Holdings: High performance polymers

High performance polymers:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Fink, Johannes Karl (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Norwich, NY William Andrew Publ. 2008
Series:	Industrial polymers technology and applications
Subjects:	Polymer engineering Polymers > Industrial applications Polymere Hochleistungswerkstoff Industrie
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Physical Description:	xx, 609 p. ill.
ISBN:	9780815515807 0815515804

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adam_text	Contents Preface xvii 1 Carbazole Polymers 1 1.1 Monomers .......................... 2 1.1.1 yV-Vinylcarbazole .................. 2 1.1.2 Nonlinear Optical Side Chain Monomers ..... 3 1.1.3 Molecular Glasses ................. 5 1.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 5 1.2.1 Polymerization ................... 5 1.2.2 Other Vinylcarbazole Compounds ......... 17 1.3 Properties .......................... 18 1.3.1 Liquid Crystalline Phases ............. 18 1.3.2 Optical Properties .................. 22 1.4 Applications ......................... 22 1.4.1 Electrophotographic Films ............. 22 1.4.2 Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes ......... 25 1.4.3 Organic Photorefractive Materials ......... 37 1.4.4 Photovoltaic Devices ................ 47 1.4.5 Amplified Spontaneous Emission ......... 51 1.4.6 Optical Elements .................. 51 1.4.7 Antistatic Polymer ................. 52 1.4.8 Other Applications ................. 52 1.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............ . 52 1.6 Safety ............................ 53 References ............................. 53 ví High Performance Polymers 2 Poly(p-xylylene)s 69 2.1 Monomers .......................... 70 2.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 73 2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition ............ 73 2.2.2 Solution Polymerization ............. . 75 2.3 Properties .......................... 76 2.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 76 2.4 Applications ......................... 77 2.4.1 Coatings ...................... 77 2.4.2 Medical Applications ................ 82 2.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 83 2.6 Safety ............................ 84 References ............................. 84 3 Poly(arylene vinylene)s 89 3.1 Monomers .......................... 89 3.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 91 3.2.1 Sulfonium Precursor Route ............. 91 3.2.2 Transition Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Process 93 3.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition ............ 93 3.2.4 Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization ..... 94 3.2.5 Electropolymerization ............... 95 3.2.6 Knoevenagel Polycondensation .......... 97 3.2.7 Gilch Reaction ................... 97 3.2.8 Dehydrohalogenation Phase Transfer Catalysis . . 98 3.2.9 Anionie Polymerization .............. 98 3.2.10 Others ........................ 100 3.3 Properties .......................... 100 3.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 100 3.3.2 Thermal Properties ................. 100 3.3.3 Electrical Properties ................ 105 3.3.4 Optical Properties .................. 105 3.4 Special Additives ...................... 106 3.4.1 Dopants ....................... 106 3.5 Applications ......................... 107 3.5.1 Electroluminescent Devices ............ 107 3.5.2 Photovoltaic Devices ................ 113 3.5.3 Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Nano Fibers ..... 118 Contents vii 3.5.4 Poly(/?-phenylene vinylene) Nanotubes ...... 119 3.5.5 Sensors ....................... 119 3.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 124 3.7 Safety ............................ 124 References ............................. 126 Poly(phenylene ether )s 139 4.1 Monomers .......................... 139 4.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 141 4.2.1 Functionalized PolyCphenylene ether) ....... 145 4.2.2 Copolymers ..................... 149 4.2.3 Blends ....................... 149 4.2.4 Thermosetting Resins ............... 151 4.2.5 Other Related Types ................ 152 4.3 Properties .......................... 152 4.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 153 4.3.2 Thermal Properties ................. 153 4.3.3 Electrical Properties ................ 154 4.4 Special Additives ...................... 154 4.4.1 Impact Modifiers .................. 154 4.4.2 Fibers ........................ 154 4.4.3 Flame Retardants .................. 155 4.4.4 Blowing Agents .................. 156 4.5 Applications ......................... 156 4.5.1 Automotive Components .............. 157 4.5.2 Adhesives ...................... 157 4.5.3 Membranes ..................... 157 4.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 163 4.7 Safety ............................ 163 4.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling ............ 163 References ............................. 168 Poly(phenylene sulfide) 175 5.1 Monomers .......................... 176 5.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 177 5.2.1 Standard Procedure ................. 177 5.2.2 Other Methods of Preparation ........... 181 5.2.3 Oxidized Poly(phenylene sulfide) ......... 182 5.2.4 Copolymers ..................... 182 viii High Performance Polymers 5.2.5 Thermosets ..................... 183 5.2.6 Blends and Composites ............... 184 5.2.7 Polyíarylene ether sulfide)s ............. 187 5.2.8 Polyíphenylene sulfide phenyleneamine) ..... 187 5.2.9 Poly(dithiathianthrene)s .............. 189 5.2.10 PolyCaryl ether thianthrene)s ............. 190 5.3 Properties .......................... 190 5.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 190 5.3.2 Thermal Properties ................. 191 5.3.3 Electrical Properties ................ 191 5.3.4 Optical Properties .................. 191 5.3.5 Solubility ...................... 192 5.4 Special Additives ...................... 192 5.4.1 Decolorants ..................... 192 5.4.2 Corrosion Inhibitors ................ 192 5.4.3 Adhesion Reduction ................ 193 5.5 Applications ......................... 193 5.5.1 Solder Friendly Thermoplastic Blends ....... 194 5.5.2 Abrasion-resistant Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Blends 195 5.5.3 Electrically Conducting Polymers ......... 196 5.5.4 Proton Exchange Membrane Materials ....... 197 5.5.5 Ozone Filter Materials ............... 197 5.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 197 5.7 Safety .......!....................199 5.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling ............ 199 References ............................. 202 6 Poly(aryl ether ketone)s 209 6.1 Monomers .......................... 209 6.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 211 6.2.1 Nucleophilic Process ................ 211 6.2.2 Electrophilic Process ................ 213 6.2.3 Blends ....................... 214 6.2.4 Modification .................... 214 6.3 Properties .......................... 215 6.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 215 6.4 Special Additives ...................... 218 6.4.1 Melt Stabilizers ................... 218 Contents ix 6.4.2 Fillers and Reinforcing Materials ......... 220 6.5 Applications ......................... 220 6.5.1 Nonadhesive Coating ................ 220 6.5.2 Porous Membranes ................. 222 6.5.3 Rechargeable Batteries ............... 226 6.5.4 Coatings ...................... 227 6.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 227 6.7 Safety ............................ 228 References ............................. 232 PolyCarylene ether sulfone)s 237 7.1 Monomers .......................... 239 7.1.1 4,4 -Biphenol .................... 239 7.1.2 Bisphenol A .................... 240 7.1.3 Bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-sulfone ........... 241 7.1.4 Bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-sulfone ............ 241 7.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 242 7.2.1 Step-growth Polycondensation ........... 242 7.2.2 Chain-growth Polycondensation .......... 244 7.2.3 Copolymers from Telechelic Monomers ...... 247 7.2.4 Macrocyclic Polymers ............... 248 7.2.5 Friedel-Crafts Polymerization ........... 248 7.2.6 Sulfonation ..................... 249 7.2.7 Blends ....................... 250 7.2.8 Varieties of PES .................. 251 7.2.9 Modification .................... 254 7.3 Properties .......................... 254 7.3.1 Thermal Properties ................. 254 7.3.2 Chemical Properties ................ 256 7.3.3 Electrical Properties ................ 257 7.4 Applications ......................... 257 7.4.1 Membranes ..................... 258 7.4.2 Medical Applications ................ 264 7.4.3 Optical Waveguide Applications .......... 267 7.5 Plumbing Materials ..................... 269 7.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 269 7.7 Safety ............................ 272 7.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling ............ 272 High Performance Polymers References ............................. 272 Poly(arylene ether nitrile)s 283 8.1 Monomers .......................... 283 8.1.1 Halogenated Benzonitriles ............. 284 8.1.2 Aromatic Hydroxy Compounds .......... 286 8.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 287 8.2.1 Electrophilic Route ................. 288 8.2.2 Nucleophilic Route ................. 290 8.3 Properties .......................... 291 8.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 291 8.3.2 Thermal Properties ................. 291 8.3.3 Solubility ...................... 293 8.4 Applications ......................... 293 8.4.1 Reinforced Resins ................. 293 8.4.2 Filter Materials ................... 293 8.4.3 Resin-bonded Magnets ............... 294 8.4.4 Proton Exchange Membranes ........... 294 8.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 295 8.6 Safety ............................ 297 References ............................. 297 Triazole Polymers 301 9.1 Monomers .......................... 301 9.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 303 9.2.1 Reaction of Dinitriles with Dihydrazides ..... 303 9.2.2 Aromatic Nucleophilic Displacement ....... 303 9.2.3 Poly(bis-l,2,4-triazole)s .............. 305 9.2.4 Poly(l-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) ............ 305 9.2.5 1,2,4-TriazoleDendrimers ............. 306 9.3 Properties .......................... 306 9.3.1 Thermal Properties ................. 306 9.3.2 Electrical Properties ................ 308 9.3.3 Optical Properties .................. 308 9.4 Special Additives ...................... 315 9.4.1 Degradation Inhibitors ............... 315 9.5 Applications ......................... 315 9.5.1 Blocked Isocyanates ................ 315 9.5.2 Crosslinking Rubbers ................ 316 Contents xi 9.5.3 Coatings ...................... 317 9.5.4 High-Temperature Adhesives ............ 317 9.5.5 Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors .......... 318 9.5.6 Gas-Generating Compositions ........... 319 9.5.7 Biocidal Polymers ................. 320 9.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 321 9.7 Safety ............................ 321 References ............................. 323 10 Poly(oxadiazole)s 329 10.1 Monomers .......................... 329 10.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 332 10.2.1 Polycondensation .................. 332 10.2.2 Anionie Polymerization .............. 337 10.2.3 Sulfonation ..................... 337 10.3 Properties .......................... 338 10.4 Applications ......................... 339 10.4.1 Fibers ........................ 339 10.4.2 Membranes ..................... 340 10.4.3 Sensors ....................... 340 10.4.4 Light-Emitting Devices .-.............. 340 10.4.5 Graphite Precursors ................. 341 10.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 341 10.6 Safety ............................ 343 References ............................. 343 11 Poly(naphthalates) 347 11.1 Monomers .......................... 347 11.1.1 Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid ........... 347 11.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 349 11.2.1 Polyethylene naphthalate) ............. 349 11.2.2 Copolymers ..................... 358 11.2.3 Blends ....................... 362 11.2.4 Poly(l,3-propylene2,6-naphthalate) ........ 367 11.3 Properties .......................... 369 11.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 369 11.3.2 Thermal Properties ................. 370 11.3.3 Electrical Properties ................ 370 11.3.4 Optical Properties .................. 370 xii High Performance Polymers 11.3.5 Gas Permeability .................. 370 11.3.6 Chemical Resistance ................ 373 11.4 Special Additives ...................... 374 11.4.1 Flame Retardants .................. 374 11.4.2 Protective Coatings ................. 374 11.5 Applications ......................... 375 11.5.1 Polyethylene naphthalate) ............. 375 11.5.2 Films ........................ 376 11.5.3 Fibers ........................ 379 11.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 380 11.7 Safety ............................ 380 11.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling ............ 383 References ............................. 383 12 Poly (ph t hala mide )s 391 12.1 Monomers .......................... 392 12.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 394 12.2.1 Conventional Route ................. 394 12.2.2 Instant or Aerosol Process ............. 396 12.2.3 Batch Processes ................... 396 12.2.4 Continuous Routes ................. 397 12.2.5 Interfacial Condensation .............. 398 12.2.6 Ester Recycling Route ............... 398 12.2.7 Side Reactions ................... 399 12.2.8 Blends and Copolymers .............. 399 12.2.9 Fabrication Techniques ............... 401 12.3 Properties .......................... 402 12.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 403 12.3.2 Thermal Properties .................. 403 12.3.3 Chemical Properties ................ 403 12.4 Special Additives ...................... 403 12.4.1 Fillers ........................ 404 12.4.2 Antioxidante .................... 404 12.4.3 Impact Modifiers .................. 408 12.4.4 Flame Retardants .................. 408 12.5 Applications ......................... 409 12.5.1 Transparent Types ................. 409 12.5.2 Compositions for Welding ............. 410 Contents xiii 12.5.3 Electroplated Articles ................ 411 12.5.4 Hot-melt Adhesives ................. 413 12.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 414 12.7 Safety ............................ 414 12.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling ............ 414 References ............................. 418 13 Aramids 423 13.1 Monomers .......................... 423 13.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 425 13.2.1 Acid Chloride Route ................ 427 13.2.2 Acid Route ..................... 428 13.2.3 Carbon Monoxide Route .............. 428 13.2.4 Partially Aromatic Poly(amide)s .......... 428 13.2.5 Fibers ........................ 429 13.2.6 Aramid Paper .................... 430 13.2.7 Honeycombs .................... 431 13.2.8 Arámid Films .................... 431 13.3 Properties .......................... 432 13.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 432 13.3.2 Thermal Properties ................. 434 13.3.3 Optical Properties .................. 434 13.4 Special Additives ...................... 434 13.4.1 Ultraviolet Stabilizers ............... 434 13.4.2 Electrically Conductive Modifier .......... 435 13.5 Applications ......................... 435 13.5.1 Friction Materials .................. 436 13.5.2 Gaskets ....................... 436 13.5.3 Reinforcing Materials ............... 437 13.5.4 Catalyst Supports .................. 438 13.5.5 Carbon Fiber Precursors .............. 439 13.5.6 Cryogenic Fuel Tanks ............... 439 13.5.7 Hyperbranched Aramids .............. 439 13.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 440 13.7 Safety ............................ 442 13.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling ............ 442 References ............................. 442 jcív High Performance Polymers 14 Poly(amide imide)s 449 14.1 Monomers.......................... 449 14.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 453 14.2.1 Isocyanate Route .................. 453 14.2.2 Acid Chloride Route ................ 453 14.2.3 Direct Polymerization Route ............ 454 14.2.4 Microwave Polymerization ............. 455 14.2.5 End Capped Poly(amide imide) .......... 456 14.2.6 Unsaturated Poly(amide imide) .......... 456 14.2.7 Blends ....................... 456 14.2.8 Foams ........................ 456 14.3 Properties .......................... 459 14.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 459 14.4 Applications ......................... 460 14.4.1 Membranes ..................... 460 14.4.2 Coatings and Adhesives .............. 462 14.4.3 Fibers ........................ 464 14.4.4 Optical Applications ................ 465 14.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 468 14.6 Safety ............................ 468 References ............................. 470 15 Poly(imide)s 475 15.1 Monomers .......................... 476 15.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 479 15.2.1 Conventional Route ................. 479 15.2.2 Isocyanate Route .................. 481 15.2.3 Aqueous Route ................... 482 15.2.4 Nucleophilic Displacement Polymerization .... 483 15.2.5 Transimidization .................. 483 15.2.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition ............ 484 15.2.7 Hindered Biphenols ................ 485 15.2.8 Poly(isoimide)s ................... 485 15.2.9 Functionalized Poly(imide) ............. 486 15.2.10Bis(maleimide)s .................. 488 15.2.11 Poly(imide sulfones) ................ 488 15.3 Properties .......................... 489 15.4 Special Additives ...................... 489 Contents xv 15.5 Applications......................... 491 15.5.1 Foams........................ 491 15.5.2 Membrane Technology............... 493 15.5.3 Sensor Technology................. 497 15.5.4 Polymer Matrix Electrolytes ............ 498 15.5.5 Films and Coatings for Electronic Applications . . 499 15.5.6 Photosensitive Compositions ............ 500 15.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades............. 505 15.7 Safety............................ 507 15.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling............ 507 References ............................. 512 16 Liquid Crystal Polymers 521 16.1 Monomers .......................... 522 16.1.1 Acetyletion ..................... 525 16.1.2 Functionalized Monomers ............. 525 16.2 Polymerization and Fabrication ............... 526 16.2.1 CopolyiesteOs ................... 526 16.2.2 Polyiester amide)s ................. 529 16.3 Properties .......................... 529 16.3.1 Mechanical Properties ............... 529 16.3.2 Thermal Properties ................. 530 16.3.3 Electrical and Optical Properties .......... 531 16.4 Applications ......................... 531 16.4.1 In Situ Composites ................. 531 16.4.2 Optical Data Storage ................ 533 16.4.3 Stationary Phases .................. 536 16.4.4 Liquid Crystal Displays .............. 537 16.4.5 Electrically Conductive Compositions ....... 541 16.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades ............. 542 16.6 Environmental Impact and Recycling ............ 542 References ............................. 544 Index 551 Tradenames ............................ 551 Acronyms ............................. 570 Chemicals ............................. 578 General Index ........................... 601 xvi High Performance Polymers
adam_txt	Contents Preface xvii 1 Carbazole Polymers 1 1.1 Monomers . 2 1.1.1 yV-Vinylcarbazole . 2 1.1.2 Nonlinear Optical Side Chain Monomers . 3 1.1.3 Molecular Glasses . 5 1.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 5 1.2.1 Polymerization . 5 1.2.2 Other Vinylcarbazole Compounds . 17 1.3 Properties . 18 1.3.1 Liquid Crystalline Phases . 18 1.3.2 Optical Properties . 22 1.4 Applications . 22 1.4.1 Electrophotographic Films . 22 1.4.2 Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes . 25 1.4.3 Organic Photorefractive Materials . 37 1.4.4 Photovoltaic Devices . 47 1.4.5 Amplified Spontaneous Emission . 51 1.4.6 Optical Elements . 51 1.4.7 Antistatic Polymer . 52 1.4.8 Other Applications . 52 1.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . . 52 1.6 Safety . 53 References . 53 ví High Performance Polymers 2 Poly(p-xylylene)s 69 2.1 Monomers . 70 2.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 73 2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition . 73 2.2.2 Solution Polymerization . . 75 2.3 Properties . 76 2.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 76 2.4 Applications . 77 2.4.1 Coatings . 77 2.4.2 Medical Applications . 82 2.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 83 2.6 Safety . 84 References . 84 3 Poly(arylene vinylene)s 89 3.1 Monomers . 89 3.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 91 3.2.1 Sulfonium Precursor Route . 91 3.2.2 Transition Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Process 93 3.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition . 93 3.2.4 Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization . 94 3.2.5 Electropolymerization . 95 3.2.6 Knoevenagel Polycondensation . 97 3.2.7 Gilch Reaction . 97 3.2.8 Dehydrohalogenation Phase Transfer Catalysis . . 98 3.2.9 Anionie Polymerization . 98 3.2.10 Others . 100 3.3 Properties . 100 3.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 100 3.3.2 Thermal Properties . 100 3.3.3 Electrical Properties . 105 3.3.4 Optical Properties . 105 3.4 Special Additives . 106 3.4.1 Dopants . 106 3.5 Applications . 107 3.5.1 Electroluminescent Devices . 107 3.5.2 Photovoltaic Devices . 113 3.5.3 Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Nano Fibers . 118 Contents vii 3.5.4 Poly(/?-phenylene vinylene) Nanotubes . 119 3.5.5 Sensors . 119 3.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 124 3.7 Safety . 124 References . 126 Poly(phenylene ether )s 139 4.1 Monomers . 139 4.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 141 4.2.1 Functionalized PolyCphenylene ether) . 145 4.2.2 Copolymers . 149 4.2.3 Blends . 149 4.2.4 Thermosetting Resins . 151 4.2.5 Other Related Types . 152 4.3 Properties . 152 4.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 153 4.3.2 Thermal Properties . 153 4.3.3 Electrical Properties . 154 4.4 Special Additives . 154 4.4.1 Impact Modifiers . 154 4.4.2 Fibers . 154 4.4.3 Flame Retardants . 155 4.4.4 Blowing Agents . 156 4.5 Applications . 156 4.5.1 Automotive Components . 157 4.5.2 Adhesives . 157 4.5.3 Membranes . 157 4.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 163 4.7 Safety . 163 4.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling . 163 References . 168 Poly(phenylene sulfide) 175 5.1 Monomers . 176 5.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 177 5.2.1 Standard Procedure . 177 5.2.2 Other Methods of Preparation . 181 5.2.3 Oxidized Poly(phenylene sulfide) . 182 5.2.4 Copolymers . 182 viii High Performance Polymers 5.2.5 Thermosets . 183 5.2.6 Blends and Composites . 184 5.2.7 Polyíarylene ether sulfide)s . 187 5.2.8 Polyíphenylene sulfide phenyleneamine) . 187 5.2.9 Poly(dithiathianthrene)s . 189 5.2.10 PolyCaryl ether thianthrene)s . 190 5.3 Properties . 190 5.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 190 5.3.2 Thermal Properties . 191 5.3.3 Electrical Properties . 191 5.3.4 Optical Properties . 191 5.3.5 Solubility . 192 5.4 Special Additives . 192 5.4.1 Decolorants . 192 5.4.2 Corrosion Inhibitors . 192 5.4.3 Adhesion Reduction . 193 5.5 Applications . 193 5.5.1 Solder Friendly Thermoplastic Blends . 194 5.5.2 Abrasion-resistant Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Blends 195 5.5.3 Electrically Conducting Polymers . 196 5.5.4 Proton Exchange Membrane Materials . 197 5.5.5 Ozone Filter Materials . 197 5.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 197 5.7 Safety .!.199 5.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling . 199 References . 202 6 Poly(aryl ether ketone)s 209 6.1 Monomers . 209 6.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 211 6.2.1 Nucleophilic Process . 211 6.2.2 Electrophilic Process . 213 6.2.3 Blends . 214 6.2.4 Modification . 214 6.3 Properties . 215 6.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 215 6.4 Special Additives . 218 6.4.1 Melt Stabilizers . 218 Contents ix 6.4.2 Fillers and Reinforcing Materials . 220 6.5 Applications . 220 6.5.1 Nonadhesive Coating . 220 6.5.2 Porous Membranes . 222 6.5.3 Rechargeable Batteries . 226 6.5.4 Coatings . 227 6.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 227 6.7 Safety . 228 References . 232 PolyCarylene ether sulfone)s 237 7.1 Monomers . 239 7.1.1 4,4'-Biphenol . 239 7.1.2 Bisphenol A . 240 7.1.3 Bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-sulfone . 241 7.1.4 Bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-sulfone . 241 7.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 242 7.2.1 Step-growth Polycondensation . 242 7.2.2 Chain-growth Polycondensation . 244 7.2.3 Copolymers from Telechelic Monomers . 247 7.2.4 Macrocyclic Polymers . 248 7.2.5 Friedel-Crafts Polymerization . 248 7.2.6 Sulfonation . 249 7.2.7 Blends . 250 7.2.8 Varieties of PES . 251 7.2.9 Modification . 254 7.3 Properties . 254 7.3.1 Thermal Properties . 254 7.3.2 Chemical Properties . 256 7.3.3 Electrical Properties . 257 7.4 Applications . 257 7.4.1 Membranes . 258 7.4.2 Medical Applications . 264 7.4.3 Optical Waveguide Applications . 267 7.5 Plumbing Materials . 269 7.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 269 7.7 Safety . 272 7.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling . 272 High Performance Polymers References . 272 Poly(arylene ether nitrile)s 283 8.1 Monomers . 283 8.1.1 Halogenated Benzonitriles . 284 8.1.2 Aromatic Hydroxy Compounds . 286 8.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 287 8.2.1 Electrophilic Route . 288 8.2.2 Nucleophilic Route . 290 8.3 Properties . 291 8.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 291 8.3.2 Thermal Properties . 291 8.3.3 Solubility . 293 8.4 Applications . 293 8.4.1 Reinforced Resins . 293 8.4.2 Filter Materials . 293 8.4.3 Resin-bonded Magnets . 294 8.4.4 Proton Exchange Membranes . 294 8.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 295 8.6 Safety . 297 References . 297 Triazole Polymers 301 9.1 Monomers . 301 9.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 303 9.2.1 Reaction of Dinitriles with Dihydrazides . 303 9.2.2 Aromatic Nucleophilic Displacement . 303 9.2.3 Poly(bis-l,2,4-triazole)s . 305 9.2.4 Poly(l-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) . 305 9.2.5 1,2,4-TriazoleDendrimers . 306 9.3 Properties . 306 9.3.1 Thermal Properties . 306 9.3.2 Electrical Properties . 308 9.3.3 Optical Properties . 308 9.4 Special Additives . 315 9.4.1 Degradation Inhibitors . 315 9.5 Applications . 315 9.5.1 Blocked Isocyanates . 315 9.5.2 Crosslinking Rubbers . 316 Contents xi 9.5.3 Coatings . 317 9.5.4 High-Temperature Adhesives . 317 9.5.5 Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors . 318 9.5.6 Gas-Generating Compositions . 319 9.5.7 Biocidal Polymers . 320 9.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 321 9.7 Safety . 321 References . 323 10 Poly(oxadiazole)s 329 10.1 Monomers . 329 10.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 332 10.2.1 Polycondensation . 332 10.2.2 Anionie Polymerization . 337 10.2.3 Sulfonation . 337 10.3 Properties . 338 10.4 Applications . 339 10.4.1 Fibers . 339 10.4.2 Membranes . 340 10.4.3 Sensors . 340 10.4.4 Light-Emitting Devices .-. 340 10.4.5 Graphite Precursors . 341 10.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 341 10.6 Safety . 343 References . 343 11 Poly(naphthalates) 347 11.1 Monomers . 347 11.1.1 Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid . 347 11.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 349 11.2.1 Polyethylene naphthalate) . 349 11.2.2 Copolymers . 358 11.2.3 Blends . 362 11.2.4 Poly(l,3-propylene2,6-naphthalate) . 367 11.3 Properties . 369 11.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 369 11.3.2 Thermal Properties . 370 11.3.3 Electrical Properties . 370 11.3.4 Optical Properties . 370 xii High Performance Polymers 11.3.5 Gas Permeability . 370 11.3.6 Chemical Resistance . 373 11.4 Special Additives . 374 11.4.1 Flame Retardants . 374 11.4.2 Protective Coatings . 374 11.5 Applications . 375 11.5.1 Polyethylene naphthalate) . 375 11.5.2 Films . 376 11.5.3 Fibers . 379 11.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 380 11.7 Safety . 380 11.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling . 383 References . 383 12 Poly (ph t hala mide )s 391 12.1 Monomers . 392 12.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 394 12.2.1 Conventional Route . 394 12.2.2 Instant or Aerosol Process . 396 12.2.3 Batch Processes . 396 12.2.4 Continuous Routes . 397 12.2.5 Interfacial Condensation . 398 12.2.6 Ester Recycling Route . 398 12.2.7 Side Reactions . 399 12.2.8 Blends and Copolymers . 399 12.2.9 Fabrication Techniques . 401 12.3 Properties . 402 12.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 403 12.3.2 Thermal Properties . 403 12.3.3 Chemical Properties . 403 12.4 Special Additives . 403 12.4.1 Fillers . 404 12.4.2 Antioxidante . 404 12.4.3 Impact Modifiers . 408 12.4.4 Flame Retardants . 408 12.5 Applications . 409 12.5.1 Transparent Types . 409 12.5.2 Compositions for Welding . 410 Contents xiii 12.5.3 Electroplated Articles . 411 12.5.4 Hot-melt Adhesives . 413 12.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 414 12.7 Safety . 414 12.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling . 414 References . 418 13 Aramids 423 13.1 Monomers . 423 13.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 425 13.2.1 Acid Chloride Route . 427 13.2.2 Acid Route . 428 13.2.3 Carbon Monoxide Route . 428 13.2.4 Partially Aromatic Poly(amide)s . 428 13.2.5 Fibers . 429 13.2.6 Aramid Paper . 430 13.2.7 Honeycombs . 431 13.2.8 Arámid Films . 431 13.3 Properties . 432 13.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 432 13.3.2 Thermal Properties . 434 13.3.3 Optical Properties . 434 13.4 Special Additives . 434 13.4.1 Ultraviolet Stabilizers . 434 13.4.2 Electrically Conductive Modifier . 435 13.5 Applications . 435 13.5.1 Friction Materials . 436 13.5.2 Gaskets . 436 13.5.3 Reinforcing Materials . 437 13.5.4 Catalyst Supports . 438 13.5.5 Carbon Fiber Precursors . 439 13.5.6 Cryogenic Fuel Tanks . 439 13.5.7 Hyperbranched Aramids . 439 13.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 440 13.7 Safety . 442 13.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling . 442 References . 442 jcív High Performance Polymers 14 Poly(amide imide)s 449 14.1 Monomers. 449 14.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 453 14.2.1 Isocyanate Route . 453 14.2.2 Acid Chloride Route . 453 14.2.3 Direct Polymerization Route . 454 14.2.4 Microwave Polymerization . 455 14.2.5 End Capped Poly(amide imide) . 456 14.2.6 Unsaturated Poly(amide imide) . 456 14.2.7 Blends . 456 14.2.8 Foams . 456 14.3 Properties . 459 14.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 459 14.4 Applications . 460 14.4.1 Membranes . 460 14.4.2 Coatings and Adhesives . 462 14.4.3 Fibers . 464 14.4.4 Optical Applications . 465 14.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 468 14.6 Safety . 468 References . 470 15 Poly(imide)s 475 15.1 Monomers . 476 15.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 479 15.2.1 Conventional Route . 479 15.2.2 Isocyanate Route . 481 15.2.3 Aqueous Route . 482 15.2.4 Nucleophilic Displacement Polymerization . 483 15.2.5 Transimidization . 483 15.2.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition . 484 15.2.7 Hindered Biphenols . 485 15.2.8 Poly(isoimide)s . 485 15.2.9 Functionalized Poly(imide) . 486 15.2.10Bis(maleimide)s . 488 15.2.11 Poly(imide sulfones) . 488 15.3 Properties . 489 15.4 Special Additives . 489 Contents xv 15.5 Applications. 491 15.5.1 Foams. 491 15.5.2 Membrane Technology. 493 15.5.3 Sensor Technology. 497 15.5.4 Polymer Matrix Electrolytes . 498 15.5.5 Films and Coatings for Electronic Applications . . 499 15.5.6 Photosensitive Compositions . 500 15.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 505 15.7 Safety. 507 15.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 507 References . 512 16 Liquid Crystal Polymers 521 16.1 Monomers . 522 16.1.1 Acetyletion . 525 16.1.2 Functionalized Monomers . 525 16.2 Polymerization and Fabrication . 526 16.2.1 CopolyiesteOs . 526 16.2.2 Polyiester amide)s . 529 16.3 Properties . 529 16.3.1 Mechanical Properties . 529 16.3.2 Thermal Properties . 530 16.3.3 Electrical and Optical Properties . 531 16.4 Applications . 531 16.4.1 In Situ Composites . 531 16.4.2 Optical Data Storage . 533 16.4.3 Stationary Phases . 536 16.4.4 Liquid Crystal Displays . 537 16.4.5 Electrically Conductive Compositions . 541 16.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades . 542 16.6 Environmental Impact and Recycling . 542 References . 544 Index 551 Tradenames . 551 Acronyms . 570 Chemicals . 578 General Index . 601 xvi High Performance Polymers
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spelling	Fink, Johannes Karl Verfasser aut High performance polymers Johannes Karl Fink Norwich, NY William Andrew Publ. 2008 xx, 609 p. ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Industrial polymers technology and applications Includes bibliographical references and index Polymer engineering Polymers Industrial applications Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd rswk-swf Hochleistungswerkstoff (DE-588)4312250-4 gnd rswk-swf Industrie (DE-588)4026779-9 gnd rswk-swf Industrie (DE-588)4026779-9 s Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 s Hochleistungswerkstoff (DE-588)4312250-4 s 1\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016727222&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Fink, Johannes Karl High performance polymers Polymer engineering Polymers Industrial applications Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Hochleistungswerkstoff (DE-588)4312250-4 gnd Industrie (DE-588)4026779-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4046699-1 (DE-588)4312250-4 (DE-588)4026779-9
title	High performance polymers
title_auth	High performance polymers
title_exact_search	High performance polymers
title_exact_search_txtP	High performance polymers
title_full	High performance polymers Johannes Karl Fink
title_fullStr	High performance polymers Johannes Karl Fink
title_full_unstemmed	High performance polymers Johannes Karl Fink
title_short	High performance polymers
title_sort	high performance polymers
topic	Polymer engineering Polymers Industrial applications Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Hochleistungswerkstoff (DE-588)4312250-4 gnd Industrie (DE-588)4026779-9 gnd
topic_facet	Polymer engineering Polymers Industrial applications Polymere Hochleistungswerkstoff Industrie
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