Neurobiology of the parental brain:
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| Language: | English |
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Amsterdam [u.a]
Elsevier, Academic Press
2008
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXVI, 550 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780123742858 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Neurobiology of the parental brain |c Robert S. Bridges |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
XXI
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
XXIII
PARENTING AND THE BRAIN: AN OVERVIEW
XXIX
ROBERT S. BRIDGES
THE NEUROANATOMICAL BASIS OF MATERNAL
BEHAVIOR I
I Hypothalamic Interaction with the Mesolimbic
Dopamine System and the Regulation of Maternal
Responsiveness
03
MICHAEL NUMAN AND DANIELLE S. STOLZENBERG
Introduction
03
Virgin Sensitization and the Hormonal Basis of Rodent Maternal
Behavior
04
The Medial Preoptic Area and Maternal Motivation OS
A Proposed Neural Model
08
Anatomical Evidence for an MPOA-to-VTA Connection Relevant to Maternal
Behavior
09
VII
VIII
CONTENTS
The Mesolimbic DA System and Maternal Behavior
11
MPOA Interaction with the VTA-to-NA-to-VP Circuit and Maternal Behavior
14
Activation of Dopaminergic Neural Systems Stimulates the Onset of Maternal
Behavior in Rats
16
Oxytocin and the MPOA-to-VTA-to-NA-to-VP Circuit
18
2
Neural Substrates Involved in the Onset of Maternal
Responsiveness and Selectivity in Sheep
23
FREDERICK LEVY
Hormonal and Sensory Determinants of Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity
24
Maternal Responsiveness
24
Maternal Selectivity
25
Neural Networks Involved in Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity
26
Maternal Responsiveness
26
Maternal Selectivity
28
Influence of Maternal Experience on Neural Networks Involved in Maternal
Responsiveness and Selectivity
30
Conclusion
32
3
Maternal Motivation and its Neural Substrate
Across the
Postpartum
Period
39
MARIANA
PEREIRA,
KATHERINE
M.SEIP AND JOAN I. MORRELL
Definitions and Measures of Maternal Motivation
40
Portrait of Maternal Motivation During the Progression of the
Postpartum
Period
41
Coordinating Changes in Maternal Motivation and Behavior Across the
Postpartum
Period
44
Possible Factors Underlying Changes in Maternal State as the
Postpartum
Period
Progresses
45
Neural Substrate of Maternal Motivation
51
4
Imaging the Maternal Rat Brain
6
1
MARCELO
FEBO AND CRAIG F. FERRIS
Introduction
61
Imaging the Neural Response to Pup Suckling
62
Imaging the Reinforcing Nature of Pup Suckling
63
Sensory Cortex Representation of the Maternal Ventrum and Nipple
66
Comparison of Suckling vs. Oxytocin Stimulated Brain Activity
68
Final Summary
71
5
Maternal Choices: Neural Mediation
-
Caring for
Young or Hunting?
75
LUCIANO
F. FELÍCIO
AND NEWTON S.
CANTERAS
Balancing Maternal Care and Foraging During Lactation
75
CONTENTS
IX
The Role of Opioids
75
Hormonal Mediation
79
Interaction of CCK and Opioids Controlling Maternal Behavior
80
6
Imaging the Human Parental Brain
83
JAMES E. SWAIN AND JEFFREY P. LORBERBAUM
Brain Imaging of Human Parent-Infant Relationships
83
The Neurobiology of Healthy Empathy and Parenting
83
Parental Brains and Baby Cry Stimuli
85
Parental Brains and Baby Visual Stimuli
90
Special Parent Populations for Imaging
94
Summary and Model
95
Future Directions
97
ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE PARENTING 1
0
1
7
Role of Corticotrophin Releasing Factor-Related
Peptides in the Neural Regulation of Maternal
Defense 1
03
STEPHEN C.
GAMMIE,
KIMBERLY
L
D ANNA,
GRACE LEE AND
SHARON A. STEVENSON
Background on Maternal Defense
103
Why Study Corticotropin Releasing Factor
(CRF)-Related
Peptides?
Possible Common Roles in Anxiety and Defense Changes During Lactation
104
Effects of CRF-Related Peptides on Maternal Defense
105
Maternal Aggression in CRFR1 and CRFR2 Knockout Mice
106
Effect of Stress on Maternal Defense
107
Gene Array Studies on High Maternal Defense Mice
108
Association of Fear and Anxiety Pathways with Maternal Defense Regulation
108
Advantages of Linking Central Stress-Related Pathways with Maternal Defense
109
Future Directions 111
8
Maternal Stress Adaptations Peripartum: Mom s Innate
Anxiety Determines Maternal Care and Aggression 11
5
INGA
D.
NEUMANN AND OLIVER J. BOSCH
Changes in
ΗΡΑ
Axis Responsiveness Peripartum
115
Mechanisms of Blunted
ΗΡΑ
Axis Response
116
Lack of Excitatory Noradrenergic and Opioid
Neurotransmission
116
Involvement of Intracerebral OXT and
PRL
116
CONTENTS
Alterations in Emotionality Peripartum: Involvement of OXT and
PRL
118
Maternal Behavior and Aggression: Link to Mom s Anxiety
118
Are High Anxiety Dams
(HAB)
Better Mothers? Differences in Maternal
Care
119
HAB
Dams Care More
-
Even
Onder
Stressful Conditions
120
HAB
Dams are More Aggressive During Maternal Defense
121
Brain OXT Mediates Maternal Aggression in
HAB
Dams
121
Importance of Maternal Adaptations Peripartum for Maternal
Mental Health
123
Chronic Pregnancy Stress: Effects on Adaptations in
Lactation
123
Early Life Stress: Effects on Lactation-Associated Adaptations
in Female Offspring
123
9
Role of Prolactin in the Behavioral and
Neuroendocrine
Stress Adaptations During
Lactation 1
3
1
LUZ
TORNER
Introduction
131
PRL
Sources and
PRL
Receptors
131
Pituitary
PRL
131
Placental
PRL
and Placental Lactogens
131
Brain
PRL
132
Presence of PRL-Rs in the Brain
132
Actions ofPRLintheBrain
133
Contribution of the Brain
PRL
System to Stress-Related Adaptations
in the Peripartum Period
133
Activation of the Brain
PRL
System Peripartum
133
Endogenous Release of Brain
PRL
134
Involvement of
PRL
in Stress Regulation
135
Regulation of Anxiety by
PRL
in Virgin Females
135
PRL
Effects on Anxiety in Lactating Females
136
Effects of
PRL
on
Neuroendocrine
Stress Responses
136
Inhibitory Action of
PRL
on the
ΗΡΑ
Axis Reactivity in
Virgin Female Rats
136
Effect of
PRL
on the
ΗΡΑ
Axis Reactivity in Lactating Females
136
Effects on OXT System Reactivity
137
Conclusions
138
10
Mother-Infant Touch, Neurochemistry, and
Postpartum
Anxiety
145
JOSEPH S. LONSTEIN AND STEPHANIE M. MILLER
Oxytocin
147
GABA
149
Norepinephrine
151
Conclusions
153
CONTENTS
XI
11 The Role of the Brain Serotonergic System in the Origin
and Transmission of Adaptive and Maladaptive Variations
in Maternal Behavior in Rhesus Macaques 1
63
DARIO
MAESTRI
PI ERI
Introduction
163
Brain Serotonin and Naturally Occurring Variation in Primate Maternal
Behavior
164
Serotonin and Maternal Behavior
167
12
Postpartum
Depression: The Clinical Disorder and
Application of PET Imaging Research Methods
175
EYDIE
L
MOSES-KOLKO, CAROLYN
C. MELTZER,
SARAH
L. BERGA
AND
KATHERINE
L.WISNER
PART I: The Clinical Disorder
175
Introduction
175
Definition of PPD
175
The Antenatal Window of Opportunity
176
Psychosocial
Context of Pregnancy
176
Pregnancy Does Not Protect Women from Depression
177
Postpartum
Blues
177
PPD
177
Postpartum
Anxiety Disorders
179
Postpartum
Psychosis
180
Screening for Perinatal Depression
181
Treatment of Perinatal Depression
181
Risk-Benefit Decision-Making Process
181
Non-pharmacologic Strategies
181
Antidepressant Medications
181
Mood Stabilizer Medications
182
Conclusion
183
PART II: Neurobiological Mechanisms of
Postpartum
Depression
184
Overview
184
Synthesis of Extant CNS Studies of PPD
184
A Neuroendocrine
Model of PPD
185
Serotonin-IA Receptor System
186
Dopamine-2 Receptor System
187
PET Methods
188
5HT1A Receptor System
188
D2 Receptor System
188
Consideration of Risks to Mother and Infant During PET Imaging
189
Radioactivity Exposure
189
Arterial Cannulation
189
Delay to Treatment
189
Sample Selection and Sampling Issues
189
Psychiatric Factors
189
Age and Endocrine Factors
190
Comparison Group
190
Summary
190
x¡¡
CONTENTS
NEUROENDOCRINE ADAPTATIONS
OF PARENTING:
PREGNANCY, LACTATION, AND OFFSPRING
20
1
13
Bringing Forth the Next Generation
...
and the Next
203
JOHN A. RUSSELL AND PAULA J. BRUNTON
Introduction
203
Neuroendocrine
Stress Responses
205
Placental Barrier
205
Maternal
ΗΡΑ
Axis Hyporesponsiveness to Stress in Late Pregnancy
206
Maternal Sympathetic and Adrenomedullary Responses to Stress in Pregnancy
207
Desire for a Family
207
Drug Abuse
208
Cigarettes and Alcohol
208
Opiates and Cocaine
209
Cannabis
209
Social Stress
209
Modeling Prenatal Social Stress
210
Pig Model of Prenatal Social Stress
210
Rat Model of Prenatal Social Stress
213
Conclusion
214
14
Fast Delivery: A Central Role for Oxytocin
225
ALISON J. DOUGLAS AND
SIMONE
L
MEDDLE
Introduction
225
Oxytocin: Perinatal Release and Action in the Brain
225
Sources of Oxytocin
225
Perinatal Oxytocin Release Patterns
226
Endogenous Oxytocin Effects in the Brain
227
Oxytocin: Perinatal Action in the
Hypothalamus
227
Availability of Extracellular Oxytocin in the Brain
228
Perinatal Distribution Density and Activation of oxytocin receptor
228
Conclusion
232
1
5
Biological and Mathematical Modeling Approaches to
Defining the Role of Oxytocin and Dopamine in the
Control of Mating-lnduced
PRL
Secretion
235
MARC E. FREEMAN, DE NISE
T. MCKEE,
MARCEL
EGLI
AND RICHARD BERTRAM
Introduction
235
Neural Sites Controlling Mating-lnduced
PRL
Secretion
236
Neuroendocrine
Control of Mating-lnduced
PRL
Secretion
237
The Mathematical Model
237
Genesis of the
PRL
Rhythm
239
Daily
VIP
Pulse Sets the Phase of the
PRL
Rhythm
239
Mathematical Modeling Suggests an Explanation for the OT-Induced
PRL
Rhythm
240
CONTENTS XU!
Mathematical Modeling of the Effects of an
ОТ
Antagonist
242
Conclusions
244
1
6
Role of Prolactin in the Metabolic Adaptations
to Pregnancy and Lactation
249
BARBARA WOODSIDE, RACHAEL A. AUGUSTINE, SHARON R. LADYMAN, LINDSAY
NAEF AND DAVID
R. G
RATTAN
Introduction
249
Metabolic Adaptations to Pregnancy and Lactation
250
Reductions in Energy Expenditure
250
Increased Assimilation and Storage of Nutrients
251
Changes in Partitioning of Nutrients
252
Ingestive Behavior in Pregnancy and Lactation
252
Adaptations of Neural Pathways Controlling Food Intake
253
Role of Prolactin in the Metabolic Adaptations of Pregnancy and Lactation
256
Patterns of Prolactin Secretion in Pregnant and Lactating Rats
256
Patterns of Prolactin Secretion in Pregnant and Lactating Women
258
Prolactin Receptors are Expressed in the Brain
258
Prolactin and the Metabolic Adaptations of Pregnancy and Lactation
260
Peripheral Actions of Prolactin on Metabolism
260
Prolactin Stimulates Food Intake
261
Conclusion
262
1
7
The Energetics of Parenting in an Avian Model:
Hormonal and Neurochemical Regulation of
Parental Provisioning in Doves
269
JOHN D. BUNTIN, APRIL D. STRADER AND SELVAKUMAR RAMAKRISHNAN
Introduction
269
Energetics of Incubation
270
Energetics of Nestling Care
271
Role of Prolactin in Parental Provisioning
273
Sites of Prolactin Action in Promoting Parental Provisioning in Doves
275
Appetitive and Consummatory Aspects of Parental Provisioning Behavior
276
The Neurochemistry and Neuroendocrinology of Parental Hyperphagia in
Doves
279
Summary and Conclusions
286
1
8
Maternal Fat Intake and Offspring Brain
Development: Focus on the Mesocorticolimbic
Dopaminergic System
293
CLAIRE-DOMINIQUEWALKER, LINDSAY NAEF, ESTERINA
D ASTI, HONG
LONG
AND ZHIFANG XU
Introduction
293
Development of the Mesocorticolimbic DA System
294
Consequences of Perinatal Maternal Fat Intake on DA Function in the Adult
Offspring
295
XIV
CONTENTS
Metabolic
Factors
Affecting DA Function
297
Specific Fatty Acids Intake and Modulation of
Neurotransmitter
Functions
298
Conclusions
300
MATERNAL CARE: FROM GENES TO ENVIRONMENT
305
19
Maternal Influence on Offspring Reproductive
Behavior: Implications for Transgenerationai Effects
307
FRANCES A. CHAMPAGNE
Maternal Influence on the Developing Embryo
308
Maternal Influence on the Developing Fetus
308
Postnatal Maternal Influence on Developing Offspring
309
Transmission of Maternal Influence Across Generations in Mammals
310
Mechanisms of Intergenerational Transmission
311
Conclusion
312
20
Parent-of-Origin Effects on Parental Behavior
319
JAMES P. CURLEY
Reciprocal Hybrids
319
Genomic Imprinting
321
Maternal Effects
323
Paternal Effects
326
Sex Chromosomes
327
Conclusion
328
2
1 Oxytocin and Individual Variation in Parental Care
in Prairie Voles
333
DANIEL
E. OLAZÀBAL
AND LARRY J.YOUNG
Parental Behavior in Prairie Voles
333
Oxytocin and Maternal Care
334
ОТ
Receptor Density in the NA and LS and Variability in Maternal Care
335
ОТ
Facilitates Maternal Responses in Prairie Voles
339
What Mechanisms Generate Diversity in OTR and Parental Responsiveness?
340
22
Dopamine Regulation of Pair Bonding in Monogamous
Prairie Voles
347
KYLE
L
GOBROGGE.YAN LIU AND ZUOXIN WANG
Introduction
347
The Vole Model for Comparative Studies
348
CONTENTS
XV
The Prairie Vole
and Pair Bonding
349
DA Neuroanatomy and Intracellular Signaling
350
DA Involvement in Pair Bonding
352
DA-Neurochemical Interactions and Pair-Bonding Behavior
353
DA Involvement in Natural and Drug Reward
354
Implications of the Vole Model for Human Mental Health
355
23
Social Memory, Maternal Care, and Oxytocin Secretion,
but not Yasopressin Release, Require CD38 in Mice
36
1
HARUHIRO HIGASHIDA, DUO JIN, HONG-XIANG LIU,
OLGA LOPATINA,
SHIGERUYOKOYAMA, KEITA KOIZUMI, MINAKO HASHII,
Md. SAHARUL
ISLAM,
KENSHI HAYASHI AND TOSHIO MUNESUE
Introduction
361
Defects in Maternal Nurturing in CD38~ ~ Mice
362
Amnesia in Social Memory in CD38~y~ Male Mice
364
Plasma
ОТ
and Vasopressin Levels
364
Rescue by Injection of
ОТ
or CD38 Re-expression
364
CD38 Expression and Enzyme Activity
367
ОТ
Secretion and CA2+ Transients In Vitro
369
Role in OT-Mediated Social Recognition and Maternal Behavior
371
24
Oxytocin and Mothers Developmental Effects on
their Daughters
377
CORT
A. PEDERSEN AND MARIA
L
BOCCIA
Introductory Background and Concepts
377
Maternal Effects on Mouse Daughters
378
ОТ
Selectively Enhances Pup Licking (PL) and Kyphotic Nursing (KN)
380
PL and KN Influence
ОТ
Receptor Expression in the Brains of
Adult Female Offspring
382
Postnatal
ОТ
Activity Influences Adult Maternal Behavior
383
Maternal Behavior Regulation of
ОТ
Activity in the Female Pup Brain
384
A Model of
ОТ
Involvement in Mothers Developmental Effects on Their
Daughters: Clinical Implications
385
25
Strategies for Understanding the Mechanisms of
Mothering and Fathering
391
JODY
M.
GANIBAN, LESLIE D.
LEVE,
GINGERA.
MOORE AND JENAE
M. NEIDERHISER
Strategies for Understanding the Mechanisms of Mothering and Fathering
391
Studies Examining Genetic Influences on Parenting
391
Genetic Influences on Parenting: rGE
392
Genetic Influences on Parenting: Child s Genes and Parent s
Genes
393
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Parenting: Developmental
Considerations
394
Parent-Based Genetic Influences on Parenting
394
xv¡
CONTENTS
Child-Based Genetic Influences on Parenting
396
Environmental Influences on Parenting
397
Integrating Theory and Knowledge from RCT Studies of Parenting with
Genetic Studies of Parenting
398
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF PATERNAL CARE
405
26
Cooperative Breeding and the Paradox of
Facultative Fathering
407
SARAH
BLAFFER HRDY
Introduction: Primate Male-Infant Involvement
407
The Human Case
408
Variability in Paternal Care
409
The Importance of Allomaternal Care
410
Maternal Bet-Hedging
411
Circumstances Favorable to Eliciting Male Care
412
Flexibility of Human Families
414
27
Early Experience and the Developmental
Programming of Oxytocin and Yasopressin
4
1
7
C. SUE CARTER, ERICKA M. BOONE AND KAREN
L
BALES
Introduction
417
Background on Oxytocin and Vasopressin
417
Similarities of Function Between
ОТ
and AVP
418
Effects of Early Handling in Prairie Voles
419
Early Experience also Alters Subsequent Behavior and Measures of
ОТ
and the
OTRs
420
Intergenerational Effects of Early Experience
420
The Consequences of Early Experience for
Peptide
Receptors
421
Developmental Manipulations of Oxytocin
421
Immediate or Short-Term Effects of Neonatal
ОТ
or OTA
421
Neural Activation Following Neonatal Treatment
421
Behavioral and Endocrine Changes in
Neonates
422
Long-Term Effects of Neonatal
ОТ
and OTA
422
Alloparental Behavior, Sociality, and Reproduction in Males
422
Social Behavior in
Pernales
422
Neonatal OTA in
Pernales
423
Effects on Neonatal
ОТ
or OTA on Brain Hormones and Receptors
423
Effects on Brain Peptides
423
Effects on
Peptide
Receptors
424
Neonatal Manipulations of AVP also Affect Subsequent Social Behaviors
425
Early Exposure to Gonadal Steroids Facilitates the Response of
Adult Male Prairie Voles to Exogenous AVP
426
CONTENTS XVII
Estrogen Receptors also Affected by Neonatal
ОТ
or OTA
426
Effects of Neonatal
ОТ
or/and OTA in Rats
426
Reproductive
and Endocrine Effects
426
Cardiovascular and
Autonomie
Effects of Neonatal
ОТ
427
Sex Differences
427
Developmental Signaling Consequences of Neuropeptides
427
Early Experience in the Context of Natural History
428
Translational Implications of Perinatal Manipulations of
ОТ
430
28
The Effects of Paternal Behavior on Offspring Aggression
and Hormones in the Biparental California Mouse
435
CATHERINE A. MARLER, BRIAN
С
TRAINOR, ERIN D. GLEASON,
JANET K. BESTER-MEREDITH AND ELIZABETH A. BECKER
Associations Between Paternal Behavior and Male Offspring Aggression
436
Do Males and Females Play Different Roles in Shaping Aggression of Future
Generations?
437
Is There Species Variation in the Effects of Maternal and Paternal Behavior on
Offspring Aggression?
439
Can Alterations in Parental Huddling and Grooming Toward
Offspring Cause Changes in Offspring Aggression and Is This
Mediated Through Vasopressin?
440
Is Testosterone a Missing Link for Transmission of Aggression Across
Generations?
442
Summary
444
29
Fathers Behaving Badly: The Role of Progesterone
Receptors
449
TERESA H.
HORTON,
JOHANNA S.SCHNEIDER,
MARIANNA
AJIMÉNEZ
AND JON
E. LEVINE
Introduction: Progesterone and Its Receptors
449
Progesterone Actions in the Brain
449
Progesterone Receptor Knockout Animals
451
Paternal Behavior
452
Progesterone, Mating Behavior, and Anxiety
455
Does the Absence or Pharmacological Blockade of PRs Simply Mimic the
Peripartum Hormonal Milieu?
456
Summary
457
30
Family Life in Marmosets: Causes and Consequences
of Variation in CareGiving
461
JEFFREY A. FRENCH, JEFFREY E.
FITE
AND
CORINNA N.
ROSS
Introduction
461
A Primer on Marmoset Social Structure
462
xv¡¡¡
CONTENTS
Endocrine Correlates of Variation in Parental Care
463
Anarogens
and Variation in Maternal Care
466
Genetic Chimerism and Evocative Genetic Effects on Parental Care
467
Consequences of Variation in Early Parental Care
471
Impact of Variation in Early Care on Baseline
ΗΡΑ
Function and
Pubertal
Maturation
471
Differential Early Care and Somatic
Development in
Marmosets
472
Differential Early Care and Stress Reactivity in Juvenile
Marmosets
472
Summary
474
REPRODUCTIVE EXPERIENCE: MODIFICATIONS IN
BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
479
3
1 The Neuroeconomics of Motherhood: The Costs
and Benefits of Maternal Investment
481
KELLY G. LAMBERT AND CRAIG H. KINSLEY
Foraging Response Strategies
482
Risk Assessment: Behavioral Venture Capitalism
485
Strengthening the Behavioral Response Infrastructure
486
The Motherhood-Induced Neuron-Network Effect
487
Comparative Models of Parental Neuroeconomics
489
Summary and Conclusions
489
32
The Role of Reproductive Experience on
Hippocampal Function and Plasticity
493
JODI L. PAWLUSKI AND
LUSA A. M.
GALEA
Introduction
493
The Hippocampus and Motherhood
495
Hippocampus-Dependent Spatial Learning and Memory Performance in the
Mother
495
Hippocampal Plasticity in the Mother
498
Enhanced Spatial Memory and Decreased Hippocampal Dendritic
Morphology in the Mother
501
Enhanced Spatial Memory and Decreased Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the
Mother
502
Persistence of Improved Spatial Memory with Motherhood
502
Altered Spatial Memory and Hippocampal Neurogenesis With and Without Pup
Exposure
503
Possible Role of
Corticosterone in
Spatial Memory and Hippocampal
Neurogenesis in the Mother
503
Possible Role of
Peptide
Hormones on the Hippocampus of the Mother
504
Conclusions
504
CONTENTS
XIX
33
Neuroendocrine
and Behavioral
Adaptations
Following
Reproductive
Experience in the Female
Rat
509
ELIZABETH
M.
BYRNES, BENJAMIN
С.
NEPHEW AND ROBERT
S.
BRIDGES
Introduction
509
Reproductive Experience and Circulating Hormones
509
Reproductive Experience and Anxiety-Like Behavior
510
Reproductive Experience, Aging and Anxiety-Like Behavior
512
Influence of Pregnancy and Mothering on Pup-Induced Shifts in
Anxiety-Like Behavior
513
Reproductive Experience and Maternal Aggression
514
Summary
515
34
Plasticity in the Maternal Neural Circuit: Experience,
Dopamine, and Mothering
5
1
9
ALISON S. FLEMING, ANDREA GONZALEZ, VERONICA M.
AFONSO
AND
VEDRÁN LOVÍC
Introduction
519
The Wanting System: What Motivates a Mother to Mother in the First Place?
519
Maternal Affect
519
Maternal Experience and Memory
-
Parity Effects
520
Maternal Hedonics and Reward
521
The Doing System: What Determines the Quality of Mothers Nurturant
Behavior?
524
Maternal Attention and Sensitivity
524
Neuroanatomy of Maternal Behavior
525
DA and Mothering
526
Mesolimbic System and the Nucleus Accumbens
526
Mesocortical System and mPFC
528
Conclusion
529
INDEX
537
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
XXI
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
XXIII
PARENTING AND THE BRAIN: AN OVERVIEW
XXIX
ROBERT S. BRIDGES
THE NEUROANATOMICAL BASIS OF MATERNAL
BEHAVIOR I
I Hypothalamic Interaction with the Mesolimbic
Dopamine System and the Regulation of Maternal
Responsiveness
03
MICHAEL NUMAN AND DANIELLE S. STOLZENBERG
Introduction
03
Virgin Sensitization and the Hormonal Basis of Rodent Maternal
Behavior
04
The Medial Preoptic Area and Maternal Motivation OS
A Proposed Neural Model
08
Anatomical Evidence for an MPOA-to-VTA Connection Relevant to Maternal
Behavior
09
VII
VIII
CONTENTS
The Mesolimbic DA System and Maternal Behavior
11
MPOA Interaction with the VTA-to-NA-to-VP Circuit and Maternal Behavior
14
Activation of Dopaminergic Neural Systems Stimulates the Onset of Maternal
Behavior in Rats
16
Oxytocin and the MPOA-to-VTA-to-NA-to-VP Circuit
18
2
Neural Substrates Involved in the Onset of Maternal
Responsiveness and Selectivity in Sheep
23
FREDERICK LEVY
Hormonal and Sensory Determinants of Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity
24
Maternal Responsiveness
24
Maternal Selectivity
25
Neural Networks Involved in Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity
26
Maternal Responsiveness
26
Maternal Selectivity
28
Influence of Maternal Experience on Neural Networks Involved in Maternal
Responsiveness and Selectivity
30
Conclusion
32
3
Maternal Motivation and its Neural Substrate
Across the
Postpartum
Period
39
MARIANA
PEREIRA,
KATHERINE
M.SEIP AND JOAN I. MORRELL
Definitions and Measures of Maternal Motivation
40
Portrait of Maternal Motivation During the Progression of the
Postpartum
Period
41
Coordinating Changes in Maternal Motivation and Behavior Across the
Postpartum
Period
44
Possible Factors Underlying Changes in Maternal State as the
Postpartum
Period
Progresses
45
Neural Substrate of Maternal Motivation
51
4
Imaging the Maternal Rat Brain
6
1
MARCELO
FEBO AND CRAIG F. FERRIS
Introduction
61
Imaging the Neural Response to Pup Suckling
62
Imaging the Reinforcing Nature of Pup Suckling
63
Sensory Cortex Representation of the Maternal Ventrum and Nipple
66
Comparison of Suckling vs. Oxytocin Stimulated Brain Activity
68
Final Summary
71
5
Maternal Choices: Neural Mediation
-
Caring for
Young or Hunting?
75
LUCIANO
F. FELÍCIO
AND NEWTON S.
CANTERAS
Balancing Maternal Care and Foraging During Lactation
75
CONTENTS
IX
The Role of Opioids
75
Hormonal Mediation
79
Interaction of CCK and Opioids Controlling Maternal Behavior
80
6
Imaging the Human Parental Brain
83
JAMES E. SWAIN AND JEFFREY P. LORBERBAUM
Brain Imaging of Human Parent-Infant Relationships
83
The Neurobiology of Healthy Empathy and Parenting
83
Parental Brains and Baby Cry Stimuli
85
Parental Brains and Baby Visual Stimuli
90
Special Parent Populations for Imaging
94
Summary and Model
95
Future Directions
97
ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE PARENTING 1
0
1
7
Role of Corticotrophin Releasing Factor-Related
Peptides in the Neural Regulation of Maternal
Defense 1
03
STEPHEN C.
GAMMIE,
KIMBERLY
L
D'ANNA,
GRACE LEE AND
SHARON A. STEVENSON
Background on Maternal Defense
103
Why Study Corticotropin Releasing Factor
(CRF)-Related
Peptides?
Possible Common Roles in Anxiety and Defense Changes During Lactation
104
Effects of CRF-Related Peptides on Maternal Defense
105
Maternal Aggression in CRFR1 and CRFR2 Knockout Mice
106
Effect of Stress on Maternal Defense
107
Gene Array Studies on High Maternal Defense Mice
108
Association of Fear and Anxiety Pathways with Maternal Defense Regulation
108
Advantages of Linking Central Stress-Related Pathways with Maternal Defense
109
Future Directions 111
8
Maternal Stress Adaptations Peripartum: Mom's Innate
Anxiety Determines Maternal Care and Aggression 11
5
INGA
D.
NEUMANN AND OLIVER J. BOSCH
Changes in
ΗΡΑ
Axis Responsiveness Peripartum
115
Mechanisms of Blunted
ΗΡΑ
Axis Response
116
Lack of Excitatory Noradrenergic and Opioid
Neurotransmission
116
Involvement of Intracerebral OXT and
PRL
116
CONTENTS
Alterations in Emotionality Peripartum: Involvement of OXT and
PRL
118
Maternal Behavior and Aggression: Link to Mom's Anxiety
118
Are High Anxiety Dams
(HAB)
Better Mothers? Differences in Maternal
Care
119
HAB
Dams Care More
-
Even
Onder
Stressful Conditions
120
HAB
Dams are More Aggressive During Maternal Defense
121
Brain OXT Mediates Maternal Aggression in
HAB
Dams
121
Importance of Maternal Adaptations Peripartum for Maternal
Mental Health
123
Chronic Pregnancy Stress: Effects on Adaptations in
Lactation
123
Early Life Stress: Effects on Lactation-Associated Adaptations
in Female Offspring
123
9
Role of Prolactin in the Behavioral and
Neuroendocrine
Stress Adaptations During
Lactation 1
3
1
LUZ
TORNER
Introduction
131
PRL
Sources and
PRL
Receptors
131
Pituitary
PRL
131
Placental
PRL
and Placental Lactogens
131
Brain
PRL
132
Presence of PRL-Rs in the Brain
132
Actions ofPRLintheBrain
133
Contribution of the Brain
PRL
System to Stress-Related Adaptations
in the Peripartum Period
133
Activation of the Brain
PRL
System Peripartum
133
Endogenous Release of Brain
PRL
134
Involvement of
PRL
in Stress Regulation
135
Regulation of Anxiety by
PRL
in Virgin Females
135
PRL
Effects on Anxiety in Lactating Females
136
Effects of
PRL
on
Neuroendocrine
Stress Responses
136
Inhibitory Action of
PRL
on the
ΗΡΑ
Axis Reactivity in
Virgin Female Rats
136
Effect of
PRL
on the
ΗΡΑ
Axis Reactivity in Lactating Females
136
Effects on OXT System Reactivity
137
Conclusions
138
10
Mother-Infant Touch, Neurochemistry, and
Postpartum
Anxiety
145
JOSEPH S. LONSTEIN AND STEPHANIE M. MILLER
Oxytocin
147
GABA
149
Norepinephrine
151
Conclusions
153
CONTENTS
XI
11 The Role of the Brain Serotonergic System in the Origin
and Transmission of Adaptive and Maladaptive Variations
in Maternal Behavior in Rhesus Macaques 1
63
DARIO
MAESTRI
PI ERI
Introduction
163
Brain Serotonin and Naturally Occurring Variation in Primate Maternal
Behavior
164
Serotonin and Maternal Behavior
167
12
Postpartum
Depression: The Clinical Disorder and
Application of PET Imaging Research Methods
175
EYDIE
L
MOSES-KOLKO, CAROLYN
C. MELTZER,
SARAH
L. BERGA
AND
KATHERINE
L.WISNER
PART I: The Clinical Disorder
175
Introduction
175
Definition of PPD
175
The Antenatal Window of Opportunity
176
Psychosocial
Context of Pregnancy
176
Pregnancy Does Not Protect Women from Depression
177
Postpartum
Blues
177
PPD
177
Postpartum
Anxiety Disorders
179
Postpartum
Psychosis
180
Screening for Perinatal Depression
181
Treatment of Perinatal Depression
181
Risk-Benefit Decision-Making Process
181
Non-pharmacologic Strategies
181
Antidepressant Medications
181
Mood Stabilizer Medications
182
Conclusion
183
PART II: Neurobiological Mechanisms of
Postpartum
Depression
184
Overview
184
Synthesis of Extant CNS Studies of PPD
184
A Neuroendocrine
Model of PPD
185
Serotonin-IA Receptor System
186
Dopamine-2 Receptor System
187
PET Methods
188
5HT1A Receptor System
188
D2 Receptor System
188
Consideration of Risks to Mother and Infant During PET Imaging
189
Radioactivity Exposure
189
Arterial Cannulation
189
Delay to Treatment
189
Sample Selection and Sampling Issues
189
Psychiatric Factors
189
Age and Endocrine Factors
190
Comparison Group
190
Summary
190
x¡¡
CONTENTS
NEUROENDOCRINE ADAPTATIONS
OF PARENTING:
PREGNANCY, LACTATION, AND OFFSPRING
20
1
13
Bringing Forth the Next Generation
.
and the Next
203
JOHN A. RUSSELL AND PAULA J. BRUNTON
Introduction
203
Neuroendocrine
Stress Responses
205
Placental Barrier
205
Maternal
ΗΡΑ
Axis Hyporesponsiveness to Stress in Late Pregnancy
206
Maternal Sympathetic and Adrenomedullary Responses to Stress in Pregnancy
207
Desire for a Family
207
Drug Abuse
208
Cigarettes and Alcohol
208
Opiates and Cocaine
209
Cannabis
209
Social Stress
209
Modeling Prenatal Social Stress
210
Pig Model of Prenatal Social Stress
210
Rat Model of Prenatal Social Stress
213
Conclusion
214
14
Fast Delivery: A Central Role for Oxytocin
225
ALISON J. DOUGLAS AND
SIMONE
L
MEDDLE
Introduction
225
Oxytocin: Perinatal Release and Action in the Brain
225
Sources of Oxytocin
225
Perinatal Oxytocin Release Patterns
226
Endogenous Oxytocin Effects in the Brain
227
Oxytocin: Perinatal Action in the
Hypothalamus
227
Availability of Extracellular Oxytocin in the Brain
228
Perinatal Distribution Density and Activation of oxytocin receptor
228
Conclusion
232
1
5
Biological and Mathematical Modeling Approaches to
Defining the Role of Oxytocin and Dopamine in the
Control of Mating-lnduced
PRL
Secretion
235
MARC E. FREEMAN, DE'NISE
T. MCKEE,
MARCEL
EGLI
AND RICHARD BERTRAM
Introduction
235
Neural Sites Controlling Mating-lnduced
PRL
Secretion
236
Neuroendocrine
Control of Mating-lnduced
PRL
Secretion
237
The Mathematical Model
237
Genesis of the
PRL
Rhythm
239
Daily
VIP
Pulse Sets the Phase of the
PRL
Rhythm
239
Mathematical Modeling Suggests an Explanation for the OT-Induced
PRL
Rhythm
240
CONTENTS XU!
Mathematical Modeling of the Effects of an
ОТ
Antagonist
242
Conclusions
244
1
6
Role of Prolactin in the Metabolic Adaptations
to Pregnancy and Lactation
249
BARBARA WOODSIDE, RACHAEL A. AUGUSTINE, SHARON R. LADYMAN, LINDSAY
NAEF AND DAVID
R. G
RATTAN
Introduction
249
Metabolic Adaptations to Pregnancy and Lactation
250
Reductions in Energy Expenditure
250
Increased Assimilation and Storage of Nutrients
251
Changes in Partitioning of Nutrients
252
Ingestive Behavior in Pregnancy and Lactation
252
Adaptations of Neural Pathways Controlling Food Intake
253
Role of Prolactin in the Metabolic Adaptations of Pregnancy and Lactation
256
Patterns of Prolactin Secretion in Pregnant and Lactating Rats
256
Patterns of Prolactin Secretion in Pregnant and Lactating Women
258
Prolactin Receptors are Expressed in the Brain
258
Prolactin and the Metabolic Adaptations of Pregnancy and Lactation
260
Peripheral Actions of Prolactin on Metabolism
260
Prolactin Stimulates Food Intake
261
Conclusion
262
1
7
The Energetics of Parenting in an Avian Model:
Hormonal and Neurochemical Regulation of
Parental Provisioning in Doves
269
JOHN D. BUNTIN, APRIL D. STRADER AND SELVAKUMAR RAMAKRISHNAN
Introduction
269
Energetics of Incubation
270
Energetics of Nestling Care
271
Role of Prolactin in Parental Provisioning
273
Sites of Prolactin Action in Promoting Parental Provisioning in Doves
275
Appetitive and Consummatory Aspects of Parental Provisioning Behavior
276
The Neurochemistry and Neuroendocrinology of Parental Hyperphagia in
Doves
279
Summary and Conclusions
286
1
8
Maternal Fat Intake and Offspring Brain
Development: Focus on the Mesocorticolimbic
Dopaminergic System
293
CLAIRE-DOMINIQUEWALKER, LINDSAY NAEF, ESTERINA
D'ASTI, HONG
LONG
AND ZHIFANG XU
Introduction
293
Development of the Mesocorticolimbic DA System
294
Consequences of Perinatal Maternal Fat Intake on DA Function in the Adult
Offspring
295
XIV
CONTENTS
Metabolic
Factors
Affecting DA Function
297
Specific Fatty Acids Intake and Modulation of
Neurotransmitter
Functions
298
Conclusions
300
MATERNAL CARE: FROM GENES TO ENVIRONMENT
305
19
Maternal Influence on Offspring Reproductive
Behavior: Implications for Transgenerationai Effects
307
FRANCES A. CHAMPAGNE
Maternal Influence on the Developing Embryo
308
Maternal Influence on the Developing Fetus
308
Postnatal Maternal Influence on Developing Offspring
309
Transmission of Maternal Influence Across Generations in Mammals
310
Mechanisms of Intergenerational Transmission
311
Conclusion
312
20
Parent-of-Origin Effects on Parental Behavior
319
JAMES P. CURLEY
Reciprocal Hybrids
319
Genomic Imprinting
321
Maternal Effects
323
Paternal Effects
326
Sex Chromosomes
327
Conclusion
328
2
1 Oxytocin and Individual Variation in Parental Care
in Prairie Voles
333
DANIEL
E. OLAZÀBAL
AND LARRY J.YOUNG
Parental Behavior in Prairie Voles
333
Oxytocin and Maternal Care
334
ОТ
Receptor Density in the NA and LS and Variability in Maternal Care
335
ОТ
Facilitates Maternal Responses in Prairie Voles
339
What Mechanisms Generate Diversity in OTR and Parental Responsiveness?
340
22
Dopamine Regulation of Pair Bonding in Monogamous
Prairie Voles
347
KYLE
L
GOBROGGE.YAN LIU AND ZUOXIN WANG
Introduction
347
The Vole Model for Comparative Studies
348
CONTENTS
XV
The Prairie Vole
and Pair Bonding
349
DA Neuroanatomy and Intracellular Signaling
350
DA Involvement in Pair Bonding
352
DA-Neurochemical Interactions and Pair-Bonding Behavior
353
DA Involvement in Natural and Drug Reward
354
Implications of the Vole Model for Human Mental Health
355
23
Social Memory, Maternal Care, and Oxytocin Secretion,
but not Yasopressin Release, Require CD38 in Mice
36
1
HARUHIRO HIGASHIDA, DUO JIN, HONG-XIANG LIU,
OLGA LOPATINA,
SHIGERUYOKOYAMA, KEITA KOIZUMI, MINAKO HASHII,
Md. SAHARUL
ISLAM,
KENSHI HAYASHI AND TOSHIO MUNESUE
Introduction
361
Defects in Maternal Nurturing in CD38~'~ Mice
362
Amnesia in Social Memory in CD38~y~ Male Mice
364
Plasma
ОТ
and Vasopressin Levels
364
Rescue by Injection of
ОТ
or CD38 Re-expression
364
CD38 Expression and Enzyme Activity
367
ОТ
Secretion and CA2+ Transients In Vitro
369
Role in OT-Mediated Social Recognition and Maternal Behavior
371
24
Oxytocin and Mothers' Developmental Effects on
their Daughters
377
CORT
A. PEDERSEN AND MARIA
L
BOCCIA
Introductory Background and Concepts
377
Maternal Effects on Mouse Daughters
378
ОТ
Selectively Enhances Pup Licking (PL) and Kyphotic Nursing (KN)
380
PL and KN Influence
ОТ
Receptor Expression in the Brains of
Adult Female Offspring
382
Postnatal
ОТ
Activity Influences Adult Maternal Behavior
383
Maternal Behavior Regulation of
ОТ
Activity in the Female Pup Brain
384
A Model of
ОТ
Involvement in Mothers' Developmental Effects on Their
Daughters: Clinical Implications
385
25
Strategies for Understanding the Mechanisms of
Mothering and Fathering
391
JODY
M.
GANIBAN, LESLIE D.
LEVE,
GINGERA.
MOORE AND JENAE
M. NEIDERHISER
Strategies for Understanding the Mechanisms of Mothering and Fathering
391
Studies Examining Genetic Influences on Parenting
391
Genetic Influences on Parenting: rGE
392
Genetic Influences on Parenting: Child's Genes and Parent's
Genes
393
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Parenting: Developmental
Considerations
394
Parent-Based Genetic Influences on Parenting
394
xv¡
CONTENTS
Child-Based Genetic Influences on Parenting
396
Environmental Influences on Parenting
397
Integrating Theory and Knowledge from RCT Studies of Parenting with
Genetic Studies of Parenting
398
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF PATERNAL CARE
405
26
Cooperative Breeding and the Paradox of
Facultative Fathering
407
SARAH
BLAFFER HRDY
Introduction: Primate Male-Infant Involvement
407
The Human Case
408
Variability in Paternal Care
409
The Importance of Allomaternal Care
410
Maternal Bet-Hedging
411
Circumstances Favorable to Eliciting Male Care
412
Flexibility of Human Families
414
27
Early Experience and the Developmental
Programming of Oxytocin and Yasopressin
4
1
7
C. SUE CARTER, ERICKA M. BOONE AND KAREN
L
BALES
Introduction
417
Background on Oxytocin and Vasopressin
417
Similarities of Function Between
ОТ
and AVP
418
Effects of Early Handling in Prairie Voles
419
Early Experience also Alters Subsequent Behavior and Measures of
ОТ
and the
OTRs
420
Intergenerational Effects of Early Experience
420
The Consequences of Early Experience for
Peptide
Receptors
421
Developmental Manipulations of Oxytocin
421
Immediate or Short-Term Effects of Neonatal
ОТ
or OTA
421
Neural Activation Following Neonatal Treatment
421
Behavioral and Endocrine Changes in
Neonates
422
Long-Term Effects of Neonatal
ОТ
and OTA
422
Alloparental Behavior, Sociality, and Reproduction in Males
422
Social Behavior in
Pernales
422
Neonatal OTA in
Pernales
423
Effects on Neonatal
ОТ
or OTA on Brain Hormones and Receptors
423
Effects on Brain Peptides
423
Effects on
Peptide
Receptors
424
Neonatal Manipulations of AVP also Affect Subsequent Social Behaviors
425
Early Exposure to Gonadal Steroids Facilitates the Response of
Adult Male Prairie Voles to Exogenous AVP
426
CONTENTS XVII
Estrogen Receptors also Affected by Neonatal
ОТ
or OTA
426
Effects of Neonatal
ОТ
or/and OTA in Rats
426
Reproductive
and Endocrine Effects
426
Cardiovascular and
Autonomie
Effects of Neonatal
ОТ
427
Sex Differences
427
Developmental Signaling Consequences of Neuropeptides
427
Early Experience in the Context of Natural History
428
Translational Implications of Perinatal Manipulations of
ОТ
430
28
The Effects of Paternal Behavior on Offspring Aggression
and Hormones in the Biparental California Mouse
435
CATHERINE A. MARLER, BRIAN
С
TRAINOR, ERIN D. GLEASON,
JANET K. BESTER-MEREDITH AND ELIZABETH A. BECKER
Associations Between Paternal Behavior and Male Offspring Aggression
436
Do Males and Females Play Different Roles in Shaping Aggression of Future
Generations?
437
Is There Species Variation in the Effects of Maternal and Paternal Behavior on
Offspring Aggression?
439
Can Alterations in Parental Huddling and Grooming Toward
Offspring Cause Changes in Offspring Aggression and Is This
Mediated Through Vasopressin?
440
Is Testosterone a Missing Link for Transmission of Aggression Across
Generations?
442
Summary
444
29
Fathers Behaving Badly: The Role of Progesterone
Receptors
449
TERESA H.
HORTON,
JOHANNA S.SCHNEIDER,
MARIANNA
AJIMÉNEZ
AND JON
E. LEVINE
Introduction: Progesterone and Its Receptors
449
Progesterone Actions in the Brain
449
Progesterone Receptor Knockout Animals
451
Paternal Behavior
452
Progesterone, Mating Behavior, and Anxiety
455
Does the Absence or Pharmacological Blockade of PRs Simply Mimic the
Peripartum Hormonal Milieu?
456
Summary
457
30
Family Life in Marmosets: Causes and Consequences
of Variation in CareGiving
461
JEFFREY A. FRENCH, JEFFREY E.
FITE
AND
CORINNA N.
ROSS
Introduction
461
A Primer on Marmoset Social Structure
462
xv¡¡¡
CONTENTS
Endocrine Correlates of Variation in Parental Care
463
Anarogens
and Variation in Maternal Care
466
Genetic Chimerism and Evocative Genetic Effects on Parental Care
467
Consequences of Variation in Early Parental Care
471
Impact of Variation in Early Care on Baseline
ΗΡΑ
Function and
Pubertal
Maturation
471
Differential Early Care and Somatic
Development in
Marmosets
472
Differential Early Care and Stress Reactivity in Juvenile
Marmosets
472
Summary
474
REPRODUCTIVE EXPERIENCE: MODIFICATIONS IN
BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
479
3
1 The Neuroeconomics of Motherhood: The Costs
and Benefits of Maternal Investment
481
KELLY G. LAMBERT AND CRAIG H. KINSLEY
Foraging Response Strategies
482
Risk Assessment: Behavioral Venture Capitalism
485
Strengthening the Behavioral Response Infrastructure
486
The Motherhood-Induced Neuron-Network Effect
487
Comparative Models of Parental Neuroeconomics
489
Summary and Conclusions
489
32
The Role of Reproductive Experience on
Hippocampal Function and Plasticity
493
JODI L. PAWLUSKI AND
LUSA A. M.
GALEA
Introduction
493
The Hippocampus and Motherhood
495
Hippocampus-Dependent Spatial Learning and Memory Performance in the
Mother
495
Hippocampal Plasticity in the Mother
498
Enhanced Spatial Memory and Decreased Hippocampal Dendritic
Morphology in the Mother
501
Enhanced Spatial Memory and Decreased Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the
Mother
502
Persistence of Improved Spatial Memory with Motherhood
502
Altered Spatial Memory and Hippocampal Neurogenesis With and Without Pup
Exposure
503
Possible Role of
Corticosterone in
Spatial Memory and Hippocampal
Neurogenesis in the Mother
503
Possible Role of
Peptide
Hormones on the Hippocampus of the Mother
504
Conclusions
504
CONTENTS
XIX
33
Neuroendocrine
and Behavioral
Adaptations
Following
Reproductive
Experience in the Female
Rat
509
ELIZABETH
M.
BYRNES, BENJAMIN
С.
NEPHEW AND ROBERT
S.
BRIDGES
Introduction
509
Reproductive Experience and Circulating Hormones
509
Reproductive Experience and Anxiety-Like Behavior
510
Reproductive Experience, Aging and Anxiety-Like Behavior
512
Influence of Pregnancy and Mothering on Pup-Induced Shifts in
Anxiety-Like Behavior
513
Reproductive Experience and Maternal Aggression
514
Summary
515
34
Plasticity in the Maternal Neural Circuit: Experience,
Dopamine, and Mothering
5
1
9
ALISON S. FLEMING, ANDREA GONZALEZ, VERONICA M.
AFONSO
AND
VEDRÁN LOVÍC
Introduction
519
The Wanting System: What Motivates a Mother to Mother in the First Place?
519
Maternal Affect
519
Maternal Experience and Memory
-
Parity Effects
520
Maternal Hedonics and Reward
521
The Doing System: What Determines the Quality of Mothers' Nurturant
Behavior?
524
Maternal Attention and Sensitivity
524
Neuroanatomy of Maternal Behavior
525
DA and Mothering
526
Mesolimbic System and the Nucleus Accumbens
526
Mesocortical System and mPFC
528
Conclusion
529
INDEX
537 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Bridges, Robert 1844-1930 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)118660063 |
| author_facet | Bridges, Robert 1844-1930 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bridges, Robert 1844-1930 |
| author_variant | r b rb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035034317 |
| classification_rvk | WW 3960 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)263453614 (DE-599)BVBBV035034317 |
| dewey-full | 599.9 573.8 591.5 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 599 - Mammalia 573 - Specific physiological systems in animals 591 - Specific topics in natural history of animals |
| dewey-raw | 599.9 573.8 591.5 |
| dewey-search | 599.9 573.8 591.5 |
| dewey-sort | 3599.9 |
| dewey-tens | 590 - Animals 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV035034317 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:50:59Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:20:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780123742858 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016703243 |
| oclc_num | 263453614 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXXVI, 550 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Elsevier, Academic Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bridges, Robert 1844-1930 Verfasser (DE-588)118660063 aut Neurobiology of the parental brain Robert S. Bridges Amsterdam [u.a] Elsevier, Academic Press 2008 XXXVI, 550 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd rswk-swf Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 gnd rswk-swf Elternschaft (DE-588)4152054-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Elternschaft (DE-588)4152054-3 s Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 s Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 s b DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016703243&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bridges, Robert 1844-1930 Neurobiology of the parental brain Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 gnd Elternschaft (DE-588)4152054-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4041871-6 (DE-588)4019752-9 (DE-588)4152054-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Neurobiology of the parental brain |
| title_auth | Neurobiology of the parental brain |
| title_exact_search | Neurobiology of the parental brain |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Neurobiology of the parental brain |
| title_full | Neurobiology of the parental brain Robert S. Bridges |
| title_fullStr | Neurobiology of the parental brain Robert S. Bridges |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neurobiology of the parental brain Robert S. Bridges |
| title_short | Neurobiology of the parental brain |
| title_sort | neurobiology of the parental brain |
| topic | Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 gnd Elternschaft (DE-588)4152054-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Neurobiologie Gehirn Elternschaft Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016703243&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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