Cognitive psychology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
[Belmont, Calif. u.a.]
Wadsworth Cengage Learning
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 5. ed., internat. student ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Ab 6. Aufl. u.d.T.: Sternberg, Robert J.: Cognition. - Literaturverz. S. 585-640 |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 657 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780495506294 049550629X 9780495506324 049550632X |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138097464573952 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 1
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 2
Cognitive Psychology Defined 2
Philosophical Antecedents of Psychology: Rationalism
versus Empiricism 4
Psychological Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology 5
Early Dialectics in the Psychology of Cognition 5
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 7
From Associationism to Behaviorism 8
Gestalt Psychology 10
Emergence of Cognitive Psychology 10
Early Role of Psychobiology 10
Add a Dash of Technology: Engineering, Computation,
and Applied Cognitive Psychology 11
Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology 12
Goals of Research 12
In the Lab of Gordon Bower 14
Distinctive Research Methods 15
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 22
Key Issues and Fields within Cognitive Psychology 24
Underlying Themes in the Study of Cognitive
Psychology 24
Key Ideas in Cognitive Psychology 26
Chapter Previews 29
Summary 30
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 31
Key Terms 32
Annotated Suggested Readings 32
Contents v
CHAPTER £,
Cognitive Neuroscience 33
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 34
From Neuron to Brain: Organization of the Nervous
System 34
Neuronal Structure and Function 35
Viewing the Structures and Functions of the Brain 39
Postmortem Studies 40
Animal Studies 40
Electrical Recordings 41
Static Imaging Techniques 42
Metabolic Imaging 42
Cognition in the Brain: Cerebral Cortex and Other
Structures 50
Gross Anatomy of the Brain: Forebrain, Midbrain,
Hindbrain 51
In the Lab of John Gabrieli 54
Cerebral Cortex and Localization of Function 58
Brain Disorders 67
Key Themes 71
Summary 71
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 72
Key Terms 73
CogLab 73
Annotated Suggested Readings 73
CHAPTER 3
Perception 74
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 75
From Sensation to Representation 79
Basics of Vision 79
Some Basic Concepts of Perception 80
Perceptual Constancies 82
Depth Perception 86
Approaches to Object and Form Perception 90
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 90
In the Lab of Stephen Palmer 96
Theoretical Approaches to Perception 100
Direct Perception 100
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Theories 102
Synthesizing Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches 114
vi Contents
Deficits in Perception 115
Agnosias andAtaxias 115
Anomalies in Color Perception 118
Akinetopsia and Achromatopsia 119
Key Themes 119
Summary 120
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 121
Key Terms 122
CogLab 122
Annotated Suggested Readings 122
CHAPTER T
Attention and Consciousness 123
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 124
The Nature of Attention and Consciousness 124
Preconscious Processing 125
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 129
Controlled versus Automatic Processes 129
In the Lab of John F. Kihlstrom 130
Habituation and Adaptation 137
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 137
Attention 140
Signal Detection 140
The Nature of Signal Detection 140
Vigilance 142
Search 145
Selective and Divided Attention 152
Basic Paradigms for Studying Selective Attention 152
Filter and Bottleneck Theories of Selective Attention 153
Attentional-Resource Theories of Selective Attention 157
Additional Considerations in Selective Attention 159
Divided Attention 160
Consciousness of Complex Mental Processes 165
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 166
Cognitive Neuroscientific Approaches to Attention
and Consciousness 168
Spatial Neglect 168
Attentional Systems 169
Using Event-Related Potentials to Measure Attention 170
A Psychopharmacological Approach 171
Key Themes 171
Summary 173
Contents vii
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 174
Key Terms 175
CogLab 175
Annotated Suggested Readings 175
CHAPTER 3
Memory: Models and Research
Methods 176
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 177
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 177
Tasks Used for Measuring Memory 177
Recall versus Recognition Tasks 178
Implicit versus Explicit Memory Tasks 180
Traditional Model of Memory 182
Sensory Store 182
Short-Term Store 186
Long-Term Store 188
The Levels-of-Processing Model 189
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 191
An Integrative Model: Working Memory 191
Multiple Memory Systems 197
In the Lab of M. K. Johnson 198
A Connectionist Perspective 200
Memory in the Real World 201
Exceptional Memory and Neuropsychology 202
Outstanding Memory: Mnemonists 202
Deficient Memory 204
Role of the Hippocampus and Other Structures 210
Key Themes 212
Summary 213
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 214
Key Terms 214
CogLab 215
Annotated Suggested Reading 215
viii Contents
CHAPTER 0
Memory Processes 216
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 217
Encoding and Transfer of Information 218
Forms of Encoding 218
Transfer of Information from Short-Term Memory
to Long-Term Memory 220
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 223
Retrieval 228
Retrieval from Short-Term Memory 228
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 228
Retrieval from Long-Term Memory 230
Processes of Forgetting and Memory Distortion 231
Interference versus Decay Theory 231
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 233
The Constructive Nature of Memory 236
Autobiographical Memory 237
Memory Distortions 237
In the Lab of Elizabeth Loftus 240
Context Effects on Encoding and Retrieval 244
Memory Development 247
Metacognitive Skills and Memory Development 247
Key Themes 250
Summary 251
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 252
Key Terms 253
CogLab 253
Annotated Suggested Readings 253
CHAPTER /
Representation and Manipulation
of Knowledge in Memory: Images
and Propositions 254
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 255
Mental Representation of Knowledge 255
External Representations: Pictures versus Words 257
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 258
Mental Imagery 259
Dual-Code Theory: Analogical Images
versus Symbols 261
Contents ix
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 261
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 261
In the Lab of Stephen Kosslyn 262
Propositional Theory 263
Mental Manipulations of Images 270
Mental Rotations 270
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 273
Image Scaling 276
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 276
Image Scanning 277
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 278
Synthesizing Images and Propositions 280
Epiphenomena and Demand Characteristics 280
Johnson-Laird s Mental Models 282
Neuropsychological Evidence for Multiple Codes 285
Visual versus Spatial Images 286
Spatial Cognition and Cognitive Maps 289
Rats, Bees, Pigeons, and Humans 289
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 289
Mental Shortcuts 291
Text Maps 295
Development ofVisuospatial Skills 296
Key Themes 298
Summary 299
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 300
Key Terms 301
CogLab 301
Annotated Suggested Readings 301
CHAPTER O
Representation and Organization
of Knowledge in Memory: Concepts,
Categories, Networks, and Schemas 302
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 303
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 303
Organization of Declarative Knowledge 304
Concepts and Categories 305
Semantic Network Models 313
Schematic Representations 317
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 319
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 321
x Contents
Representations of Procedural Knowledge 321
Integrative Models for Representing Declarative
and Nondeclarative Knowledge 323
Combining Representations: ACT-R 323
Models Based on the Human Brain 326
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 328
Parallel Processing: The Connectionist Model 329
How Domain General or Domain Specific
Is Cognition? 334
In the Lab of James L. McClelland 335
Key Themes 337
Summary 338
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 339
Key Terms 340
CogLab 340
Annotated Suggested Readings 340
CHAPTER JS
Language: Nature and Acquisition 341
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 342
Properties of Language 343
General Description 343
Fundamental Aspects of Language 346
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 349
Processes of Language Comprehension 350
Speech Perception 350
Semantics and Syntax 355
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 357
In the Lab of Steven Pinker 358
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 359
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 364
Language Acquisition 364
Stages of Language Acquisition 365
Nature and Nurture 368
Beyond the First Years 373
Animal Language 374
Key Themes 376
Summary 377
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 378
Key Terms 379
CogLab 379
Annotated Suggested Readings 379
Contents xi
CHAPTER 1 U
Language in Context 380
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 381
Reading: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes 381
Perceptual Issues in Reading 383
Lexical Processes in Reading 383
Language and Thought 387
Differences among Languages 387
Bilingualism and Dialects 394
Slips of the Tongue 399
Metaphorical Language 401
Language in a Social Context 403
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 403
Speech Acts 404
Conversational Postulates 407
Gender and Language 409
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 410
Discourse and Reading Comprehension 410
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 411
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 411
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 412
In the Lab of Richard Gerrig 414
Neuropsychology of Language 417
Aphasia 417
Autism 419
Lesion Studies and Event-Related Potentials Research 420
Other Methods 423
Key Themes 424
Summary 425
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 426
Key Terms 427
CogLab 427
Annotated Suggested Reading 427
CHAPTER 11
Problem Solving and Creativity 428
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 429
The Problem-Solving Cycle 430
Types of Problems 434
Well-Structured Problems 434
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 435
Ill-Structured Problems and the Role of Insight 441
xii Contents
Obstacles and Aids to Problem Solving 449
Mental Sets, Entrenchment, and Fixation 449
Negative and Positive Transfer 451
In the Lab of K. Anders Ericsson 452
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 453
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 453
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 455
Incubation 457
Expertise: Knowledge and Problem Solving 459
Organization of Knowledge 459
Innate Talent and Acquired Skill 466
Creativity 468
It s How Much You Produce 468
It s What You Know 469
It s Who You Are 471
It s Where You Are 472
All of the Above 472
Types of Creative Contributions 474
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 475
Key Themes 475
Summary 476
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 477
Key Terms 477
CogLab 478
Annotated Suggested Readings 478
CHAPTER LZ*
Decision Making and Reasoning 479
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 480
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 480
Judgment and Decision Making 481
Classical Decision Theory 481
Satisficing 483
Elimination by Aspects 484
Naturalistic Decision Making 485
Group Decision Making 486
Heuristics and Biases 488
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 488
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 494
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 494
Neuroscience of Decision Making 497
In the Lab of Gerd Gigerenzer 498
Contents xiii
Deductive Reasoning 499
Conditional Reasoning 499
Syllogistic Reasoning 505
Linear Syllogisms 505
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 505
Further Aids and Obstacles to Deductive Reasoning 512
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 513
Inductive Reasoning 513
Reaching Causal Inferences 515
Categorical Inferences 519
Reasoning by Analogy 519
Development of Inductive Reasoning 520
An Alternative View of Reasoning 521
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 523
Neuroscience of Reasoning 523
Key Themes 524
Summary 525
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 526
Key Terms 527
CogLab 527
Annotated Suggested Readings 527
CHAPTER ±D
Human and Artificial Intelligence 528
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 529
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 529
Measures and Structures of Intelligence 531
Spearman: The g Factor 536
Thurstone: Primary Mental Abilities 538
Guilford: The Structure of Intellect 538
Cattell, Vernon, and Carroll: Hierarchical Models 539
Information Processing and Intelligence 539
Process-Timing Theories 539
Working Memory! 542
Componential Theory and Complex Problem Solving 542
In the Lab of Randall Engle 544
Biological Bases of Intelligence 546
Alternative Approaches to Intelligence 548
Cultural Context and Intelligence 548
Gardner: Multiple Intelligences 553
Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory 555
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 558
xiv Contents
Improving Intelligence: Effective, Ineffective,
and Questionable Strategies 558
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 559
Development of Intelligence in Adults 561
Artificial Intelligence: Computer Simulations 564
Can a Computer Program Be Intelligent ? 564
Questions about the Intelligence of Intelligent
Programs 571
Key Themes 573
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 574
Summary 574
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 576
Key Terms 576
Annotated Suggested Readings 576
Glossary 577
References 585
Name Index 641
Subject Index 652
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 1
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 2
Cognitive Psychology Defined 2
Philosophical Antecedents of Psychology: Rationalism
versus Empiricism 4
Psychological Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology 5
Early Dialectics in the Psychology of Cognition 5
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 7
From Associationism to Behaviorism 8
Gestalt Psychology 10
Emergence of Cognitive Psychology 10
Early Role of Psychobiology 10
Add a Dash of Technology: Engineering, Computation,
and Applied Cognitive Psychology 11
Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology 12
Goals of Research 12
In the Lab of Gordon Bower 14
Distinctive Research Methods 15
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 22
Key Issues and Fields within Cognitive Psychology 24
Underlying Themes in the Study of Cognitive
Psychology 24
Key Ideas in Cognitive Psychology 26
Chapter Previews 29
Summary 30
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 31
Key Terms 32
Annotated Suggested Readings 32
Contents v
CHAPTER £,
Cognitive Neuroscience 33
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 34
From Neuron to Brain: Organization of the Nervous
System 34
Neuronal Structure and Function 35
Viewing the Structures and Functions of the Brain 39
Postmortem Studies 40
Animal Studies 40
Electrical Recordings 41
Static Imaging Techniques 42
Metabolic Imaging 42
Cognition in the Brain: Cerebral Cortex and Other
Structures 50
Gross Anatomy of the Brain: Forebrain, Midbrain,
Hindbrain 51
In the Lab of John Gabrieli 54
Cerebral Cortex and Localization of Function 58
Brain Disorders 67
Key Themes 71
Summary 71
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 72
Key Terms 73
CogLab 73
Annotated Suggested Readings 73
CHAPTER 3
Perception 74
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 75
From Sensation to Representation 79
Basics of Vision 79
Some Basic Concepts of Perception 80
Perceptual Constancies 82
Depth Perception 86
Approaches to Object and Form Perception 90
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 90
In the Lab of Stephen Palmer 96
Theoretical Approaches to Perception 100
Direct Perception 100
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Theories 102
Synthesizing Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches 114
vi Contents
Deficits in Perception 115
Agnosias andAtaxias 115
Anomalies in Color Perception 118
Akinetopsia and Achromatopsia 119
Key Themes 119
Summary 120
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 121
Key Terms 122
CogLab 122
Annotated Suggested Readings 122
CHAPTER T"
Attention and Consciousness 123
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 124
The Nature of Attention and Consciousness 124
Preconscious Processing 125
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 129
Controlled versus Automatic Processes 129
In the Lab of John F. Kihlstrom 130
Habituation and Adaptation 137
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 137
Attention 140
Signal Detection 140
The Nature of Signal Detection 140
Vigilance 142
Search 145
Selective and Divided Attention 152
Basic Paradigms for Studying Selective Attention 152
Filter and Bottleneck Theories of Selective Attention 153
Attentional-Resource Theories of Selective Attention 157
Additional Considerations in Selective Attention 159
Divided Attention 160
Consciousness of Complex Mental Processes 165
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 166
Cognitive Neuroscientific Approaches to Attention
and Consciousness 168
Spatial Neglect 168
Attentional Systems 169
Using Event-Related Potentials to Measure Attention 170
A Psychopharmacological Approach 171
Key Themes 171
Summary 173
Contents vii
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 174
Key Terms 175
CogLab 175
Annotated Suggested Readings 175
CHAPTER 3
Memory: Models and Research
Methods 176
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 177
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 177
Tasks Used for Measuring Memory 177
Recall versus Recognition Tasks 178
Implicit versus Explicit Memory Tasks 180
Traditional Model of Memory 182
Sensory Store 182
Short-Term Store 186
Long-Term Store 188
The Levels-of-Processing Model 189
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 191
An Integrative Model: Working Memory 191
Multiple Memory Systems 197
In the Lab of M. K. Johnson 198
A Connectionist Perspective 200
Memory in the Real World 201
Exceptional Memory and Neuropsychology 202
Outstanding Memory: Mnemonists 202
Deficient Memory 204
Role of the Hippocampus and Other Structures 210
Key Themes 212
Summary 213
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 214
Key Terms 214
CogLab 215
Annotated Suggested Reading 215
viii Contents
CHAPTER 0
Memory Processes 216
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 217
Encoding and Transfer of Information 218
Forms of Encoding 218
Transfer of Information from Short-Term Memory
to Long-Term Memory 220
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 223
Retrieval 228
Retrieval from Short-Term Memory 228
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 228
Retrieval from Long-Term Memory 230
Processes of Forgetting and Memory Distortion 231
Interference versus Decay Theory 231
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 233
The Constructive Nature of Memory 236
Autobiographical Memory 237
Memory Distortions 237
In the Lab of Elizabeth Loftus 240
Context Effects on Encoding and Retrieval 244
Memory Development 247
Metacognitive Skills and Memory Development 247
Key Themes 250
Summary 251
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 252
Key Terms 253
CogLab 253
Annotated Suggested Readings 253
CHAPTER /
Representation and Manipulation
of Knowledge in Memory: Images
and Propositions 254
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 255
Mental Representation of Knowledge 255
External Representations: Pictures versus Words 257
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 258
Mental Imagery 259
Dual-Code Theory: Analogical Images
versus Symbols 261
Contents ix
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 261
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 261
In the Lab of Stephen Kosslyn 262
Propositional Theory 263
Mental Manipulations of Images 270
Mental Rotations 270
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 273
Image Scaling 276
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 276
Image Scanning 277
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 278
Synthesizing Images and Propositions 280
Epiphenomena and Demand Characteristics 280
Johnson-Laird's Mental Models 282
Neuropsychological Evidence for Multiple Codes 285
Visual versus Spatial Images 286
Spatial Cognition and Cognitive Maps 289
Rats, Bees, Pigeons, and Humans 289
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 289
Mental Shortcuts 291
Text Maps 295
Development ofVisuospatial Skills 296
Key Themes 298
Summary 299
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 300
Key Terms 301
CogLab 301
Annotated Suggested Readings 301
CHAPTER O
Representation and Organization
of Knowledge in Memory: Concepts,
Categories, Networks, and Schemas 302
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 303
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 303
Organization of Declarative Knowledge 304
Concepts and Categories 305
Semantic Network Models 313
Schematic Representations 317
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 319
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 321
x Contents
Representations of Procedural Knowledge 321
Integrative Models for Representing Declarative
and Nondeclarative Knowledge 323
Combining Representations: ACT-R 323
Models Based on the Human Brain 326
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 328
Parallel Processing: The Connectionist Model 329
How Domain General or Domain Specific
Is Cognition? 334
In the Lab of James L. McClelland 335
Key Themes 337
Summary 338
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 339
Key Terms 340
CogLab 340
Annotated Suggested Readings 340
CHAPTER JS
Language: Nature and Acquisition 341
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 342
Properties of Language 343
General Description 343
Fundamental Aspects of Language 346
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 349
Processes of Language Comprehension 350
Speech Perception 350
Semantics and Syntax 355
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 357
In the Lab of Steven Pinker 358
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 359
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 364
Language Acquisition 364
Stages of Language Acquisition 365
Nature and Nurture 368
Beyond the First Years 373
Animal Language 374
Key Themes 376
Summary 377
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 378
Key Terms 379
CogLab 379
Annotated Suggested Readings 379
Contents xi
CHAPTER 1 U
Language in Context 380
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 381
Reading: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes 381
Perceptual Issues in Reading 383
Lexical Processes in Reading 383
Language and Thought 387
Differences among Languages 387
Bilingualism and Dialects 394
Slips of the Tongue 399
Metaphorical Language 401
Language in a Social Context 403
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 403
Speech Acts 404
Conversational Postulates 407
Gender and Language 409
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 410
Discourse and Reading Comprehension 410
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 411
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 411
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 412
In the Lab of Richard Gerrig 414
Neuropsychology of Language 417
Aphasia 417
Autism 419
Lesion Studies and Event-Related Potentials Research 420
Other Methods 423
Key Themes 424
Summary 425
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 426
Key Terms 427
CogLab 427
Annotated Suggested Reading 427
CHAPTER 11
Problem Solving and Creativity 428
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 429
The Problem-Solving Cycle 430
Types of Problems 434
Well-Structured Problems 434
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 435
Ill-Structured Problems and the Role of Insight 441
xii Contents
Obstacles and Aids to Problem Solving 449
Mental Sets, Entrenchment, and Fixation 449
Negative and Positive Transfer 451
In the Lab of K. Anders Ericsson 452
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 453
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 453
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 455
Incubation 457
Expertise: Knowledge and Problem Solving 459
Organization of Knowledge 459
Innate Talent and Acquired Skill 466
Creativity 468
It's How Much You Produce 468
It's What You Know 469
It's Who You Are 471
It's Where You Are 472
All of the Above 472
Types of Creative Contributions 474
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 475
Key Themes 475
Summary 476
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 477
Key Terms 477
CogLab 478
Annotated Suggested Readings 478
CHAPTER LZ*
Decision Making and Reasoning 479
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 480
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 480
Judgment and Decision Making 481
Classical Decision Theory 481
Satisficing 483
Elimination by Aspects 484
Naturalistic Decision Making 485
Group Decision Making 486
Heuristics and Biases 488
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 488
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 494
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 494
Neuroscience of Decision Making 497
In the Lab of Gerd Gigerenzer 498
Contents xiii
Deductive Reasoning 499
Conditional Reasoning 499
Syllogistic Reasoning 505
Linear Syllogisms 505
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 505
Further Aids and Obstacles to Deductive Reasoning 512
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 513
Inductive Reasoning 513
Reaching Causal Inferences 515
Categorical Inferences 519
Reasoning by Analogy 519
Development of Inductive Reasoning 520
An Alternative View of Reasoning 521
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 523
Neuroscience of Reasoning 523
Key Themes 524
Summary 525
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 526
Key Terms 527
CogLab 527
Annotated Suggested Readings 527
CHAPTER ±D
Human and Artificial Intelligence 528
Exploring Cognitive Psychology 529
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 529
Measures and Structures of Intelligence 531
Spearman: The "g " Factor 536
Thurstone: Primary Mental Abilities 538
Guilford: The Structure of Intellect 538
Cattell, Vernon, and Carroll: Hierarchical Models 539
Information Processing and Intelligence 539
Process-Timing Theories 539
Working Memory! 542
Componential Theory and Complex Problem Solving 542
In the Lab of Randall Engle 544
Biological Bases of Intelligence 546
Alternative Approaches to Intelligence 548
Cultural Context and Intelligence 548
Gardner: Multiple Intelligences 553
Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory 555
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 558
xiv Contents
Improving Intelligence: Effective, Ineffective,
and Questionable Strategies 558
Investigating Cognitive Psychology 559
Development of Intelligence in Adults 561
Artificial Intelligence: Computer Simulations 564
Can a Computer Program Be "Intelligent"? 564
Questions about the Intelligence of Intelligent
Programs 571
Key Themes 573
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology 574
Summary 574
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative,
and Practical Questions 576
Key Terms 576
Annotated Suggested Readings 576
Glossary 577
References 585
Name Index 641
Subject Index 652 |
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| author | Sternberg, Robert J. 1949- |
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| dewey-full | 153 |
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| dewey-ones | 153 - Conscious mental processes & intelligence |
| dewey-raw | 153 |
| dewey-search | 153 |
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| dewey-tens | 150 - Psychology |
| discipline | Informatik Psychologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Informatik Psychologie |
| edition | 5. ed., internat. student ed. |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Sternberg, Robert J. 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)120038986 aut Cognitive psychology Robert J. Sternberg 5. ed., internat. student ed. [Belmont, Calif. u.a.] Wadsworth Cengage Learning 2009 XXVIII, 657 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ab 6. Aufl. u.d.T.: Sternberg, Robert J.: Cognition. - Literaturverz. S. 585-640 Cognitive psychology Kognition (DE-588)4031630-0 gnd rswk-swf Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 s DE-604 Kognition (DE-588)4031630-0 s 2\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016787708&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Sternberg, Robert J. 1949- Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology Kognition (DE-588)4031630-0 gnd Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4031630-0 (DE-588)4073586-2 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Cognitive psychology |
| title_auth | Cognitive psychology |
| title_exact_search | Cognitive psychology |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Cognitive psychology |
| title_full | Cognitive psychology Robert J. Sternberg |
| title_fullStr | Cognitive psychology Robert J. Sternberg |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cognitive psychology Robert J. Sternberg |
| title_short | Cognitive psychology |
| title_sort | cognitive psychology |
| topic | Cognitive psychology Kognition (DE-588)4031630-0 gnd Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cognitive psychology Kognition Kognitive Psychologie Einführung |
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