Handbook of software quality assurance:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boston, Mass. [u.a.]
Artech House
2008
|
| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XX, 464 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781596931862 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9781596931862 |c hbk. |9 978-1-59693-186-2 | ||
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of software quality assurance |c G. Gordon Schulmeyer, ed. |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston, Mass. [u.a.] |b Artech House |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 464 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Computer software |x Quality control | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Schulmeyer, G. Gordon |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804138088520220672 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xvii
CHAPTER
1
Organizing for Quality Management
1
1.1
The Quality Management Framework
1
1.1.1
Object (Entity)
2
1.1.2
Product
3
1.1.3
Process
3
1.1.4
Requirement
3
1.1.5
User
4
1.1.6
Evaluation
5
1.1.7
Measure and Measurement
5
1.1.8
Quality
6
1.2
Quality Program Concepts
8
1.2.1
Elements of a Quality Program
8
1.2.2
Considerations
15
1.3
Organizational Aspects of the Quality Program
17
1.4
Quality Program Organizational Relationships
17
1.4.1
Establish Requirements and Control Changes
18
1.4.2
Establish and Implement Methods
20
1.4.3
Evaluate Process and Product Quality
21
1.5
Mapping Quality Program Functions to Project Organizational Entities
22
1.5.1
Planning
23
1.5.2
Establish Requirements and Control Changes
24
1.5.3
Establish and Implement Methods
25
1.5.4
Evaluate Process and Product Quality
27
1.6
Example Organizational Implementations of a Quality Program
27
1.6.1
Project Engineering Process Group
28
1.6.2
Quality Program Structures in Large Projects
28
1.6.3
Quality Program Structures for Small Projects in Large
Organizations
31
1.6.4
Quality Program Structures in Small Organizations with
Small Projects
31
1.7
Summary
33
References
33
VII
viii
___________Contents
CHAPTER
2
Software Quality Lessons Learned from the Quality Experts
35
2.1
Introduction
35
2.2
Kaoru Ishikawa
37
2.3
Joseph M.
Juran
39
2.4
Yoji Akao
43
2.5
W. Edwards Deming
44
2.6
Genichi Taguchi
49
2.7
Shigeo Shingo
51
2.8
Philip Crosby
52
2.9
Watts S. Humphrey
56
2.10
Conclusion
60
References
60
CHAPTER
3
Commercial and Governmental Standards for Use in Software Quality
Assurance
63
3.1
SQA in ISO Standards
63
3.1.1
ISO
9000:2005
and ISO
9001:2000 64
3.1.2
1ЅОЛЕС
90003 64
3.1.3
1ЅОЛЕС
2500η—
1ЅОЛЕС
2504η
(SQuaRE)
65
3.1.4
1ЅОЛЕС
14598
and
1ЅОЛЕС
15504 66
3.1.5
1ЅОЛЕС9126
67
3.1.6
The Special Role of
1ЅОЛЕС
12207 68
3.2
SQA in IEEE Standards
69
3.2.1
IEEE Std
730-2002 69
3.2.2
IEEE Std
829-1998 70
3.2.3
IEEE Std
1028-1997 70
3.2.4
The Special Role of
ІЕЕЕЛІІА
12207 71
3.3
SQA in
COBIT®
72
3.4
SQA in
ITIL®
74
3.4.1
1ЅОЛЕС
20000 76
3.5
SQA and Other Standards
77
3.5.1
ANSLŒJA-748-A-1998
77
3.5.2 RTCAЛЮ-178B 79
3.6
Whatever Happened to U.S. Department of Defense Standards?
80
3.6.1
Influential Past Standards
80
3.6.2
SQA in Active DoD Standards
82
3.7
Reminders About Conformance and Certification
83
3.7.1
Conformance
83
3.7.2
Conformance to an Inactive Standard
83
3.7.3
Certification
83
3.8
Future Trends
84
3.8.1
Demand for Personal Credentials Will Increase
84
3.8.2
Systems Engineering and Software Engineering Standards
Will Converge
85
References
85
Contents
¡χ
CHAPTER
4
Personnel Requirements to Make Software Quality Assurance Work
89
4.1
Introduction
89
4.2
Facing the Challenge
90
4.3
Organization Structure
92
4.4
Identifying Software Quality Assurance Personnel Needs
94
4.5
Characteristics of a Good SQA Engineer
97
4.6
Training the Hardware
Q
A Engineer
99
4.7
Training the Software Engineer
99
4.8
Rotating Software Engineers
101
4.9
New College Graduates
102
4.10
SQA Employment Requisitions
103
4.11
What to Expect from Your SQA Engineering Staff
104
4.12
Developing Career Paths
106
4.13
Recommendations
106
References
107
Selected Bibliography
107
Appendix
4
A Typical Software Quality-Related Job Descriptions
107
Software Quality Assurance Manager
107
Engineer Software Quality Assurance
108
Software Reliability Engineer
108
Software Configuration Management Specialist
108
Software Safety Engineer
109
Software Librarian Aide
109
Senior Software Librarian
109
Software Quality Assurance Engineering Assistant
110
Software Quality Engineering Assistant
110
Software Quality Assurance Aide
110
CHAPTER
5
Training for Quality Management 111
5.1
Introduction 111
5.2
Context for a Quality Evaluation Training Program 111
5.2.1
Quality Evaluation to Quality Assurance 111
5.2.2
Audience for Quality Evaluation Training
112
5.2.3
Organizational Training Program
112
5.2.4
Needed Skills and Knowledge
113
5.3
Two Examples
116
5.3.1
Evaluation of Adherence to Process (PPQA)
116
5.3.2
Evaluation of Product Quality
118
5.4
Summary
119
Reference
119
CHAPTER
6
The Pareto Principle Applied to Software Quality Assurance
121
6.1
Introduction
121
6.2
WWMCCS—Classic Example
1 123
____________________ Contents
6.2.1 Manpower 123
6.2.2
Cost of Contracts
123
6.2.3
By Release
125
6.2.4
By Function
125
6.3
Federal Reserve Bank
—
Classic Example
2 127
6.4
Defect Identification
132
6.4.1
Rubey s Defect Data
133
6.4.2
TRW Defect Data
135
6.4.3
Xerox Defect Data
138
6.5
Inspection
140
6.6
Pareto Charts Comparison
143
6.7
Conclusions
145
References
146
CHAPTER
7
Inspection as an Up-Front Quality Technique
149
7.1
Origin and Evolution
149
7.2
Context of Use
150
7.3
Scope
150
7.3.1
Software Inspections and Walkthroughs Distinguished
151
7.4
Elements
152
7.4.1
Structured Review Process
153
7.4.2
System of Checklists
156
7.4.3
Rules of Construction
161
7.4.4
Multiple Views
162
7.4.5
Defined Roles of Participants
162
7.4.6
Forms and Reports
164
7.5
Preparation for Expert Use
167
7.6
Measurements
168
7.6.1
National Software Quality Experiment
168
7.6.2
Common Problems Revealed
168
7.6.3
Inspection Lab Operations
169
7.6.4
Defect Type Ranking
169
7.6.5
Return on Investment
170
7.7
Transition from Cost to Quality
171
7.8
Software Inspections Roll Out
173
7.9
Future Directions
175
7.10
Conclusion
177
References
177
CHAPTER
8
Software Audit Methods
1 79
8.1
Introduction
179
8.2
Types of Software Audits
181
8.2.1
Software Piracy Audit
181
8.2.2
Security Audit
183
8.2.3
Information Systems Audit
185
Contents________________________^____________________________________________
x/
8.2.4 ISO 9001:2000 Software
Audit
187
8.2.5 CMMf-DEV
Appraisal
190
8.2.6
Project Audits (Internal CMMf-DEV/ISO
9001:2000
Audits)
193
8.2.7
Automated Audits
195
8.3
Preparation for a Software Audit
197
8.4
Performing the Audit
201
8.5
Results and Ramifications
204
8.6
Conclusions
207
References
208
CHAPTER
9
Software Safety and Its Relation to Software Quality Assurance
211
9.1
Introduction
211
9.2
Software-Caused Accidents
212
9.3
The Confusing World of Software Safety
212
9.4
Standards, Guidelines, and Certifications
213
9.5
What Does It Take to Develop a Software Safety Assurance Program?
215
9.6
Requirements Drive Safety
217
9.7
Design of a System Safety Program
221
9.8
Hazard Avoidance and Mitigation Technique
223
9.9
Recommendations
223
References
225
CHAPTER
10
American Society for Quality s Software Quality Engineer Certification
Program
227
10.1
ASQ Background
227
10.2
ASQ Certification Program
228
10.2.1
What Is Certification?
228
10.2.2
Why Become Certified?
230
10.2.3
What Is a Certified Software Quality Engineer (CSQE)?
230
10.2.4
What Qualifications Are Necessary to Become a CSQE?
231
10.2.5
How Many People Have Earned Their CSQE? And Who
Are They?
231
10.2.6
Is There Value in the CSQE Certification?
232
10.3
How Is a Certification Exam Developed?
232
10.3.1
Proposal for New Certification
232
10.3.2
Job Analysis
234
10.3.3
Certification Approval
235
10.3.4
Creating the Examination
235
10.3.5
Cut Score Study
236
10.3.6
Examination Administration
236
10.3.7
Sustaining the Examination
237
10.4
How Should You Prepare for the Exam?
237
10.4.1
Apply for the Examination Early
238
10.4.2
What Reference Materials Can Be Used During the Exam?
238
10.4.3
In What Languages Is the Exam Offered?
238
^
_________________________________Contents
10.5
What Is in the Body of Knowledge?
238
10.5.1
Six Levels of Cognition Based on Bloom s Taxonomy
(1956) 250
10.5.2
Sample Questions
250
10.6
Recertification
253
Acknowledgments
253
References
254
Selected Bibliography
254
CHAPTER
11
CMMI® PPQA Relationship to SQA
257
11.1
Software Quality Engineering/Management
257
11.1.1
Software Quality Engineering/Management Functions
257
11.2
Software Engineering Institute s CMMI8
259
11.3
PPQA in the CMMf
262
11.3.1
Process and Product Quality Assurance Purpose Statement
263
11.3.2
Quality Control
263
11.3.3
Quality Assurance
264
11.3.4
Project Quality Plan
264
11.3.5
PPQA as Defined by the CMMI® Specific Goals and Specific
Practices
265
11.3.6
Institutionalization
269
11.3.7
Quality Assurance Representatives
270
11.3.8
What Is the Relationship Between PPQA as Defined in the
CMMf and SQA?
273
11.4
Approach to Meeting PPQA Requirements
274
11.5
Quality Management and Quality Assurance Infrastructure
274
11.6
Using Criticality and Configuration Management Status Accounting
to Govern Quality
275
11.7
Quality Auditing
277
11.8
Quality Reporting
279
11.9
Proactive Support of Projects
281
11.10
SQA Support Levels
282
11.11
Software Configuration Management
284
11.12
Traps in SQA Implementation of PPQA
286
11.13
Summary
288
References
288
Selected Bibliography
289
CHAPTER
12
SQA for Small Projects
291
12.1
Introduction
291
12.2
Definitions
292
12.2.1
Small Organization
293
12.2.2
Small Project
293
12.3
Staff Considerations
293
12.3.1
Qualifications
294
12.4
Training Considerations
295
Contents________________________________________________________________________xiii
12.4.1
Quality Engineers
295
12.4.2
Mentoring the Project Personnel
295
12.5
What Makes Sense for Your Organization/Projects)?
296
12.5.1
Tactical
296
12.5.2
Strategic
297
12.6
Success Without Stress and Undue Expense
298
12.6.1
Use a Generic SQA Plan and Schedule
298
12.6.2
Efficiently Audit Work Products
299
12.6.3
Efficiently Review Processes
301
12.6.4
Develop a Quality Engineer s Guide
302
12.6.5
Provide Senior Management Insight into the Project
302
12.6.6
Act as a Gatekeeper for Deliverables
303
12.6.7
Add Engineering Experience
303
12.6.8
Keep an Eye on Configuration Management
303
12.6.9
Walk the Halls
305
12.6.10
Colócate
Quality Engineers
305
12.6.11
Share Information
305
12.6.12
Facilitate Process Improvement
306
12.6.13
Institutionalize Processes
306
12.7
Objective Evidence for the Auditor/Appraiser
307
12.8
Compliance with ISO and
СММГ
307
12.8.1
ISO/CMMf Internal Audits
308
12.8.2
ISO/CMMf External Audits
308
12.8.3
Document Control
309
12.9
Summary
309
References
310
CHAPTER
13
Development Quality Assurance
311
13.1
Introduction
311
13.2
Software QA Versus Traditional QA
312
13.3
Development Quality Assurance
313
13.4
Systems and Software Quality Assurance: An Integrated Approach
314
13.4.1
Process Evaluations
314
13.4.2
Work Product Evaluations
319
13.4.3
Formulating the SSQA Implementation Plan
319
13.4.4
Keeping the SSQA Implementation Plan Current
320
13.4.5
SSQA Tools and Techniques
321
13.4.6
IPT Participation
321
13.4.7
Review of Deliverable Products
322
13.4.8
Participative Activities
322
13.4.9
Results of Evaluations
323
13.5
Systems Quality Assurance
324
13.6
Hardware Design Quality Assurance
324
13.7
Overcoming Cultural Resistance
327
13.8
Conclusion
329
References
330
xjv
___________________________________Contents
CHAPTER
14
Quality Management in IT
331
14.1
Introduction
331
14.2
Key IT Processes
332
14.2.1
ITSM Processes
332
14.3
IT Best Practices
333
14.3.1
ITIL®
333
14.3.2 SEI
СММҐ
-SVC
336
14.4
ITSM Standards
337
14.4.1
ISO
20000 337
14.4.2
ISO
20000-1
Content
338
14.4.3
СоЬГҐ
342
14.5
Selecting a Process Improvement Model
347
14.5.1
IT Service Management Self-Assessment
349
14.5.2
Implementing an IT Service Management System
350
14.6
Customer Requirements
352
14.6.1
Service Level Agreements
352
14.6.2
QoS
357
14.7
Monitoring and Measuring ITSM Performance
358
14.7.1
Why Variance Is Difficult to Measure
359
14.8
Procurement Quality
—
Outstanding
362
14.9
IT Quality Professional
364
14.9.1
Body of Knowledge
365
14.9.2
IT Quality Analyst
365
14.10
Conclusion
368
References
368
CHAPTER
15
Costs of Software Quality
371
15.1
Introduction
371
15.2
The Concept of Cost of Software Quality
372
15.2.1
The Concept
372
15.2.2
Objectives of Cost of Software Quality Metrics
373
15.3
Costs of Control
374
15.3.1
Prevention Costs
374
15.3.2
Appraisal Costs
375
15.4
Failure of Control Costs
375
15.4.1
Internal Failure Costs
375
15.4.2
External Failure Costs
376
15.5
Implementation of a Cost of Software Quality System
377
15.5.1
Definition of Cost Items for the CoSQ Model
377
15.5.2
Definition of the Cost Data Collection Method
378
15.5.3
Implementation of a CoSQ System
379
15.6
The Contribution of a CoSQ System to the Organization
379
15.7
Difficulties in the Implementation
380
15.8
Limitations of the Classic CoSQ Model
380
Contents________________________________________________________________________xv
15.9 Extreme
Cases of Costs of Software Quality
381
15.10
Conclusion
382
References
383
Selected Bibliography
384
Appendix
15
A An Extended Model for Cost of Software Quality
384
15
A.
1
Concept of the Extended CoSQ Model
384
15A.2 Managerial Appraisal and Control Costs
385
15A.3 Managerial Failure Costs
386
15A.4 Difficulties in the Implementation of the Extended
CoSQ Model
387
CHAPTER
16
Software Quality Assurance Metrics
393
16.1
Introduction
393
16.2
Software Quality Indicators
395
16.3
Practical Software and Systems Measurement (PSM)
396
16.4
СММІФ
Measurement and Analysis
403
16.5
CMMI® Higher Maturity Measurements
405
16.6
Practical Implementations
407
16.6.1
Hewlett Packard
407
16.6.2
Quantitative SQA
409
16.6.3
Pragmatic Quality Metrics
409
16.6.4
Effectiveness Measure
410
16.6.5
Team Software Process (TSP®) and Personal Software
Process
(PSP®)
411
16.6.6
Software Quality Fault Prediction
412
16.6.7
Measuring Process Improvement Using Stoplight Charts
414
16.6.8
Six Sigma
415
16.6.9
Project Managers Control Panel
415
16.6.10
Predicting Software Quality
419
16.7
Conclusion
421
References
421
CHAPTER
17
More Reliable Software Faster and Cheaper: An Overview of Software
Reliability Engineering
425
17.1
Introduction
425
17.2
Software Reliability Engineering
425
17.2.1
What it Is and Why it Works
425
17.2.2
A Proven, Standard, Widespread Best Practice
426
17.3
SRE Process and
Fone
Follower Example
428
17.3.1
Define the Product
430
17.3.2
Implement Operational Profiles
430
17.3.3
Define Just Right Reliability
432
17.3.4
Prepare for Test
432
17.3.5
Execute Test
433
17.3.6
Guide Test
433
xv¡
__________________________________
__^
______________________
Contents
17.3.7
Collect Field Data
435
17.4
Conclusion
435
17.5
To Explore Further
435
References
437
List of Acronyms
439
About the Authors
447
Index
457
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
xvii
CHAPTER
1
Organizing for Quality Management
1
1.1
The Quality Management Framework
1
1.1.1
Object (Entity)
2
1.1.2
Product
3
1.1.3
Process
3
1.1.4
Requirement
3
1.1.5
User
4
1.1.6
Evaluation
5
1.1.7
Measure and Measurement
5
1.1.8
Quality
6
1.2
Quality Program Concepts
8
1.2.1
Elements of a Quality Program
8
1.2.2
Considerations
15
1.3
Organizational Aspects of the Quality Program
17
1.4
Quality Program Organizational Relationships
17
1.4.1
Establish Requirements and Control Changes
18
1.4.2
Establish and Implement Methods
20
1.4.3
Evaluate Process and Product Quality
21
1.5
Mapping Quality Program Functions to Project Organizational Entities
22
1.5.1
Planning
23
1.5.2
Establish Requirements and Control Changes
24
1.5.3
Establish and Implement Methods
25
1.5.4
Evaluate Process and Product Quality
27
1.6
Example Organizational Implementations of a Quality Program
27
1.6.1
Project Engineering Process Group
28
1.6.2
Quality Program Structures in Large Projects
28
1.6.3
Quality Program Structures for Small Projects in Large
Organizations
31
1.6.4
Quality Program Structures in Small Organizations with
Small Projects
31
1.7
Summary
33
References
33
VII
viii
_Contents
CHAPTER
2
Software Quality Lessons Learned from the Quality Experts
35
2.1
Introduction
35
2.2
Kaoru Ishikawa
37
2.3
Joseph M.
Juran
39
2.4
Yoji Akao
43
2.5
W. Edwards Deming
44
2.6
Genichi Taguchi
49
2.7
Shigeo Shingo
51
2.8
Philip Crosby
52
2.9
Watts S. Humphrey
56
2.10
Conclusion
60
References
60
CHAPTER
3
Commercial and Governmental Standards for Use in Software Quality
Assurance
63
3.1
SQA in ISO Standards
63
3.1.1
ISO
9000:2005
and ISO
9001:2000 64
3.1.2
1ЅОЛЕС
90003 64
3.1.3
1ЅОЛЕС
2500η—
1ЅОЛЕС
2504η
(SQuaRE)
65
3.1.4
1ЅОЛЕС
14598
and
1ЅОЛЕС
15504 66
3.1.5
1ЅОЛЕС9126
67
3.1.6
The Special Role of
1ЅОЛЕС
12207 68
3.2
SQA in IEEE Standards
69
3.2.1
IEEE Std
730-2002 69
3.2.2
IEEE Std
829-1998 70
3.2.3
IEEE Std
1028-1997 70
3.2.4
The Special Role of
ІЕЕЕЛІІА
12207 71
3.3
SQA in
COBIT®
72
3.4
SQA in
ITIL®
74
3.4.1
1ЅОЛЕС
20000 76
3.5
SQA and Other Standards
77
3.5.1
ANSLŒJA-748-A-1998
77
3.5.2 RTCAЛЮ-178B 79
3.6
Whatever Happened to U.S. Department of Defense Standards?
80
3.6.1
Influential Past Standards
80
3.6.2
SQA in Active DoD Standards
82
3.7
Reminders About Conformance and Certification
83
3.7.1
Conformance
83
3.7.2
Conformance to an Inactive Standard
83
3.7.3
Certification
83
3.8
Future Trends
84
3.8.1
Demand for Personal Credentials Will Increase
84
3.8.2
Systems Engineering and Software Engineering Standards
Will Converge
85
References
85
Contents
¡χ
CHAPTER
4
Personnel Requirements to Make Software Quality Assurance Work
89
4.1
Introduction
89
4.2
Facing the Challenge
90
4.3
Organization Structure
92
4.4
Identifying Software Quality Assurance Personnel Needs
94
4.5
Characteristics of a Good SQA Engineer
97
4.6
Training the Hardware
Q
A Engineer
99
4.7
Training the Software Engineer
99
4.8
Rotating Software Engineers
101
4.9
New College Graduates
102
4.10
SQA Employment Requisitions
103
4.11
What to Expect from Your SQA Engineering Staff
104
4.12
Developing Career Paths
106
4.13
Recommendations
106
References
107
Selected Bibliography
107
Appendix
4
A Typical Software Quality-Related Job Descriptions
107
Software Quality Assurance Manager
107
Engineer Software Quality Assurance
108
Software Reliability Engineer
108
Software Configuration Management Specialist
108
Software Safety Engineer
109
Software Librarian Aide
109
Senior Software Librarian
109
Software Quality Assurance Engineering Assistant
110
Software Quality Engineering Assistant
110
Software Quality Assurance Aide
110
CHAPTER
5
Training for Quality Management 111
5.1
Introduction 111
5.2
Context for a Quality Evaluation Training Program 111
5.2.1
Quality Evaluation to Quality Assurance 111
5.2.2
Audience for Quality Evaluation Training
112
5.2.3
Organizational Training Program
112
5.2.4
Needed Skills and Knowledge
113
5.3
Two Examples
116
5.3.1
Evaluation of Adherence to Process (PPQA)
116
5.3.2
Evaluation of Product Quality
118
5.4
Summary
119
Reference
119
CHAPTER
6
The Pareto Principle Applied to Software Quality Assurance
121
6.1
Introduction
121
6.2
WWMCCS—Classic Example
1 123
_ Contents
6.2.1 Manpower 123
6.2.2
Cost of Contracts
123
6.2.3
By Release
125
6.2.4
By Function
125
6.3
Federal Reserve Bank
—
Classic Example
2 127
6.4
Defect Identification
132
6.4.1
Rubey's Defect Data
133
6.4.2
TRW Defect Data
135
6.4.3
Xerox Defect Data
138
6.5
Inspection
140
6.6
Pareto Charts Comparison
143
6.7
Conclusions
145
References
146
CHAPTER
7
Inspection as an Up-Front Quality Technique
149
7.1
Origin and Evolution
149
7.2
Context of Use
150
7.3
Scope
150
7.3.1
Software Inspections and Walkthroughs Distinguished
151
7.4
Elements
152
7.4.1
Structured Review Process
153
7.4.2
System of Checklists
156
7.4.3
Rules of Construction
161
7.4.4
Multiple Views
162
7.4.5
Defined Roles of Participants
162
7.4.6
Forms and Reports
164
7.5
Preparation for Expert Use
167
7.6
Measurements
168
7.6.1
National Software Quality Experiment
168
7.6.2
Common Problems Revealed
168
7.6.3
Inspection Lab Operations
169
7.6.4
Defect Type Ranking
169
7.6.5
Return on Investment
170
7.7
Transition from Cost to Quality
171
7.8
Software Inspections Roll Out
173
7.9
Future Directions
175
7.10
Conclusion
177
References
177
CHAPTER
8
Software Audit Methods
1 79
8.1
Introduction
179
8.2
Types of Software Audits
181
8.2.1
Software Piracy Audit
181
8.2.2
Security Audit
183
8.2.3
Information Systems Audit
185
Contents_^_
x/
8.2.4 ISO 9001:2000 Software
Audit
187
8.2.5 CMMf-DEV
Appraisal
190
8.2.6
Project Audits (Internal CMMf-DEV/ISO
9001:2000
Audits)
193
8.2.7
Automated Audits
195
8.3
Preparation for a Software Audit
197
8.4
Performing the Audit
201
8.5
Results and Ramifications
204
8.6
Conclusions
207
References
208
CHAPTER
9
Software Safety and Its Relation to Software Quality Assurance
211
9.1
Introduction
211
9.2
Software-Caused Accidents
212
9.3
The Confusing World of Software Safety
212
9.4
Standards, Guidelines, and Certifications
213
9.5
What Does It Take to Develop a Software Safety Assurance Program?
215
9.6
Requirements Drive Safety
217
9.7
Design of a System Safety Program
221
9.8
Hazard Avoidance and Mitigation Technique
223
9.9
Recommendations
223
References
225
CHAPTER
10
American Society for Quality's Software Quality Engineer Certification
Program
227
10.1
ASQ Background
227
10.2
ASQ Certification Program
228
10.2.1
What Is Certification?
228
10.2.2
Why Become Certified?
230
10.2.3
What Is a Certified Software Quality Engineer (CSQE)?
230
10.2.4
What Qualifications Are Necessary to Become a CSQE?
231
10.2.5
How Many People Have Earned Their CSQE? And Who
Are They?
231
10.2.6
Is There Value in the CSQE Certification?
232
10.3
How Is a Certification Exam Developed?
232
10.3.1
Proposal for New Certification
232
10.3.2
Job Analysis
234
10.3.3
Certification Approval
235
10.3.4
Creating the Examination
235
10.3.5
Cut Score Study
236
10.3.6
Examination Administration
236
10.3.7
Sustaining the Examination
237
10.4
How Should You Prepare for the Exam?
237
10.4.1
Apply for the Examination Early
238
10.4.2
What Reference Materials Can Be Used During the Exam?
238
10.4.3
In What Languages Is the Exam Offered?
238
^
_Contents
10.5
What Is in the Body of Knowledge?
238
10.5.1
Six Levels of Cognition Based on Bloom's Taxonomy
(1956) 250
10.5.2
Sample Questions
250
10.6
Recertification
253
Acknowledgments
253
References
254
Selected Bibliography
254
CHAPTER
11
CMMI® PPQA Relationship to SQA
257
11.1
Software Quality Engineering/Management
257
11.1.1
Software Quality Engineering/Management Functions
257
11.2
Software Engineering Institute's CMMI8
259
11.3
PPQA in the CMMf
262
11.3.1
Process and Product Quality Assurance Purpose Statement
263
11.3.2
Quality Control
263
11.3.3
Quality Assurance
264
11.3.4
Project Quality Plan
264
11.3.5
PPQA as Defined by the CMMI® Specific Goals and Specific
Practices
265
11.3.6
Institutionalization
269
11.3.7
Quality Assurance Representatives
270
11.3.8
What Is the Relationship Between PPQA as Defined in the
CMMf and SQA?
273
11.4
Approach to Meeting PPQA Requirements
274
11.5
Quality Management and Quality Assurance Infrastructure
274
11.6
Using Criticality and Configuration Management Status Accounting
to Govern Quality
275
11.7
Quality Auditing
277
11.8
Quality Reporting
279
11.9
Proactive Support of Projects
281
11.10
SQA Support Levels
282
11.11
Software Configuration Management
284
11.12
Traps in SQA Implementation of PPQA
286
11.13
Summary
288
References
288
Selected Bibliography
289
CHAPTER
12
SQA for Small Projects
291
12.1
Introduction
291
12.2
Definitions
292
12.2.1
Small Organization
293
12.2.2
Small Project
293
12.3
Staff Considerations
293
12.3.1
Qualifications
294
12.4
Training Considerations
295
Contents_xiii
12.4.1
Quality Engineers
295
12.4.2
Mentoring the Project Personnel
295
12.5
What Makes Sense for Your Organization/Projects)?
296
12.5.1
Tactical
296
12.5.2
Strategic
297
12.6
Success Without Stress and Undue Expense
298
12.6.1
Use a Generic SQA Plan and Schedule
298
12.6.2
Efficiently Audit Work Products
299
12.6.3
Efficiently Review Processes
301
12.6.4
Develop a Quality Engineer's Guide
302
12.6.5
Provide Senior Management Insight into the Project
302
12.6.6
Act as a "Gatekeeper" for Deliverables
303
12.6.7
Add Engineering Experience
303
12.6.8
Keep an Eye on Configuration Management
303
12.6.9
Walk the Halls
305
12.6.10
Colócate
Quality Engineers
305
12.6.11
Share Information
305
12.6.12
Facilitate Process Improvement
306
12.6.13
Institutionalize Processes
306
12.7
Objective Evidence for the Auditor/Appraiser
307
12.8
Compliance with ISO and
СММГ
307
12.8.1
ISO/CMMf Internal Audits
308
12.8.2
ISO/CMMf External Audits
308
12.8.3
Document Control
309
12.9
Summary
309
References
310
CHAPTER
13
Development Quality Assurance
311
13.1
Introduction
311
13.2
Software QA Versus Traditional QA
312
13.3
Development Quality Assurance
313
13.4
Systems and Software Quality Assurance: An Integrated Approach
314
13.4.1
Process Evaluations
314
13.4.2
Work Product Evaluations
319
13.4.3
Formulating the SSQA Implementation Plan
319
13.4.4
Keeping the SSQA Implementation Plan Current
320
13.4.5
SSQA Tools and Techniques
321
13.4.6
IPT Participation
321
13.4.7
Review of Deliverable Products
322
13.4.8
Participative Activities
322
13.4.9
Results of Evaluations
323
13.5
Systems Quality Assurance
324
13.6
Hardware Design Quality Assurance
324
13.7
Overcoming Cultural Resistance
327
13.8
Conclusion
329
References
330
xjv
_Contents
CHAPTER
14
Quality Management in IT
331
14.1
Introduction
331
14.2
Key IT Processes
332
14.2.1
ITSM Processes
332
14.3
IT Best Practices
333
14.3.1
ITIL®
333
14.3.2 SEI
СММҐ
-SVC
336
14.4
ITSM Standards
337
14.4.1
ISO
20000 337
14.4.2
ISO
20000-1
Content
338
14.4.3
СоЬГҐ
342
14.5
Selecting a Process Improvement Model
347
14.5.1
IT Service Management Self-Assessment
349
14.5.2
Implementing an IT Service Management System
350
14.6
Customer Requirements
352
14.6.1
Service Level Agreements
352
14.6.2
QoS
357
14.7
Monitoring and Measuring ITSM Performance
358
14.7.1
Why Variance Is Difficult to Measure
359
14.8
Procurement Quality
—
Outstanding
362
14.9
IT Quality Professional
364
14.9.1
Body of Knowledge
365
14.9.2
IT Quality Analyst
365
14.10
Conclusion
368
References
368
CHAPTER
15
Costs of Software Quality
371
15.1
Introduction
371
15.2
The Concept of Cost of Software Quality
372
15.2.1
The Concept
372
15.2.2
Objectives of Cost of Software Quality Metrics
373
15.3
Costs of Control
374
15.3.1
Prevention Costs
374
15.3.2
Appraisal Costs
375
15.4
Failure of Control Costs
375
15.4.1
Internal Failure Costs
375
15.4.2
External Failure Costs
376
15.5
Implementation of a Cost of Software Quality System
377
15.5.1
Definition of Cost Items for the CoSQ Model
377
15.5.2
Definition of the Cost Data Collection Method
378
15.5.3
Implementation of a CoSQ System
379
15.6
The Contribution of a CoSQ System to the Organization
379
15.7
Difficulties in the Implementation
380
15.8
Limitations of the Classic CoSQ Model
380
Contents_xv
15.9 Extreme
Cases of Costs of Software Quality
381
15.10
Conclusion
382
References
383
Selected Bibliography
384
Appendix
15
A An Extended Model for Cost of Software Quality
384
15
A.
1
Concept of the Extended CoSQ Model
384
15A.2 Managerial Appraisal and Control Costs
385
15A.3 Managerial Failure Costs
386
15A.4 Difficulties in the Implementation of the Extended
CoSQ Model
387
CHAPTER
16
Software Quality Assurance Metrics
393
16.1
Introduction
393
16.2
Software Quality Indicators
395
16.3
Practical Software and Systems Measurement (PSM)
396
16.4
СММІФ
Measurement and Analysis
403
16.5
CMMI® Higher Maturity Measurements
405
16.6
Practical Implementations
407
16.6.1
Hewlett Packard
407
16.6.2
Quantitative SQA
409
16.6.3
Pragmatic Quality Metrics
409
16.6.4
Effectiveness Measure
410
16.6.5
Team Software Process (TSP®) and Personal Software
Process
(PSP®)
411
16.6.6
Software Quality Fault Prediction
412
16.6.7
Measuring Process Improvement Using Stoplight Charts
414
16.6.8
Six Sigma
415
16.6.9
Project Managers Control Panel
415
16.6.10
Predicting Software Quality
419
16.7
Conclusion
421
References
421
CHAPTER
17
More Reliable Software Faster and Cheaper: An Overview of Software
Reliability Engineering
425
17.1
Introduction
425
17.2
Software Reliability Engineering
425
17.2.1
What it Is and Why it Works
425
17.2.2
A Proven, Standard, Widespread Best Practice
426
17.3
SRE Process and
Fone
Follower Example
428
17.3.1
Define the Product
430
17.3.2
Implement Operational Profiles
430
17.3.3
Define "Just Right" Reliability
432
17.3.4
Prepare for Test
432
17.3.5
Execute Test
433
17.3.6
Guide Test
433
xv¡
_
_^
_
Contents
17.3.7
Collect Field Data
435
17.4
Conclusion
435
17.5
To Explore Further
435
References
437
List of Acronyms
439
About the Authors
447
Index
457 |
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| title_exact_search | Handbook of software quality assurance |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Handbook of software quality assurance |
| title_full | Handbook of software quality assurance G. Gordon Schulmeyer, ed. |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of software quality assurance G. Gordon Schulmeyer, ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of software quality assurance G. Gordon Schulmeyer, ed. |
| title_short | Handbook of software quality assurance |
| title_sort | handbook of software quality assurance |
| topic | Computer software Quality control Qualitätssicherung (DE-588)4126457-5 gnd Software (DE-588)4055382-6 gnd Qualitätskontrolle (DE-588)4047968-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Computer software Quality control Qualitätssicherung Software Qualitätskontrolle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016782058&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT schulmeyerggordon handbookofsoftwarequalityassurance |