Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia:
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| Language: | English |
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Washington
Carnegie Institution of Washington
1921
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| Series: | Publication
308 |
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | VIII, 139 S. illus. (incl. maps) 32 pl 26 cm |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Cannon, William Austin |d 1870-1958 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)10194599X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia |c by William Austin Cannon |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington |b Carnegie Institution of Washington |c 1921 | |
| 300 | |a VIII, 139 S. |b illus. (incl. maps) 32 pl |c 26 cm | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Publication |v 308 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Arid regions plants |z Australia |z South Australia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plant ecology |z Australia |z South Australia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plants |z Australia |z South Australia | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Australien | |
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PLANT HABITS AND HABITATS;IN THE ARID
PORTION'S OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
J
-': • !
: • II
' ! 'BY • !• ^ ||
WILLI AMAUSTINCANNONj
|i
D
PUBLISHED BY THE CABNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON lj
WASHINGTON 1921 « '
CONTENTS
PAGE
List of Illustrations ' v
Introduction •: 1
Physical environment of the vegetation of Australia 5
General physiographical conditions 5
Features of the climate of Australia ' 8
Rainfall ; 8
^Evaporation : • ' 14
Relative humidity — 15
Light 16 Light
Temperature
Winds
Subterranean environment
Temperature, moisture, and aeration conditions of the soil
Aeration of the soil
Temperature of the soil ,;
Certain characteristics of the vegetation of dry regions
Physical environment of the vegetation of South Australia
Physical geography
Climate
Temperature i •: •:
Rainfall J1
Effective rainfall J t!
Vegetation and plant habitats in vicinity of Oodnadatta
Physiography ]: '
Climate
Rainfall J
Temperature !
General features of the flora of South Australia,
The northern portion' of South Australia
Vegetation of the Lake Eyre basin
Vegetation at Oodnadatta J! :
Vegetation of the plains I
Vegetation of and about the sandhills
The Copley environment if I j;
Physiographv J 11 i J L
Climate 1 I '1
Rainfall
Temperature i!' • • • • •
Vegetation of the Copley region
Vegetation of the alkali plains
Root-habits of plants of the plains
Vegetation of the low hills and slope's:
Mono-specific communities!
Isolated species and mixed 'communities
Vegetation of the washes
Parasitic phanerogams l| ij
Root-habits of plants of the washes L:;
Leaf-form and leaf-sizes |J jjji
Vegetation of southwestern South Australia
Vegetation and environment a,t Ooldea!
Physiography
Climate
Habitats
Vegetation of the NuUarbor] Plain
Vegetation about Ooldea
l i '
Transition from the sandhills to the Nullarbor Plain
Leaf-formandleaf-sizeA'
177 •
!80
'81
IV CONTENTS
Vegetation of southwestern South I Australia— Continued, PAGE )
Vegetation and environment at iTarcoola i ; 89,
Physiography !/ • • • • • • -*i- -: 891
Rainfall and temperature \i; ! 90
Vegetation ' y • • : 4
Vegetation and environment at Port Augusta: 93
Physiography • :;: 93
Rainfall ••!•,• • '•••' v : 94
Temperature • 94
Vegetation '••• • 94
Sizes and forms of leaves and phyllodia , ; 96
Vegetation and environment at Quorn ; 96
Climate J ;: • { 99
Vegetation and habitat' '1: 100
Vegetation of the valleys and'of Willoehra Plain „• ! 101
Vegetation of low hills - • -
Vegetation of the washes ; • •, • 107
Root-characters I;:' '• 107
Mallee and the mallee regions : 108
Physical and climatic features : '1 109
Rainfall and temperature 109
Vegetation ; : 110
Morphological aspects of the xerophytic flora of South Australia y Ill
Leaf-size and leaf-form !iIll
Features of the roots of South Australian plants : 114
Notes on some structural features of perennials 117
The phyllodia in some species of jAcacia ''' • 117
A aneura and A linophylla J ^ 118
Acacia continua • :! 120
I
il
Acacia tarculiensis •
Acacia tetragonophylla i,
Notes on certain other species of[!the region!
Bossiaea walkeri ir;jj i
Casuarina stricta : )•
Dodon»a attenuata and D lobulata
Some morphological features of the genus Eremo'phila
Fusanus acuminatus J t 'J |!1 •''•••
Gravillea stenobotrya! \!! II
Hakea multilineata and H leucoptera L
Melaleuca parviflora )!••• ;:J J •
• Pittosporum phillyra5oides | ;:' vJ|i
Triodia irritans jJ Si,] 132
Certain reactions and adjustments of the plants of the more arid portions of South
Australia v 1 !' i 133
Reactions to light | 133
Reactions to temperature 134
Reactions to a small water-supply 134
Reactions to the subterranean environment ' 136
Bibliography * ; 138
ILLUSTRATIONS , f
PLATES
1, A View looking north from O'Hallbran's Mount, Oodnadatta, showing lower plain
with upper plain at the extreme right in background
B Lower plain near Oodnadatta, showing gibbers on the surface and typical de
pression with species of Eremophila j|
2, A Eremophila freelingii in a shallow wash on the slope of upperlplain near Oodnadatta
B Eremophila freelingii in a shallow wash on the edge of upper plain west of Neales
River, Oodnadatta ; • ii
3, A Acacia cambadgei in a shallow wash on the slope connecting lupper and lower plains
west of Neales River, Oodnadatta
B Shoot-tips with leaves, Eremophila freelingii, from upper plain west of Neales River,
Oodnadatta j
c Shoot-tips with leaves, Eremophila lairobei, from a wash connecting upper and lower
plains west of Neales River, Oodnadatta
4, A Acacia tetragonophylla, near west base, of sandhills east of Oodnadatta
B Acacia linophylla on sandhills east of'Oodnadatta }
c Short channel, Neales River, with Eucalyptus rostrata and Acacia stenophylla, small
shrubs, on the banks, Oodnadatta j
5, A Phyllodia of Acacia linophylla from sandhills near Oodnadatta
B Eremophila neglecta near base of sandhills east of Oodnadatta
c Neales River bottoms from the lower plain, Oodnadatta
6, A Shoot-tips and phyllodia of Acacia tetragonophylla, left, arid A cambadgei, right,
from Neales River, Oodnadatta I I
B Leaves and phyllodia of Acacia stenophylla from Neales River, Oodnadatta
7, A Prominent development of horizontal roots in Acacia cambadgei, Neales River,-
Oodnadatta ^ j
B Vegetative reproduction in Acacia stenophylla from floodplain, Neales River, Oodna
datta j j
c Kochia sedifoliaj|on lowtijslo'pe above Copley Plain on Yudnamutana road, Copley
8, A Zygophyllum fruticosum\ amp;t edge of Copley Plain by Table Mountain The trees in
the background aTe Casuarina lepidophloia, Copley
B Nitraria schceberi hillock colonies on Copley Plain iTable Mountain is in the back
ground at left, Copley \, j
c Detail of edge of colony!; of Nitraria schceberi, showing horizontal prostrate branches
by which-the hillock colony is extended, Copley j
9, A Shoot-tip of Eremophila\freelingiit from low: hills on Mount Series road, Copley
B Eremophila oppositifolia} showing leaves and flowers, from1 rounded low hills on
Mount Series road, Copley, j :
c Pholidia scoparia, broom, from low hills on Mount Series road east of Copley
19, A Cassia sturtii, constituting a monospecific community on Mount Series road, Copley
B Mono-specific community of Eremophila fr/eelingii, in low hills along Mount Series
road, Copley |H'Ii''!
c Mono-specific community of Pholidia 'scoparia in low hills On Mount Series road,
Copley ! J' |: | !; :,i!)
11, A Hakea leucopterd on southern slope of Table Mountain, Copley
B Casuarina lepidophloia, |;6r oak,j at south bkse of Table Mountain, Copley
c Community of Zygophyllum fruticdsummeai Mount; of Light, Copley
12, A Petalostylis labicheoides from south b;
B Casuarina lepidophloia,jGopley
c Petalostylis labicheoides ai south base
aselof Table Mountain, Copley
i • 1 II )f;,Table Mountain, Copley
D Shoot habit of Hakea leucoptera, with fruit,1 from Table Mountain, Copley
13, A Melaleuca glomerata, the||white tea-tree, in a small branch of Leigh's Creek, Mount
Series roaid, Copley jj,i I j 'jj • j1 | i |j j! ; j
B Melaleuca parviflora, the' black 'teajtree, near Myrtle Springs road, Copley
c Eucalyptus rostrata, the red gum, on Leigh's* Creek1, Copley
14, A Eremophila alternifolia atj side of sma|ll wash near|jMount of Light, Copley
B Eremophila longifolia onljedge of Copley Plain near Leigh's Creek, Copley
!!!-: i: I' i: •!; I • '! •! ! v
VI ILLUSTRATIONS
and inflorescence
15, A Shoot-tip showing leaves and fruits of Melaleucaparviftora, or black tea-tree, from
Myrtle Springs road, Copley |
B Tip of shoot of Eremophila alterpifolia with flowers and leaves, Copley
c Leafy shoot of Acacia varians from a wash cast of Copley j
D Melaleuca glomerata, white; tea-tree, from' Leigh's Creek, Copley
16, A Eremophila longifolia, Copley | , *
B Branch of Acacia tetragonophylla with' short spinose phyllodia
buds, Copley '[•
c Acacia tetragonophylla in low hills on Mount Series road, east of Copley
17, A Leafy shoot-tips with fruit of! F^usanus spicatus, the quandang, and F acuminatum,
the native peach, Mount Deception Range; Copley, j
B Myoporum platycarpum from low hills in Mo|unt Series road, Copley
c Shoot-tip with leaves and fruit of Loranthus exocarpi and leafy branch of host,
Acacia sentis, Copley | ,', • , j
D Loranthus exocarpi, at right; j|and Eremophila brownii, host, Copley
18, A Loranthus quandang, with oval|leaves;;aiid the narrow4eaved form of Acacia aneura,
the mulga, its host!' ('From Mount! Sea!rles road;least of Copley
B Loranthus linearifolius on Acacidletragonophyllai The host is shown with character
istic spine-like phyllodia Copley 1 ;l I
c Loranthus exocarpi, with leaves and fruit and shoot-tip of its host, Myoporum platy
carpum,Copleyj=;fIj;;\!i,;
19, A Acacia aneura, the mulga, at Ooldea i|!i ;i ii
B Eucalyptus oleosa by a wash at' the eastern,base of Mount Deception Range The
prominent stem base i'arid enlarged crown of the taproot, both characteristics
of t he mal l ee , a re shown Cop ley ,j!jjjjj
20, A Detail of branch of Acacia colletioides] showing spine-like phyllodia Ooldea
B Narrow leaf form of Acacia aneura, the mulga, at, Ooldea' Young fruits are shown
on one of the brandies , |' jfj j
c Broad leaf form of Acacia aneura, the inulga; at Ooldea j |
21, A Eucalyptus pyriformis at Ooldea Various species of Acacia and the malice, Eucalyp
tus incrassata var dumosa, make up the surrounding woody vegetation The
floor is bare !'; • ' • ' ' !;• • ||
B Eucalyptus leucoxylon var macrocarpaj middle ground, and E incrassata var dumosa,
on the hillside beyond!,: near Ooldea 1 ' ]l
22, A Fruits of Eucalyptus pyriformis from Ooldea The fruits!are about 5 cm in diameter
B Leptospermum Icevigatum -var minus, in flower, from the|Ooldea Soak
c The shrubby Eucalyptus leucoxylon var macrocarpa in flower, from Station 408 near
Ooldea ; ' • E • ; j )
23, A Pholidia santalina from mallee community of low ridge west of Quorn
B Callistemon teretifolius, from, ridge oh Mount Arden road, Quorn
p Aphyllous Acacia continua from low hills on the Pichi Richi road, west of Quorn
D Tip of branch of Acacia calamifolia, in fruit, showing the linear phyllodia From
open Casuarina forest on the Melrose road, east of Quorn |
24, A Gravillea stenobotryaishoot showing leaves and fruits, from Station 408, near Ooldea
B Leaf habit of Eremophila rotundifolia, Tarcoola f
c Tips of a branch of Acacia rigens, with phyllodia, Tarcoola i | #
D A fruiting branch of Acacia [tarculiensis showing characteristic phyllodia From
type habitat, Tarcoola) * ! |
25, A Acacia rigens, the myall,',' (with various halophytes, on plain north of Tarcoola
B Thicket of mallee, Eucalyptus oleosa} on, sloping saltbush plain, foothills of the
Flinders, east of Port j Augusta) near Saltia , J j
c Beef wood, Gravillea stenobotrya, on, the crest of sandhill by Station 408, near
Ooldea i!? • j!, ' , ' \j[
26, A Forest of Eucalyptus rostrata on Saltia creek, east of Port Augusta ^
B Pine community, CalUtris r^busta, at/Warren's Gorge, near Quorn '
C View in mallee-scrub, ab6ut|2 miles I north of Quorn • Eucalyptus odoraia and E
oleosa in the background Bunches, of Triodia irrilans in the foreground
ILLUSTRATIONS VII
27, A Branches of Acacia sublanata, showing small and rigid phyllodia, Quorn
B Eulaxia empetrifolia, showing the small flowers and linear short leaves, Quorn
c- Branches of Acacia pycnaritha, the golden wattle, showing the character of the
large phyllodia, Quorn
28, A View about 2 miles west of Quorn, taken from a grassy ridge and looking upon a ridge
which is covered with mallee In the intervening valley are a few specimens
of Eucalyptus leucoxylon var pauperita '
B Hakea leucoptera on the edge of the mallee, scrub, about 2 miles north of Quorn
Small shoots which spring from superficial roots of the larger plants are in the
foreground J ,
c Western slope of ridge along Mount Arden road, Quorn, with Triodia irrilans and
Trichinium, dominant grasses Dead fruiting stalks of Xanthorrhcea semi-
plana shown in the foreground; mallee, Eucalyptus sp , in the background
29, A Bossiaa walkeri on summit of a sandhill by Station 408, near Ooldea
B Hakea mvltilineata on the crest of a sandhill by Station 408, near Ooldea, with Euca
lyptus incrassata var dumosa, a mallee, in the flats below Bunches of
spinifex, Triodia irritans, are to be seen between the mallee
c Branch with withered flower-spike and leaves of Hakea multilineata, from Station
408, near Ooldea
D Melaleuca uncinata in fruit, from the sandhills by Station 408, near Ooldea
30, A A community of Acacia pychantha, the golden wattle, by a stream way on the Mount
Brown road, Quorn
B A large specimen of Eucalyptus leucoxylon var pauperita, by a wash on the Mount
Arden road, Quorn ' A comparison with the automobile will give an idea, of
its size
c Vegetative reproduction in Hakea leucoptera A young shoot, removed from the
soil, is shown taking its origin from a horizontal root Quorn
31, A Exposure of roots of mallee, Eucalyptus sp , by a narrow wash, showing the abun
dance of superficial roots Along the Mount Arden road, Quorn
B Root exposure of Eucalyptus leucoxylon var pauperita by erosion of the bank of
stream above Warren's Gorge The roots were washed out for a distance
exceeding 16 meters Quorn
32, A Scattered groups of Melaleuca parvifiora, in the mallee scrub near Blanchtown
B Flood plain of the Murray River showing open forest of Eucalyptus rostrata partly
submerged, Blanchtown
c View in mallee, Eucalyptus sp , scrub on Murray flats near Blanchtown
FIGURES
1 Physical divisions of Australia, after Gregory, 1916, to which has been added the
10-inch isohyet The shaded areas have an altitude of 1,000 feet or more
above the sea ' ' I
2 Mean annual rainfall map of Australia, adapted from Hunt
3A Duration of wet seasons, after Taylor, 1916 The periods shown on the map include
those months in which the average rainfall exceeds the geometric mean of the
monthly rainfalls ' • ;
3B Wettest months of the year, after Hunt's meteorological map of Australia, 1916
4A Mean rainfall of Australia for January, after Hunt
4B Mean rainfall of Australia1 for April, after Hunt 1
5A Mean rainfall of Australia for July, after Hunt
5B Mean rainfall of Australia for October, after Hunt j i
6 Graphs, after Hunt, showing average monthly rainfallj and mean monthly evaporation,
in inches, for various places in Australia 1
7A Mean humditiy of Australia for January, after Taylor, 19i8 i
7B Mean humidity of Australiafor July, after Taylor! 1918 ,,
8A Mean annual evaporation in'Australia, after Hunt, i l l
8B Average yearly temperature of Australia; after'Hunt ' ;
9A Mean temperature of Australia for January; after Hunt ;
9B Mean temperature of Australia for July,; after HuntJ \!
VIII ILLUSTRATIONS
10 Chief physical divisions and geographical plan, of South Australia, after Howchin and
Gregory, with the 5-, 10-, and 15-inch isohyets •• [
11 Graphs showing the annual J (total): and non-effective'' rainfall for 1901-1906 at
Oodnadatta (a), Copley (b), and Quorn (c), South Australia, based on records
supplied by the Adelaide office of the Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology
12 Acacia linophylla, transverse section of phyllode, semi-diagrammatic, X 72 The
large proportion [of: mechanical tissue is indicated (sc), and the protected
position of the ehloronohyma (c/i) The relatively heavy covering of hairs
is indicated by thejstippling/ ,' 1
13 Same Detail of margin of phyllode to show the nature of the sclerenchyma and
epidermal cells andithe presence of glandular trichomes, X 700
14 Same Detail of inner portion of chlorenchyma showing its relation to the fibro-
vascular bundle at:i the left, X 700
15 Acacia continua, transverse section of chlorophyll-bearing stem, X 52 5
16 Avacia tetragonophylla, cross-section of phyllode, semi-diagrammatic, X 85
17 Casuarina stricta, transverse section,semi-diagrammatic, lof chlorophyll-bearing stem,
X 72 The chlorenchyma is shown partly protected by the heavy epidermis
and partly by the furrows with the trichomes, of which the latter are not
shown The enlarged outer ends of the sclerenchyma also act in the same
capacity ! I
18 Eremophila alternifolia, detail of young stem with glandular trichome, X 52 5
19 Same Transverse section of j leaf showing old glandular'trichome, heavy epidermis,
and its covering of a [resinous substance 1
20 Eremophila freelingii, semi-diagrammatic; transverse section of leaf to show the size
and frequency of internal glands [gl), X 52 5 •
21 Eremophila rotundifolia, longitudinal section, semi-diagrammatic, X 52 5, to show the
relatively large internal glands :and the very heavy covering of hairs (tr)
22 Fusanus acuminatui, fragment of leaf showing chlorenchyma and a group of tracheids,
x 350 :[•: (• :
23 Same Cross-section of leaf to show; the heavy epidermis consisting of two layers of
cells, X 350 :[:] {:, [j,:_ • [ j
24 Gravillea stenobotrya, semi-diagrammatic 1 transverse section of leaf The various
tissues are as indicated Trichomes and stomata are confined to the ventral
• side,X525I1j • ['i|||
25 Same Detail of leaf, dorsal side, in cross-section1, to show the greatly elongated
epidermal cells and! w5ell-marked palisades, ; 350;
26 Hakea leucoptera, leaf fragment, in transverse section, with very;heavy epidermis and
deeply sunken stoma and papillate processes|in stomatal canal The presence
of sclerenchymatoiis fibers in Jtlle palisade chlorenchyma is shown X 350
27 Hakea multilineata, semi-diagrammatiis cross-section^ of; leaf The prominent devel
opment of mechanic^ tissue [ancl dorsiventral nature of the leaf structure are
indicated X 52l5 'i;[[ • [''1i 'j s
28 Same Fragment of leaf,i|jcross-section, ,to show heavy epidermis, deeply sunken
stoma, and pronounced palisade character of the chlorenchyma, X 350
29 Pittosporum phyllyroeoides\ fragment of dorsal side of leaf,' transverse section, to show
the 2- or 3-layeredjj epidermis, X 350 • ; j
30 Same, ventral side of leaf [ The heavy outer epidermal wall, the single cell layer of
the epidermis, and the superficially placed stoma are indicated X 350
31 Triodia irritans, transverse section of leaf, semirdiagrammatic, showing its infolded
condition and the position and relative abundance of the main tissues, X 85
In figures 12 to 31 the tissues are designated as follows: ch, chlorenchyma; fx, conductive
tissue; gl, internal gland; hd, hypoderm; sc, sclerenchyma; ep, epidermis;
fv, fibro-vascular tissue , ' ' |
| adam_txt |
PLANT HABITS AND HABITATS;IN THE ARID
PORTION'S OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
J
-': • !
: • II
' ! 'BY • !• ^ ||
WILLI AMAUSTINCANNONj
|i
D
PUBLISHED BY THE CABNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON lj
WASHINGTON 1921 « '
CONTENTS
PAGE
List of Illustrations ' v
Introduction •: 1
Physical environment of the vegetation of Australia 5
General physiographical conditions 5
Features of the climate of Australia ' 8
Rainfall ; 8
^Evaporation : • ' 14
Relative humidity — 15
Light 16 Light
Temperature
Winds
Subterranean environment
Temperature, moisture, and aeration conditions of the soil
Aeration of the soil
Temperature of the soil ,;
Certain characteristics of the vegetation of dry regions
Physical environment of the vegetation of South Australia
Physical geography
Climate
Temperature i •: •:
Rainfall J1
Effective rainfall J t!
Vegetation and plant habitats in vicinity of Oodnadatta
Physiography ]: '
Climate
Rainfall J
Temperature !
General features of the flora of South Australia,
The northern portion' of South Australia
Vegetation of the Lake Eyre basin
Vegetation at Oodnadatta J! :
Vegetation of the plains I
Vegetation of and about the sandhills
The Copley environment if I j;
Physiographv J 11 i J L
Climate 1 I '1
Rainfall
Temperature i!' • • • • •
Vegetation of the Copley region
Vegetation of the alkali plains
Root-habits of plants of the plains
Vegetation of the low hills and slope's:
Mono-specific communities!
Isolated species and mixed 'communities
Vegetation of the washes
Parasitic phanerogams l| ij
Root-habits of plants of the washes L:;
Leaf-form and leaf-sizes |J jjji
Vegetation of southwestern South Australia
Vegetation and environment a,t Ooldea!
Physiography
Climate
Habitats
Vegetation of the NuUarbor] Plain
Vegetation about Ooldea
l i '
Transition from the sandhills to the Nullarbor Plain
Leaf-formandleaf-sizeA'
177 •
!80
'81
IV CONTENTS
Vegetation of southwestern South I Australia— Continued, PAGE )
Vegetation and environment at iTarcoola i ; 89,
Physiography !/ • • • • • • -*i- -: 891
Rainfall and temperature \i; ! 90
Vegetation ' y • • : 4
Vegetation and environment at Port Augusta: 93
Physiography • :;: 93
Rainfall ••!•,• • '•••' v : 94
Temperature • 94
Vegetation '••• • 94
Sizes and forms of leaves and phyllodia , ; 96
Vegetation and environment at Quorn ; 96
Climate J ;: • { 99
Vegetation and habitat' '1: 100
Vegetation of the valleys and'of Willoehra Plain „• ! 101
Vegetation of low hills - • -
Vegetation of the washes ; • •, • 107
Root-characters I;:' '• 107
Mallee and the mallee regions : 108
Physical and climatic features : '1 109
Rainfall and temperature 109
Vegetation ; : 110
Morphological aspects of the xerophytic flora of South Australia y Ill
Leaf-size and leaf-form !iIll
Features of the roots of South Australian plants : 114
Notes on some structural features of perennials 117
The phyllodia in some species of jAcacia ''' • 117
A aneura and A linophylla J ^ 118
Acacia continua • :! 120
I
il
Acacia tarculiensis •
Acacia tetragonophylla i,
Notes on certain other species of[!the region!
Bossiaea walkeri ir;jj i
Casuarina stricta : )•
Dodon»a attenuata and D lobulata
Some morphological features of the genus Eremo'phila
Fusanus acuminatus J t 'J |!1 •''•••
Gravillea stenobotrya! \!! II
Hakea multilineata and H leucoptera L
Melaleuca parviflora )!••• ;:J J •
• Pittosporum phillyra5oides | ;:' vJ|i
Triodia irritans jJ Si,] 132
Certain reactions and adjustments of the plants of the more arid portions of South
Australia v 1 !' i 133
Reactions to light | 133
Reactions to temperature 134
Reactions to a small water-supply 134
Reactions to the subterranean environment ' 136
Bibliography * ; 138
ILLUSTRATIONS , f
PLATES
1, A View looking north from O'Hallbran's Mount, Oodnadatta, showing lower plain
with upper plain at the extreme right in background
B Lower plain near Oodnadatta, showing gibbers on the surface and typical de
pression with species of Eremophila j|
2, A Eremophila freelingii in a shallow wash on the slope of upperlplain near Oodnadatta
B Eremophila freelingii in a shallow wash on the edge of upper plain west of Neales
River, Oodnadatta ; • ii
3, A Acacia cambadgei in a shallow wash on the slope connecting lupper and lower plains
west of Neales River, Oodnadatta
B Shoot-tips with leaves, Eremophila freelingii, from upper plain west of Neales River,
Oodnadatta j
c Shoot-tips with leaves, Eremophila lairobei, from a wash connecting upper and lower
plains west of Neales River, Oodnadatta
4, A Acacia tetragonophylla, near west base, of sandhills east of Oodnadatta
B Acacia linophylla on sandhills east of'Oodnadatta }
c Short channel, Neales River, with Eucalyptus rostrata and Acacia stenophylla, small
shrubs, on the banks, Oodnadatta j
5, A Phyllodia of Acacia linophylla from sandhills near Oodnadatta
B Eremophila neglecta near base of sandhills east of Oodnadatta
c Neales River bottoms from the lower plain, Oodnadatta
6, A Shoot-tips and phyllodia of Acacia tetragonophylla, left, arid A cambadgei, right,
from Neales River, Oodnadatta I I
B Leaves and phyllodia of Acacia stenophylla from Neales River, Oodnadatta
7, A Prominent development of horizontal roots in Acacia cambadgei, Neales River,-
Oodnadatta ^ j
B Vegetative reproduction in Acacia stenophylla from floodplain, Neales River, Oodna
datta j j
c Kochia sedifoliaj|on lowtijslo'pe above Copley Plain on Yudnamutana road, Copley
8, A Zygophyllum fruticosum\ amp;t edge of Copley Plain by Table Mountain The trees in
the background aTe Casuarina lepidophloia, Copley
B Nitraria schceberi hillock colonies on Copley Plain iTable Mountain is in the back
ground at left, Copley \, j
c Detail of edge of colony!; of Nitraria schceberi, showing horizontal prostrate branches
by which-the hillock colony is extended, Copley j
9, A Shoot-tip of Eremophila\freelingiit from low: hills on Mount Series road, Copley
B Eremophila oppositifolia} showing leaves and flowers, from1 rounded low hills on
Mount Series road, Copley, j :
c Pholidia scoparia, broom, from low hills on Mount Series road east of Copley
19, A Cassia sturtii, constituting a monospecific community on Mount Series road, Copley
B Mono-specific community of Eremophila fr/eelingii, in low hills along Mount Series
road, Copley |H'Ii''!
c Mono-specific community of Pholidia 'scoparia in low hills On Mount Series road,
Copley ! J' |: | !; :,i!)
11, A Hakea leucopterd on southern slope of Table Mountain, Copley
B Casuarina lepidophloia, |;6r oak,j at south bkse of Table Mountain, Copley
c Community of Zygophyllum fruticdsummeai Mount; of Light, Copley
12, A Petalostylis labicheoides from south b;
B Casuarina lepidophloia,jGopley
c Petalostylis labicheoides ai south base
aselof Table Mountain, Copley
i • 1 II )f;,Table Mountain, Copley
D Shoot habit of Hakea leucoptera, with fruit,1 from Table Mountain, Copley
13, A Melaleuca glomerata, the||white tea-tree, in a small branch of Leigh's Creek, Mount
Series roaid, Copley jj,i I j 'jj • j1 | i |j j! ; j
B Melaleuca parviflora, the' black 'teajtree, near Myrtle Springs road, Copley
c Eucalyptus rostrata, the red gum, on Leigh's* Creek1, Copley
14, A Eremophila alternifolia atj side of sma|ll wash near|jMount of Light, Copley
B Eremophila longifolia onljedge of Copley Plain near Leigh's Creek, Copley
!!!-: i: I' i: •!; I • '! •! ! v
VI ILLUSTRATIONS
and inflorescence
15, A Shoot-tip showing leaves and fruits of Melaleucaparviftora, or black tea-tree, from
Myrtle Springs road, Copley |
B Tip of shoot of Eremophila alterpifolia with flowers and leaves, Copley
c Leafy shoot of Acacia varians from a wash cast of Copley j
D Melaleuca glomerata, white; tea-tree, from' Leigh's Creek, Copley
16, A Eremophila longifolia, Copley | , *
B Branch of Acacia tetragonophylla with' short spinose phyllodia
buds, Copley '[•
c Acacia tetragonophylla in low hills on Mount Series road, east of Copley
17, A Leafy shoot-tips with fruit of! F^usanus spicatus, the quandang, and F acuminatum,
the native peach, Mount Deception Range; Copley, j
B Myoporum platycarpum from low hills in Mo|unt Series road, Copley
c Shoot-tip with leaves and fruit of Loranthus exocarpi and leafy branch of host,
Acacia sentis, Copley | ,', • , j
D Loranthus exocarpi, at right; j|and Eremophila brownii, host, Copley
18, A Loranthus quandang, with oval|leaves;;aiid the narrow4eaved form of Acacia aneura,
the mulga, its host!' ('From Mount! Sea!rles road;least of Copley
B Loranthus linearifolius on Acacidletragonophyllai The host is shown with character
istic spine-like phyllodia Copley 1 ;l I
c Loranthus exocarpi, with leaves and fruit and shoot-tip of its host, Myoporum platy
carpum,Copleyj=;fIj;;\!i,;
19, A Acacia aneura, the mulga, at Ooldea i|!i ;i ii
B Eucalyptus oleosa by a wash at' the eastern,base of Mount Deception Range The
prominent stem base i'arid enlarged crown of the taproot, both characteristics
of t he mal l ee , a re shown Cop ley ,j!jjjjj
20, A Detail of branch of Acacia colletioides] showing spine-like phyllodia Ooldea
B Narrow leaf form of Acacia aneura, the mulga, at, Ooldea' Young fruits are shown
on one of the brandies , |' jfj j
c Broad leaf form of Acacia aneura, the inulga; at Ooldea j |
21, A Eucalyptus pyriformis at Ooldea Various species of Acacia and the malice, Eucalyp
tus incrassata var dumosa, make up the surrounding woody vegetation The
floor is bare !'; • ' • ' ' !;• • ||
B Eucalyptus leucoxylon var macrocarpaj middle ground, and E incrassata var dumosa,
on the hillside beyond!,: near Ooldea 1 ' ]l
22, A Fruits of Eucalyptus pyriformis from Ooldea The fruits!are about 5 cm in diameter
B Leptospermum Icevigatum -var minus, in flower, from the|Ooldea Soak
c The shrubby Eucalyptus leucoxylon var macrocarpa in flower, from Station 408 near
Ooldea ; ' • E • ; j )
23, A Pholidia santalina from mallee community of low ridge west of Quorn
B Callistemon teretifolius, from, ridge oh Mount Arden road, Quorn
p Aphyllous Acacia continua from low hills on the Pichi Richi road, west of Quorn
D Tip of branch of Acacia calamifolia, in fruit, showing the linear phyllodia From
open Casuarina forest on the Melrose road, east of Quorn |
24, A Gravillea stenobotryaishoot showing leaves and fruits, from Station 408, near Ooldea
B Leaf habit of Eremophila rotundifolia, Tarcoola f
c Tips of a branch of Acacia rigens, with phyllodia, Tarcoola i | #
D A fruiting branch of Acacia [tarculiensis showing characteristic phyllodia From
type habitat, Tarcoola) * ! |
25, A Acacia rigens, the myall,',' (with various halophytes, on plain north of Tarcoola
B Thicket of mallee, Eucalyptus oleosa} on, sloping saltbush plain, foothills of the
Flinders, east of Port j Augusta) near Saltia , J j
c Beef wood, Gravillea stenobotrya, on, the crest of sandhill by Station 408, near
Ooldea i!? • j!, ' , ' \j[
26, A Forest of Eucalyptus rostrata on Saltia creek, east of Port Augusta ^
B Pine community, CalUtris r^busta, at/Warren's Gorge, near Quorn '
C View in mallee-scrub, ab6ut|2 miles I north of Quorn • Eucalyptus odoraia and E
oleosa in the background Bunches, of Triodia irrilans in the foreground
ILLUSTRATIONS VII
27, A Branches of Acacia sublanata, showing small and rigid phyllodia, Quorn
B Eulaxia empetrifolia, showing the small flowers and linear short leaves, Quorn
c- Branches of Acacia pycnaritha, the golden wattle, showing the character of the
large phyllodia, Quorn
28, A View about 2 miles west of Quorn, taken from a grassy ridge and looking upon a ridge
which is covered with mallee In the intervening valley are a few specimens
of Eucalyptus leucoxylon var pauperita '
B Hakea leucoptera on the edge of the mallee, scrub, about 2 miles north of Quorn
Small shoots which spring from superficial roots of the larger plants are in the
foreground J ,
c Western slope of ridge along Mount Arden road, Quorn, with Triodia irrilans and
Trichinium, dominant grasses Dead fruiting stalks of Xanthorrhcea semi-
plana shown in the foreground; mallee, Eucalyptus sp , in the background
29, A Bossiaa walkeri on summit of a sandhill by Station 408, near Ooldea
B Hakea mvltilineata on the crest of a sandhill by Station 408, near Ooldea, with Euca
lyptus incrassata var dumosa, a mallee, in the flats below Bunches of
spinifex, Triodia irritans, are to be seen between the mallee
c Branch with withered flower-spike and leaves of Hakea multilineata, from Station
408, near Ooldea
D Melaleuca uncinata in fruit, from the sandhills by Station 408, near Ooldea
30, A A community of Acacia pychantha, the golden wattle, by a stream way on the Mount
Brown road, Quorn
B A large specimen of Eucalyptus leucoxylon var pauperita, by a wash on the Mount
Arden road, Quorn ' A comparison with the automobile will give an idea, of
its size
c Vegetative reproduction in Hakea leucoptera A young shoot, removed from the
soil, is shown taking its origin from a horizontal root Quorn
31, A Exposure of roots of mallee, Eucalyptus sp , by a narrow wash, showing the abun
dance of superficial roots Along the Mount Arden road, Quorn
B Root exposure of Eucalyptus leucoxylon var pauperita by erosion of the bank of
stream above Warren's Gorge The roots were washed out for a distance
exceeding 16 meters Quorn
32, A Scattered groups of Melaleuca parvifiora, in the mallee scrub near Blanchtown
B Flood plain of the Murray River showing open forest of Eucalyptus rostrata partly
submerged, Blanchtown
c View in mallee, Eucalyptus sp , scrub on Murray flats near Blanchtown
FIGURES
1 Physical divisions of Australia, after Gregory, 1916, to which has been added the
10-inch isohyet The shaded areas have an altitude of 1,000 feet or more
above the sea ' ' I
2 Mean annual rainfall map of Australia, adapted from Hunt
3A Duration of wet seasons, after Taylor, 1916 The periods shown on the map include
those months in which the average rainfall exceeds the geometric mean of the
monthly rainfalls ' • ;
3B Wettest months of the year, after Hunt's meteorological map of Australia, 1916
4A Mean rainfall of Australia for January, after Hunt
4B Mean rainfall of Australia1 for April, after Hunt 1
5A Mean rainfall of Australia for July, after Hunt
5B Mean rainfall of Australia for October, after Hunt j i
6 Graphs, after Hunt, showing average monthly rainfallj and mean monthly evaporation,
in inches, for various places in Australia 1
7A Mean humditiy of Australia for January, after Taylor, 19i8 i
7B Mean humidity of Australiafor July, after Taylor! 1918 ,,
8A Mean annual evaporation in'Australia, after Hunt, i l l
8B Average yearly temperature of Australia; after'Hunt ' ;
9A Mean temperature of Australia for January; after Hunt ;
9B Mean temperature of Australia for July,; after HuntJ \!
VIII ILLUSTRATIONS
10 Chief physical divisions and geographical plan, of South Australia, after Howchin and
Gregory, with the 5-, 10-, and 15-inch isohyets •• [
11 Graphs showing the annual J (total): and non-effective'' rainfall for 1901-1906 at
Oodnadatta (a), Copley (b), and Quorn (c), South Australia, based on records
supplied by the Adelaide office of the Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology
12 Acacia linophylla, transverse section of phyllode, semi-diagrammatic, X 72 The
large proportion [of: mechanical tissue is indicated (sc), and the protected
position of the ehloronohyma (c/i) The relatively heavy covering of hairs
is indicated by thejstippling/ ,' 1
13 Same Detail of margin of phyllode to show the nature of the sclerenchyma and
epidermal cells andithe presence of glandular trichomes, X 700
14 Same Detail of inner portion of chlorenchyma showing its relation to the fibro-
vascular bundle at:i the left, X 700
15 Acacia continua, transverse section of chlorophyll-bearing stem, X 52 5
16 Avacia tetragonophylla, cross-section of phyllode, semi-diagrammatic, X 85
17 Casuarina stricta, transverse section,semi-diagrammatic, lof chlorophyll-bearing stem,
X 72 The chlorenchyma is shown partly protected by the heavy epidermis
and partly by the furrows with the trichomes, of which the latter are not
shown The enlarged outer ends of the sclerenchyma also act in the same
capacity ! I
18 Eremophila alternifolia, detail of young stem with glandular trichome, X 52 5
19 Same Transverse section of j leaf showing old glandular'trichome, heavy epidermis,
and its covering of a [resinous substance 1
20 Eremophila freelingii, semi-diagrammatic; transverse section of leaf to show the size
and frequency of internal glands [gl), X 52 5 •
21 Eremophila rotundifolia, longitudinal section, semi-diagrammatic, X 52 5, to show the
relatively large internal glands :and the very heavy covering of hairs (tr)
22 Fusanus acuminatui, fragment of leaf showing chlorenchyma and a group of tracheids,
x 350 :[•: (• :
23 Same Cross-section of leaf to show; the heavy epidermis consisting of two layers of
cells, X 350 :[:] {:, [j,:_ • [ j
24 Gravillea stenobotrya, semi-diagrammatic 1 transverse section of leaf The various
tissues are as indicated Trichomes and stomata are confined to the ventral
• side,X525I1j • ['i|||
25 Same Detail of leaf, dorsal side, in cross-section1, to show the greatly elongated
epidermal cells and! w5ell-marked palisades, ; 350;
26 Hakea leucoptera, leaf fragment, in transverse section, with very;heavy epidermis and
deeply sunken stoma and papillate processes|in stomatal canal The presence
of sclerenchymatoiis fibers in Jtlle palisade chlorenchyma is shown X 350
27 Hakea multilineata, semi-diagrammatiis cross-section^ of; leaf The prominent devel
opment of mechanic^ tissue [ancl dorsiventral nature of the leaf structure are
indicated X 52l5 'i;[[ • [''1i 'j s
28 Same Fragment of leaf,i|jcross-section, ,to show heavy epidermis, deeply sunken
stoma, and pronounced palisade character of the chlorenchyma, X 350
29 Pittosporum phyllyroeoides\ fragment of dorsal side of leaf,' transverse section, to show
the 2- or 3-layeredjj epidermis, X 350 • ; j
30 Same, ventral side of leaf [ The heavy outer epidermal wall, the single cell layer of
the epidermis, and the superficially placed stoma are indicated X 350
31 Triodia irritans, transverse section of leaf, semirdiagrammatic, showing its infolded
condition and the position and relative abundance of the main tissues, X 85
In figures 12 to 31 the tissues are designated as follows: ch, chlorenchyma; fx, conductive
tissue; gl, internal gland; hd, hypoderm; sc, sclerenchyma; ep, epidermis;
fv, fibro-vascular tissue , ' ' |
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| author | Cannon, William Austin 1870-1958 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)10194599X |
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| callnumber-subject | QK - Botany |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)3261741 (DE-599)BVBBV035079799 |
| dewey-full | 581.526534 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 581 - Specific topics in natural history of plants |
| dewey-raw | 581.526534 |
| dewey-search | 581.526534 |
| dewey-sort | 3581.526534 |
| dewey-tens | 580 - Plants |
| discipline | Biologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035079799 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:06:41Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-14T17:01:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
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| physical | VIII, 139 S. illus. (incl. maps) 32 pl 26 cm |
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| publishDate | 1921 |
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| spelling | Cannon, William Austin 1870-1958 Verfasser (DE-588)10194599X aut Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia by William Austin Cannon Washington Carnegie Institution of Washington 1921 VIII, 139 S. illus. (incl. maps) 32 pl 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Publication 308 Arid regions plants Australia South Australia Plant ecology Australia South Australia Plants Australia South Australia Australien Publication 308 (DE-604)BV035415500 308 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016748056&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Cannon, William Austin 1870-1958 Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia Publication Arid regions plants Australia South Australia Plant ecology Australia South Australia Plants Australia South Australia |
| title | Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia |
| title_auth | Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia |
| title_exact_search | Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia |
| title_full | Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia by William Austin Cannon |
| title_fullStr | Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia by William Austin Cannon |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia by William Austin Cannon |
| title_short | Plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of South Australia |
| title_sort | plant habits and habitats in the arid portions of south australia |
| topic | Arid regions plants Australia South Australia Plant ecology Australia South Australia Plants Australia South Australia |
| topic_facet | Arid regions plants Australia South Australia Plant ecology Australia South Australia Plants Australia South Australia Australien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016748056&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035415500 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cannonwilliamaustin planthabitsandhabitatsinthearidportionsofsouthaustralia |