
18.5.2
New CPSC Data Collection Tool Tor
Clothing-Related Burn Injuries to
Children
284
18.6
Clothing Textiles
284
18.6.1
US CPSC General Apparel Standard
(16CFR
1610)
285
18.6.2
US CPSC Updated Standard
(2008)
285
18.7
Carpets and Rugs
286
18.8
Ignition Sources
287
18.8.1
Cigarette Lighters
287
18.8.2
Candles and Candle Accessories
287
18.8.3
Matches
287
18.8.4
Cigarettes
287
18.9
Flame
Retardant
Chemicals
288
18.10
Summary and Conclusions
289
Referei
η
ces
290
Chapter
19
Flame Retardancy of Cellulosic Fabrics: Interactions
between Nitrogen Additives and Phosphorus-Containing
Flame
Retardants
Sabyasachi
Gaan,
Gang
Sun, Katherine
Hutehes
und
Mark Engelhard
19.1
Introduction
294
19.2
Experimental
296
19.2.1
Material
296
19.2.2
Sample Preparation
296
19.2.3
Measurements
296
19.3
Results and Discussion
297
19.3.1.
Flammability of Treated Fabrics
297
19.3.2.
Surface Morphology of Char
297
19.3.3
ATR-FTIR Spectra of Char Surfaces
300
WIM
Contents
19.3.
4
XPS Analysis of Char
300
19.3.
5
Mechanism of Formation of Surface
Coating on the Char
303
19.4
Con,
elusion
305
References
305
Chapter
20
Synergistic Flame
Retardant
Copolvmeric Polyacryloni-
trile Fibres Containing Dispersed Phvllosilicate Clays and
Ammonium Polyphosphate
A.R.
Horrocks.
J. Hicks. P.J. Davies, A. Alclerson and
J. Taylor
20.1
Introduction
307
20.2
Experimental Method and Results
308
20.2.1
Materials and Characterization
308
20.2.2
In-Situ Radical Polymerization of
Nanocomposite Copolymers
310
20.2.3
Dope Blending of Clays
313
20.2.4
Polymer Spinning
313
20.2.5
Physical Characterization
314
20.5.6
Preparation and Flammability Testing
of Flame Retarded Experimental Tows
and Polymer Samples
320
20.6
Conclusions
328
Acknowledgements
329
References
329
Chapter
21
Flame Retardance of Polyacrylonitriles Covalently
Modified with Phosphorus- and Nitrogen-Containing
Groups
John R. Ebdon. Barry J. Hunt, Paul Joseph and
Тага К.
Wilkie
.1
Introduction
331
.2
Experimental
332
.3
Characterization
334
.4
Results and Discussion
335
.5
Conclusions
338
Acknowledgements
339
References
339
Chapter
22
Novel Fire
Retardant
Backcoatings for Textiles
M.A. Hassan
22.1
Introduction
22.2
Experimental
341
342
Contents
22.2.1
Materials
342
22.2.2
Preparation of Flame
Retardant
Compounds
342
22.2.3
Preparation of Coating Paste
345
22.2.4
Characterization
346
22.3
Result
and Discussion
346
22.3.1
Thermal Characterization of A |
and A5 Organophosphorus
Compounds
346
22.3.2
Pyrolysis Behaviour of Uncoatcd and
Back-coated Cotton Samples
348
22.3.3
Thermal Pyrolysis Process of
Uncoated and Back-coated Polyacrylic
Samples
351
22.3.4
Flammability Properties
354
22.3.5
Smoke Density Measurements
355
22.3.6
Conclusion
357
References
358
Chapter
23
Effect of Yarn, Fabric Construction and Colour
in Respect of Red Reflectance and Pigmentation
on the Thermal Properties and Limiting Oxygen
Index of Flame
Retardant
Polypropylene
Fabrics
C. Kindness B.K. Kandola and A.R.
Horrocks
23.1
Introduction
359
23.2
Experimental Methods
362
23.2.1
Materials
362
23.2.2
Flammability Testing
365
23.2.3
Thermal Analysis
366
23.2.4
Air Permeability
366
23.2.5
Colour Measurement and Pigment
Analysis
366
23.3
Results and Discussions
367
23.3.1
Commercial Fabrics
367
23.3.2
Experimental Fabrics
368
23.3.3
Air Permeability and the Effect
on
LOI
369
23.3.4
Effect of Colour on
LOI
370
23.3.5
Thermal Analysis of Fabrics and
Colour Pigments
372
23.4
Conclusions 373
Acknowledgements
376
References
376
XX
Contents
Fire
Toxicity
Chapter
24
Influence of Fire
Retardants on
Toxic and Environmental
Hazards from Fires
David Purser
24.1
Introduction
381
24.2
Major Determinants of Toxic Product Yields
383
24.3
Influence of Different Fire
Retardant
Systems
on Toxic Product Yields and Toxic Hazards
387
24.3.1
Inert and Active Fillers
387
24.3.2
Phosphorus-based Systems
390
24.3.3
Nitrogen, Melamine and Melamine-
chlorinated Phosphate Systems
390
24.3.4
Halogen Acid Vapour-phase Systems
393
24.3.5
Fluoropolymers and
Ultrafine
Particles
(Nanoparticles)
394
24.3.6
Environmental Contamination by
Dioxins
and
Furans
from Halogenated
Materials
398
24.4
Conclusions
402
References
402
Chapter
25
Assessment of Fire
Toxicity
from Polymer
Nanocomposites
Anna
A. Stec
and T. Richard Hull
25.1
Introduction
405
25.1.1
Fire Scenarios
406
25.1.2
The Steady-state Tube Furnace
(ISO
19700) 407
25.1.3
Toxic Potency of Fire Effluent
408
25.2
Experimental
410
25.2.1
Materials
410
25.3
Results
410
25.3.1
Yields of Toxic Products from PA6
and PP
410
25.3.2
Fractional Effective Dose
413
25.3.3
LC50 of Different Polymeric Materials
415
25.4
Conclusions
416
References
416
Subject Index
419 |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2007 Bolton gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2007 Bolton |
| id | DE-604.BV035140416 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:26:58Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:23:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780854041497 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016807804 |
| oclc_num | 244652677 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | XX, 433 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | RSC Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fire retardancy of polymers new strategies and mechanisms ed. by T. Richard Hull ... Cambridge RSC Publ. 2009 XX, 433 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fire resistant polymers Polymères ignifuges - Congrès ram Fire resistant polymers Congresses Schwerentflammbarer Stoff (DE-588)4328507-7 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2007 Bolton gnd-content Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s Schwerentflammbarer Stoff (DE-588)4328507-7 s DE-604 Hull, T. Richard Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016807804&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fire retardancy of polymers new strategies and mechanisms Fire resistant polymers Polymères ignifuges - Congrès ram Fire resistant polymers Congresses Schwerentflammbarer Stoff (DE-588)4328507-7 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4328507-7 (DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Fire retardancy of polymers new strategies and mechanisms |
| title_auth | Fire retardancy of polymers new strategies and mechanisms |
| title_exact_search | Fire retardancy of polymers new strategies and mechanisms |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Fire retardancy of polymers new strategies and mechanisms |
| title_full | Fire retardancy of polymers new strategies and mechanisms ed. by T. Richard Hull ... |
| title_fullStr | Fire retardancy of polymers new strategies and mechanisms ed. by T. Richard Hull ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fire retardancy of polymers new strategies and mechanisms ed. by T. Richard Hull ... |
| title_short | Fire retardancy of polymers |
| title_sort | fire retardancy of polymers new strategies and mechanisms |
| title_sub | new strategies and mechanisms |
| topic | Fire resistant polymers Polymères ignifuges - Congrès ram Fire resistant polymers Congresses Schwerentflammbarer Stoff (DE-588)4328507-7 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fire resistant polymers Polymères ignifuges - Congrès Fire resistant polymers Congresses Schwerentflammbarer Stoff Kunststoff Konferenzschrift 2007 Bolton |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016807804&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hulltrichard fireretardancyofpolymersnewstrategiesandmechanisms |