Verfügbarkeit: Ţara Lăpuşului

Ţara Lăpuşului: studiu de geografie regională

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Dezsi, Ştefan (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Romanian
Veröffentlicht:	Cluj Presa Univ. Clujeană 2006
Schriftenreihe:	"Ţările" României 1
Schlagworte:	Heimatkunde Geografie Târgu Lăpuş > Region
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Lăpuşului Land
Beschreibung:	896 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	9736104400 9789736104404

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_txt	CUPRINS Prefaţă . 11 Capitolul I. Evoluţia preocupărilor de Geografie regională şi a conceptului de regiune. Locul "ţărilor" în abordările geografice regionale . 13 Capitolul II. Metodologia cercetării regionale. Moduri de regionalizare . 33 Capitolul III. Noţiunea de „ţară" - concept, rezonanţă şi semnificaţie geografică . 41 3.1. Evoluţia semantică a topicului latin "terra" în context romanic general . 41 3.2. Conceptul românesc de "ţară" - rezonanţă, semnificaţie şi tipuri de conotaţii în context geografic-regional . 47 Capitolul IV. Depresiunea şi Ţara Lăpuşului - semnificaţii, limite şi extensiune teritorială . 63 Capitolul V. Individualitatea spaţiului lăpuşan în context geografic regional. Ţara Lăpuşului - regiune geografică specifică României . 73 Capitolul VI. Rolul coordonator al reliefului în geneza, evoluţia şi definirea identităţii regionale a Ţării Lăpuşului. Potenţialul şi funcţiile habigene ale factorului morfologic . 87 6.1. Rolul factorului morfologic în geneza şi evoluţia habitatului uman din Ţara Lăpuşului. Relieful - factor de favorabilitate sau limitativ pentru locuire? . 87 6.2. Substratul geologic şi tectonica - factorii primordiali ai individualizării regionale a Ţării Lăpuşului . 93 6.2.1. Unităţile cristaline şi sedimentare vechi (pre-Neozoice) periferice: structurarea bazei barierei montane naturale de vest a Ţării Lăpuşului . 93 6.2.2. Formaţiunile paleogene şi neogene inferioare: modul de structurare, potenţialul economic şi rolul lor în individualizarea spaţiului depresionar al Ţării Lăpuşului . 100 6.2.3. Formaţiunile neogene şi implicaţiile lor în peisajul regional. 108 6.3. Relieful Ţării Lăpuşului ca suport al structurilor naturale şi antropice ale peisajului . 112 6.3.1. Nivelele ciclice de eroziune pre-Cuaternare şi potenţialul lor habigen . 112 6.3.1.1. Suprafeţe de nivelare cretacic superioare şi ciclul de modelare Danian - Paleocen: suprafaţa Borăscu. Aşezările umane cu rol de adăpost din cadrul Masivului Preluca . 112 5 6.4. Nivelele şi structurile Cuaternare şi potenţialul lor habigen . î 19 6.4.1. Terasele . 119 6.5. Relieful petrografie şi implicaţiile sale economice. Rolul reliefului petrografie în individualizarea şi diversificarea la nivel local a -_., peisajului regional . 6.5.1. Forme şi procese condiţionate de roci vulcanice . 123 6.5.2. Forme şi procese condiţionate de roci calcaroase. Carstul şi potenţialul său habigen . 124 6.5.3. Forme şi procese condiţionate de roci sedimentare detritice slab consolidate . 125 6.6. Elemente structurale de relief şi aspectele generate în peisaj . 125 6.6.1. Relieful monoclinal . 125 6.6.2. Relieful generat de structuri de contact . 126 6.6.3. Relieful generat de structuri cutate . 126 6.7. Distribuţia reţelei de aşezări umane în Ţara Lăpuşului în funcţie de factorii geomorfologici . 127 Capitolul VII. Rolul componentei climatice în individualizarea regională a Ţării Lăpuşului. Potenţialul climatic şi influenţa sa asupra peisajului şi complexului antropic lăpuşan . 131 7.1. Caracteristicile climatice ale ansamblului regional. Factorii climatogenetici . 131 7.1.1 Caracteristicile factorilor radiativi . 132 7.1.2. Factorii dinamici ai atmosferei şi tipurile maselor de aer . 134 7.1.3. Rolul factorilor geografici în conturarea individualităţii climatice a Ţării Lăpuşului . 136 7.2. Particularităţile elementelor climatice şi rolul lor în definirea regională a Ţării Lăpuşului . 138 7.2.1. Caracteristicile regimului termic . 139 7.2.2. Umiditatea relativă . 145 7.2.3. Nebulozitatea atmosferică . 147 7.2.4. Precipitaţiile atmosferice . 148 7.2.5. Circulaţia maselor de aer (vântul) . 154 7.3. Impactul elementelor climatice şi al topoclimatelor asupra aşezărilor şi activităţilor umane din Ţara Lăpuşului . 157 Capitolul VIII. Hidrografia ca vector al vehiculării masei şi energiei în sistemul regional al Ţării Lăpuşului. Specificul reţelei hidrografice şi rolul resurselor hidrice în structurarea şi evoluţia reţelei de aşezări . 163 8.1. Caracteristicile cantitative şi calitative apelor subterane, distribuţia spaţială şi raporturile lor cu aşezările şi activităţile umane . 165 8.2. Caracteristicile sistemului hidrografic suprateran - cantitate, calitate, distribuţie spaţială şi valorificare economică . 170 8.3. Caracteristicile parametrilor hidrologici ai apelor curgătoare . 173 8.4. Importanţa hidrografiei în geneza şi conturarea sistemului regional lăpuşan . 180 8.4.1. Impactul reţelei hidrografice asupra genezei şi evoluţiei aşezărilor . 180 8.4.2. Valorificări tradiţionale şi moderne ale apelor curgătoare . 182 Capitolul IX. Resursele pedogeografice şi rolul acestora în individualizarea peisajului regional al Ţării Lăpuşului. Potenţialul de sustenabilitate al cuverturii edafice . 189 9.1. Solurile zonale . 189 9.2. Solurile azonale . 191 9.3. Solurile intrazonale. 194 Capitolul X. Resursele biotice şi impactul lor în individualizarea peisajului regional, rolul economic, implicaţiile în structurarea şi definierea funcţiilor habitatului uman al Ţării Lăpuşului . 195 10.1. Formaţiunile naturale şi seminaturale (biocenozele potenţiale) . 195 10.1.1. Formaţiuni naturale zonale şi formaţiuni secundare rezultate în urma impactului antropic . 195 10.1.2. Formaţiuni naturale azonale . 210 10.1.3. Formaţiuni naturale intrazonale. 211 10.2. Individualizarea regională a structurilor bioedafice din Ţara Lăpuşului . 212 10.3. Relaţia om-pădure în spaţiul lăpuşan. Evoluţia spaţio-temporală a exploatărilor forestiere în Ţara Lăpuşului . 216 10.4. Peisajul natural - sinteză a interferenţelor geospaţiale . 219 Capitolul XI. Resursele subsolului şi impactul valorificării acestora asupra conturării habitatului regional şi a vieţii sociale din Ţara Lăpuşului . 221 Capitolul XII. Evoluţia complexului socio-economic social al Ţării Lăpuşului în context geografico-istoric regional . 247 12.1. Epoca preistorică (străveche) . 247 12.2. Perioada antică şi a tranziţiei spre epoca feudală (anul 80 a.Chr. - sec. VII p.Chr.). 256 12.3. Epoca medievală (secolele VIII-XVIII) . 264 12.4. Epoca modernă şi contemporană . 279 Capitolul XIII. Resursele geodemografice ale Ţării Lăpuşului şi particularităţile lor evolutive în context regional . 287 13.1. Evoluţia numerică a populaţiei în perioada statistică (1787-2002). 287 13.2. Densitatea şi repartiţia spaţială a populaţiei . 307 13.3. Structura pe grupe de vârstă şi sexe a populaţiei . 316 13.4. Caracteristicile dinamicii naturale a populaţiei . 323 13. 5. Caracteristicile mobilităţii teritoriale a populaţiei . 337 13.6. Structura etnică a populaţiei - caracteristici evolutive, distribuţie teritorială şi manifestări regionale specifice . 365 7 13.7. Structura confesională a populaţiei - caracteristici evolutive, distribuţie teritorială şi manifestări regionale specifice . 379 13. 8. Structura ocupaţională a populaţiei. Resursele de forţă de muncă pe sectoare economice . 393 13.9. Tipologia aşezărilor lăpuşene pe baza dimensiunii geodemografice 411 Capitolul XIV. Cultura populară şi mentalitatea . 423 14. 1. Ocupaţiile tradiţionale . 424 14.1.1. Agricultura tradiţională . 425 14.1.2. Creşterea animalelor. Specificul activităţilor păstoreşti şi tipurile tradiţionale de păstorit . 426 14.1.3. Exploatarea lemnului (lucrul la pădure) . 427 14.2. Meşteşugurile ţărăneşti . 427 14.3. Casa (locuinţa) şi gospodăria ţărănească . 430 14.4. Monumentele de arhitectură populară din lemn . 432 14.5. Elemente de identitate regională relevate de obiceiurile tradiţionale, portul şi cântecul popular . 434 14.6. Obiceiurile tradiţionale . 437 Capitolul XV. Caracteristicile activităţilor agricole şi rolul lor în conturarea individualităţii regionale a Ţării Lăpuşului . 441 15.1. Premisele naturale şi caracteristicile social-organizatorice ale agriculturii lăpuşene în secvenţă spaţio-temporală . 441 15.2. Caracteristicile social-economice şi organizatorice ale agriculturii lăpuşene în perioada contemporană . 449 15.3. Rolul factorului tehnologic în dezvoltarea agriculturii lăpuşene . 466 15.4. Structura generală a fondului funciar al Ţării Lăpuşului . 472 15.4.1. Evoluţia şi structura fondului funciar al Ţării Lăpuşului . 473 15.4.2. Distribuţia spaţială a modurilor de folosinţă a terenurilor . 477 15.5. Condiţiile agroproductive ale fondului funciar agricol şi problema îmbunătăţirilor funciare . 483 15.6. Caracteristicile producţiei agricole din Ţara Lăpuşului în perioada socialistă şi aspecte privind redimensionarea acesteia după 1990. 492 15.6.1. Cultura plantelor şi producţia vegetală . 492 15.6.2. Specificul economiei zootehnice şi a producţiei animaliere 500 Capitolul XVI. Activităţile industriale şi rolul acestora în conturarea sistemului regional al Ţării Lăpuşului. Tipuri şi forme de valorificare industrială . 511 16.1. Condiţiile apariţiei şi afirmării activităţilor industrial-meşteşugăreşti din Ţara Lăpuşului şi specificul lor evolutiv în context regional . 511 16.2. Organizarea activităţilor industrial-meşteşugăreşti din Ţara Lăpuşului . 522 16.3. Profilul producţiei industriale şi localizarea activităţilor secundare în Ţara Lăpuşului. Tipuri şi forme de valorificare industrială . 528 16.4. Schimburi şi relaţii economice intra- şi interregionale . 550 8 Capitolul XVII. Infrastructura de căi de comunicaţie şi transport şi rolul său în funcţionarea sistemului regional al Ţării Lăpuşului . 557 Capitolul XVIII. Repere privind calitatea vieţii populaţiei lăpuşene şi rolul acesteia în conturarea individualităţii regionale a Ţării Lăpuşului . 581 18.1. Calitatea vieţii - cadru conceptual general . 581 18.2. Repere privind calitatea mediului natural şi rolul său în individualizarea regională a Ţării Lăpuşului . 584 18.2.1. Tipologia şi calitatea mediului în partea populată (central - vestică şi sudică) a regiunii . 588 18.2.2. Tipologia şi calitatea mediului în partea cu populare scăzută a regiunii (colinară înaltă şi montană) . 591 18.3. Repere economice şi socio-culturale privind calitatea vieţii populaţiei şi rolul lor în diferenţierea spaţială intraregională . 592 18.3.1. Condiţiile de muncă şi igienico-sanitare ale populaţiei şi rolul lor asupra conturării specificului regional al Ţării Lăpuşului. 593 18.3.2. Rolul nivelului de instruire al populaţiei şi al caracteristicilor relaţiilor interpersonale în conturarea individualităţii regionale a populaţiei lăpuşene . 600 18.3.3. Impactul nivelului de dezvoltare economică asupra calităţii vieţii şi a definirii specificului regional al Ţării Lăpuşului . 610 18.3.4. Impactul mijloacelor de informare asupra calităţii vieţii şi a conturării specificului regional al Ţării Lăpuşului . 625 Capitolul XIX. Turismul din Ţara Lăpuşului şi rolul său în contextul dezvoltării regionale durabile . 631 19.1. Rolul resurselor atractive ale cadrului natural în constituirea ofertei turistice a Ţării Lăpuşului . 634 19.2. Rolul resurselor turistice antropice în conturarea zestrei atractive a Ţării Lăpuşului . 643 19.3. Baza materială a turismului. Valorificarea resurselor turistice din Ţara Lăpuşului . 651 19.4. Estimarea valorică a potenţialului turistic şi a bazei materiale din Ţara Lăpuşului în perspectiva amenajării turistice regionale . 663 19.5. Dinamica şi caracteristicile cererii turistice . 677 19.6. Analiza SWOT a fenomenului turistic din Ţara Lăpuşului . 684 19.7. Coordonatele strategice privind dezvoltarea turistică a Ţării Lăpuşului. Tipuri şi forme de turism (practicate sau practicabile) în regiune . 688 Capitolul XX. Evoluţia reţelei de aşezări şi conturarea Ţării Lăpuşului ca regiune funcţională (polarizată) . 705 20.1. Prima etapă majoră a evoluţiei reţelei de localităţi din spaţiul lăpuşan (cuprinsă între secolele XIII-XVI) . 712 20.2. Perioada cuprinsă între secolul al XVII-lea şi prima jumătate a secolului al XIX (de tranziţie spre individualizarea Ţării Lăpuşului ca sistem teritorial regional funcţional cu caracter deschis) . 734 20.2.1. Funcţia religioasă şi rolul acesteia în structurarea reţelei de aşezări . 737 20.2.2. Rolul funcţiei economice şi al relaţiilor de schimb în structurarea sistemului de aşezări . 740 20.3. Evoluţia şi caracteristicile sistemului de aşezări între a doua jumătate a secolului al XlX-lea şi secolul XX . 746 20.3.1. Rolul funcţiei economice şi al instituţiilor cu rol coordonator în structurarea ierarhiei aşezărilor . 746 20.3.2. Rolul funcţiei politico-administrative în stabilirea ierarhiei aşezărilor şi individualizarea regională a Ţării Lăpuşului . 749 20.3.3. Funcţia religioasă şi rolul acesteia în procesul ierarhizării funcţionale a aşezărilor lăpuşene . 754 20.3.4. Rolul creşterii demografice în restructurarea reţelei de aşezări şi individualizarea regională a Ţării Lăpuşului . 757 Capitolul XXI. Modele de organizare a spaţiului. Chorotipul regional al Ţării Lăpuşului . 787 Capitolul XXII. Independenţă şi dependenţă funcţională. Perspectivele socio-economice ale Ţării Lăpuşului în contextul dezvoltării durabile . 795 Anexe . 829 Bibliografie . 831 Summary . 857 Contents. 891 ŞTEFAN DEZSI, Ţara Lăpuşului. Studiu de Geografie regională {Lupusului Land. A Study of Regional Geography Summary Given that our intention is not to realize an exhaustive incursion into spatial analysis and regional research, here we have presented only the most representative stages in approaching the regional geographic analysis which left their mark on the evolution of the concept of region during the last century geographical tradition, mostly because a growing attention is being paid to the subject, as a result of the growing complexity of the geographical space which dictates an adequate organization at all levels. The appearance of region might be the result of the action of three manners of regionalization: normative-formal, symbolic-informal, positivist-scientific (J. Benedek, 2004). These have at their basis the space characteristics (structure, processes, institutions, relations, synthetically expressed by its organization), resulted from a long and complex historical process which imprinted a specific territorial development path, placing space into the international division of labour. Out of the three regionalizing manners, the regional systems of land type may be considered the product of the positivist-scientific and symbolic-informal regionalization, which, in their turn, may influence the formal- normative regionalization manner. This is valid if both the historical past and the present of the given space are considered. Thus, at the beginning of the 14th century, the space of Lăpuş represented a particular district integrated into the Interior Solnoc County (a district which broadly corresponds to the today "land") and the administrative- territorial organizations after 1880 delimited administrative-territorial units like circumscriptions, circles, nets or departments (which integrated most of the territory), while the development micro zone of Târgu Lăpuş , constituted in 2001, consists of all the administrative units of Lăpuş and some other parishes to the West and South-West from the analysed space). The evolution of the geographical science, in general, and also the evolution of the concept of region in terms of positivist-scientific regionalization allow, in their turn, a periodization, three distinct stages being identified. These were frequently used in the empirical regional analyses as part of the regional planning: homogenous (structural) region, functional (polarized or nodal) region and the system-region or the regional system. Unlike homogenous regions that have rigid limits (immutable), the extension of polarized regions is variable (they are enlarged or reduced), according to the "game" (considering the intensity, complexity and spatial orientation) played by the functional relations in the reference region, as a result of socio- economic and political mutations or of the rise of certain central places, or the regression of traditional polarizing centers respectively. In this context, the natural, morphological and landscape limits of Lăpuş Land, which individualize the homonym depression, were pushed southward and south-westward, the reason being the emphasis of the specificity of the component parts and of the functional relations which insure the optimum working of the territorial 857 system form in such a way, intercession that dictated the use of multiple criteria in the process of regionalization: institutional (politico- administrative), socio- economic (ethnographic, economic, cultural, spiritual, etc.) and functional (frequency, intensity and spatial orientation of different type of relations, emphasized in the reference space and between it and its vicinity regions). The varied senses, which were ascribable in time to the Latin term "terra", and its former meanings from the Romanic languages (inclusively the Romanian term "land"), respectively, whose connotations were largely debated in this study, aroused the interest of the research workers from different areas (linguistics, history, geography, sociology, ethnography etc.). Among the Romanic linguists, the comparative analysis of the semantic evolutions of the "terra" determinative in a Romanic context, led to numerous scientific debates, the general conclusion turning toward his interpretation as being divergent. The comparative works which analyses especially this aspect grants a particular place to the evolution of that mentioned appellative in Romanian, in relation with the other Romanic languages, without fundamentally distinguishing some of them from others as regarding their orientation. The comparative analysis of the Latin term terra points out the fact that the essential senses of the Romanian appellative land are to be found as much in Latin, as in most Romanic languages. Thus, the individualization of the two distinct group of meanings is possible: the first one is related to the notion oí earth (the land in opposition with the sky, sea, terrestrial globe, the world, the universe, the soil, the dust), and the second series of connotations is related to the notion of territory, area, stretch of land in a geographical sense (terrain, small province, province, region, land in geographical sense), the last group evolving in time in the sense of the restriction of meanings by excluding the connotation "state organization" of terra. The Romans nominate the notion of state by terms such as republica, civitas, and imperium. Most of the Romanic languages inherited and developed both groups of significances of terra appellative, only that for our study the meanings of the second group presents importance - stretch of land, territory in a geographical sense, frequently found in Latin dictionaries through examples taken from classic authors. The topic Dacian-Romanian land "suffered a semantic restriction, as compared with the Latin language, becoming in Latin popularly spoken by the native population, earth, while the term terra missed one from the two groups of initial meanings - that of the earth, keeping just that of "lanď\ the Latin term pavimentimi ("paved terrain", floored, "pavement", "mosaic") reaching out to mean "earth", reason for which and the terra term was threatened to loose its meaning of "earth" and to remain only with the meaning of "land". In conclusion, the semantic evolution of the Romanian term land can be interpreted as a strictly internal phenomenon, unfolded in a tight correlation with the evolution of the Latin language and Retoroman languages, fact confirmed by the multiple similitude which exist between the significances of the subsequent meanings in Romanian and Retoroman dialects, as in most Romanic languages, the meanings of "region" and "small province", alongside which continue to appear those of "homeland", "land" - in opposition to town, rural environment) or even "state". In the case of some Romanic languages (such as Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese), one should notice secondary meanings of the Latin term terra, as "human community, social group" or those which nominates the notions like "flat plain", "plain" (opposite from mountain), 858 "tableland", "low region" (favourable for agriculture). Those presented invalidate the hypotheses which support an isolated semantic evolution of the Romanian determinative land, and the external influence upon the making up of the meanings for "region or state" (influenced by other southern Balkan languages) respectively. The semantic load of the land topic in the Romanian language is polyvalent, despite of its apparently easy revealing of its fundamental meanings. Thus, depending on the perspective one chooses to relate the appellative land to the main meanings used in the current Romanian language, four major categories of acceptions may be emphasized: In people 's acception, the first and oldest meaning, which stores therewith the deepest valences attached to the Romanian rural spirituality is the one which associates the notion of "land" to the low regions, as opposite of mountains, defining it from the perspective of the earth production of food. The granting of this appellative had at its basis - beside the old folk significance and of that deriving from this (described above) - a series of other elements which developed gradually and gained more and more significance upon the primary one: a. the one with the broadest meaning of homeland, state, derived from the historical- geographical function, as well as from the administrative-political prerogatives, which the respective territories were endowed with, appeared in the same time with the individualization of the prestatai organisms, specific for the Romanian space - principalities, voivodates and countries, subsequently united, in medieval states from the Carpathian-Black Sea-Danube space, knowed as such from the written historical documents - Ţara Românească, Ţara Moldovei, Ţara Transilvaniei, meaning extended subsequently upon the whole territory of Romania; b. the ethnographical and folklore one, belonging to the same cultural space based on the thesis of continuity and unity in diversity of the popular culture; с that derived from a series ofuncertain documents; d. named by analogy, by some authors, on the basis of their resemblance, with the "classical countries" (named upon the basis of the popular meaning) as form, dimension, their placement within some intra- and submountainous depressions, functions, specific ways of land use and of preserving the language, the traditional architecture, costumes, customs and popular dresses, in different weights and combinations. This fact led to an increase of a number of geographical regions, in which the appellative of land is ascribable, as compared to the social and political formations, mentioned in the historical and medieval cartographic documents with the name of terra. In conclusion, the term "land" has a large spectrum of meanings, but the main meaning, which is in a strict relationship with the thematic and spatial area proposed by this study, is that of a former political organized entity, which preserved its geographical characters until today, so that the "lands" can be identified as geographical regions of Romania. Situated in the north-western part of Transylvanian space, Lăpuş Depression represents one of the units clearly delimited in the north of Transylvania Depression, placed in the eastern prolongation of the tectonic-erosive corridor Baia Mare-Copalnic- Lăpuş. It is formed upstream the gorges dug in the Preluca Massif by the reunited rivers in the hydrographie convergence area from the central part of the depression and occupies almost the entire upper hydrographie basin of Lăpuş River. Therefore, the notion depression of Lăpuş designates the entity with a pronounced geographical character whose meaning, extension and spatial limits were 859 defined above, the only unclearness involving the south-western part- at the contact of the Vârtoapele structural plateau with Purcăreţ-Boiu Mare Plateau, which pleads for its belonging to the Lăpuş Depression, and also the south- eastern part, where the depression disappears towards the Some°ului Mare Hills. Inside the already mentioned limits, Lăpuş Depression groups 24 rural settlements and a town (Târgu Lăpuş), and a population of 30280 (in 2002). The semantic valences of the term land/ţară cover best the spatial and thematic area in this study, reason for which it is considered the most proper term to answer to the great range of significations ascribed to the spatial entities of this kind in the scientific literature of different fields: natural, functional, politico- administrative and historical, social- cultural and national. In this complex interpretation, the complex geographical limits of Lăpuş Depression go beyond the limits of the depression proper, including not only the mountainous and hilly units around it, but also extending southwards and south- westwards - the eastern and south-eastern parts of the Purcăreţ-Boiu Mare Plateau and the northern parts of the Ciceu (Sălătruc) Hills (located to the west and south-west of the Breaza Range, and to its south respectively), including too their human complexes. Through the present development of the relations in the social-economic system, resulted from the latest administrative- territorial reorganization (process that included these territories into the new Maramureş County) and of the promotion of Târgu Lăpuş into the urban category, these territories were attracted and integrated into the traditional matrix of Ţara Lăpuşului. As a consequence, within the above mentioned limits, and also considering the human systems structured around, Ţara Lăpuşului has an area of 918.53sq km, included in seven administrative- territorial units (with a total population of 33846 inhabitants in 2002). Among this, one finds six communes (including no less than 24 settlements), and a town from the category of small urban centres (Târgu Lăpuş with a population of 5844 inhabitants in 2002), which subordinates no less than 13 villages. The above data emphasize the deep rural character of Ţara Lăpuşului (37 villages to one town), an average below the national one (42.8 villages to one town in 2004). Conceiving the Ţara Lăpuşului as a geographic region involves a double partition: one of the geographer, who finds in such a territorial entity a classical model of individualizing a basic cell, which in its turn has a great interpretative resonance scientifically and methodologically; and one of the population in the area for whom the land means, first and the foremost, their well-known environment, also recognized by their neighbours, a collective spiritual entity alive in a specific way in the inhabitants' consciousness. This double meaning supposes the approach of the regional geographic study of the given space by those aspects which offer a distinct personality, and allows the emphasis both of the characteristics that compose the physionomy of this territory and may be decoded in the landscape, and of the flows, relations, and material, energetic, informational exchanges which offer information about the way such a territorial system functions: - as a homogenous region by reason of the coincidence with a morphological unit clearly delimited ( submontane depression )- a reality easily identified as far as the Ţara Lăpuşului is concerned , whose natural setting played a decisive role in its own delimitation as one of the first nuclei of the Romanian medieval states; 860 - as a geographic functional (polarized) region, once the defensive function owed to the specific configuration of the relief (important in individualizing a politico- administrative systemic entity in the medieval period) started to lose its importance, on the one hand, and beginning with the obvious growing importance of the settlement system in the area, and of the main settlement with the central place function (Târgu Lăpuş) and implicitly of its position on the major intra- and interregional communication axes and nodes; - as an inhabited (lived, ecumenized, perceived) space, because this is a place to live with particular characteristics, and also a social space where physiological values and spiritual and behavioural dimensions which unite the local people through immaterial bonds are encountered. Moreover, the regional individuality of Ţara Lăpuşului and the functionality of the settlement network included in it were sustained by the existence and the particular association of several major components among which a there were established a series of relations differentiated in time, thus: - The historical origin, derived from the active involvement of the state- beginning with Early Middle Ages - which insured - through spatial, economical and political processes developed inside and under its authority- a relative unitary formal politico-administrative management for a long period of time at the regional level involving all the territory of Lăpuş and, implicitly, the optimum setting for the appearance and consolidation of a series of biunivocal spatial relations between the settlements belonging to the region , beginning with its evolution from the pre-state forms which had autonomous character and belonged to the autochtonous population to the 1968 territorial administrative reorganization. - The specificity of spatial location (geographic position), element with an important role in the genesis and its historical becoming, conferred by the coincidence of the Ţara Lăpuşului with a natural peri-carpathian unit, clearly delimited, and whose specific natural setting offered the possibility of an early settlement of the human community and played an important part in its becoming one of the incipient nuclei of the medieval state belonging to the autochtonous population. - The physionomy derived from the morphological aspect specific to a depression space, clearly delimited in morphology terms and situated in the proximate neighbourhood and under the direct influence of the Carpathian space, which allows the individualization and the functional-complementarity combination of several morphological levels, having a circular spatial placement, covering the whole range of relief characteristics. - The complementary functionality of the depression space as compared to the high mountains around the depression, based on the intrinsic dual functional specialization of the central zone, and of the marginal one respectively, which favoured a series of complex relations of reciprocal inter-condition and as a result there appeared a unitary socio- economic system. - The major hydrographie element represented by the Lăpuş River constitutes the major regional concentration and gravitation axis, but also that of transit and discharge of energy, mass and information flows from the high mountains and hilly ranges around the depression; the major hydrographie convergence delimited in the perimeter of Răzoare-Târgu Lăpuş-Dămăcuşeni constituted from early times the main polarizing 861 area for the whole series of flows, contributing to the appearance and development of the settlement with the polarizing role at a supra-local and, then regional level (Târgu Lăpuş). - The human element, in its turn, puts in evidence a series of particular aspects derived from the remarcable national and confessional homogenity, dominated by the Romanian population and its specific religions all along the historical period (ortodox- a broad majority, then the greek-catholic religion added between 1701 and 1948). In addition to these, a great originality characterizes the ethnographic and folkloric elements, among which the elements of Lăpuş material and spiritual culture, strictly personalized, suffered multiple interferences peripherically induced, due to the location of Lăpuş space at the contact of four Romanian regions. - Regional cohesion derived from the behavioral homogeneity which has at its basis the ensemble of traditions, habits, mentalities, together with the collective conscience which gives birth to a specific relationship, of an imaterial nature, manifested and intensely felt at the human psychic level, established between the man and the place where he lives. As a consequence, it is possible to delimit the analyzed regional system as a typical mental space, deeply placed in the psyche of the people from Lăpuş, whose extension and functions encountered a varied temporal dynamics. The characteristics of Ţara Lăpuşului territorial system highlight the fact that it appears as a regional space with a distinct personality in the Romanian regional landscape, individualized as an area of deep authenticity, where the autochtonous spirit and tradition are kept, even today, in an almost original way. It also answers to the fundamental requests that can label the system as a functional region: the existence of a system of functional relations of center- periphery type between the main polarizing center - Târgu Lăpuş- and the settlements that gravitate towards it, and delimit an influence area. In conclusion, Ţara Lăpuşului represents a specific geographic region of Romania, having a specific place among regional spaces, its originality being the result of its constitution, and its today characteristics. The geological substratum and tectonics are the primordial factors of regional individualization of Ţara Lăpuşului (Lăpuşului Land) and this is quite clear after studying the overall physico-geographical features of this region. Crystalline and old sedimentary units (pre-Neozoic) peripherical are organizing the basis of the western natural mountainous barrier of Lăpuşului Land To the west the depression of the Ţara Lăpuşului is well defined and defenced by not so elevated heights that in exchange have an accentuated massivity a fact that is well marked by the Preluca Massif from the so called Intracarpathian Chain. Towards north the barrier that makes the border between Maramureş and Lăpuş countries consists of newer Neozoic structures. In the following paragraphs we present comprehensively the most important metamorphic and sedimentary structures that make the geology of the western/south¬ western mountainous border of the depression, Preluca and Inău horst-massifs respectively. The metamorphic fundament and the resources it offers to the human community. After the new geological interpretations (I. Balintoni, 1996) the nature of the metamorphical substratum of the Ţara Lăpuşului is dual, because it consists of two mesometamorphic distinct series between which tectonical napping relations are involved, of a Mesocretaceous age (Austrie orogenesis). 862 The Baia de Arieş (=Rebra) litogroup is present in Preluca and Inău massifs and is involved with certitude (when prolonging the main tectonical lines) in the fundament of the southern and central part of the Ţara Lăpuşului. From the basal part upwards we describe concisely the following entities: The terigen formation of Răzoare, the carbonatic formation of Măgureni, the terigen-amphibolitic formation of Preluca Nouă, the terigen formation of Valea Cavnicului. The Mesozoic stratigraphie gap and the tectonical events that supposedly associated with - consequences upon the economy of the region. Within the Ţara Lăpuşului there is great discrepance between the pre-Neozoic and Neozoic formations in concerning both the geological time and the nowadays structural, functional and landscape aspects that are determined. The great discordance in concerning time reffers to the virtual absence of the Mesozoic deposits that occurs within the region only as comprehensive formations (thin stratigraphie units that cover in exchange very large time intervals) from the frontal part of the Botiza Nappe. They occur physically only on the mountainous space of Lăpuş and Tibies ranges. Paleogene and Neogene inferior formations: way of organizing, economic potential and their role in the kerb individualization and of the depresionary space of Lăpuşului Land. Stratigraphie formations and their paleo-environments. The so called Lăpuş Autochtonous - the support of the depression's space and of the southern border of Ţara Lăpuşului. Morphogenetic potential and consequences upon the human habitat. Here there are the following stratigraphie units that were distinguished: The not differentiated formation of Jibou, Racoţi and Valea Nadăşului. The Turbuţa Formation. The Cozia Formation. The Cuciulat Formation. The Bizuşa Formation. The Ileanda Formation. The Vima Formation. The Transcarpathian Flysch and the construction of the northern border of the region. Over the Paleogene northern Transylvanian sedimentary deposits there are two successive sedimentary nappes that are also mainly Paleogene. The napping age is Eostirical. The Wildflysch Nappe within the northern landscape of the high hills at the northern limit of Ţara Lăpuşului. The internal unit of the Carpathian Flysch makes all the northern border of the Ţara Lăpuşului, except for the volcanic heights of a Neogene age. The tough sedimentary rocks leaded to this situation. They are split into two distinct entities: The Botiza Nappe as support for the northern border of the region. This entity is a geological part both of Lăpuş and Tibies Mountains and of the northern limit of the Lăpuş high border hills. Here there are present The Formation of the Mesojurassic / Lower Cretaceous klippes. The formation of the reddish marls. The Formation of the dark red clays. The Tocila Formation. The Secu Formation. The Secătura Formation. Neogene formations and their implication within the regional landscape. The sedimentary formations. The Upper Miocene deposits and nevertheless the Pliocene ones occurs on quite reduces surfaces with the studies area. The Ciceu - Giurgeşti Formation is the oldest one and the most important because it makes the showy imposant range that gives the southern natural limit of the Lăpuş Land, Măgura Breaza or Breaza Range. The other ones are the Badenian volcanic-sedimentary Formation, the detritic Sarmatian Formation, the volcanic - sedimentary Pannonian Formation and the volcanic - sedimentary Odessian Formation. 863 The intrusive volcanic formations and the outlining of the northern space of Ţara Lăpuşului. In the northern part of the Oriental Carpathians there are the oldest Neogene vulcanites that occur on the Romanian territory. Their age is Badenian. The distribution of the human settlements network in Ţara Lăpuşului in correlation with the geomorphological aspects. Even from the introductory part of the geology chapter we underlined that there is a clear differentiation between the higher district of the region with altitudes that exceed 700 m with narrow deep valleys that are hardly accessible and the lower district from the central-western and southern part of the region where the ranges altitudes are considerably lowered around 400 - 450 m respectively and where the valleys are widened with large transversal profiles and well developed fluvial terraces. There were defined the following settlement systems: - The main settlement system from the central-western and southern area of the Lăpuş depression. - The peripheral settlement system from the submontaneous area of the Lăpuş depression. - The peripheral settlement system from the northern montaneous border. - The peripheral settlement system from the Preluca massif plateau. The specific climate of Ţara Lăpuşului is that of temperate-continental mnoderate type, as a result of its place in the territory and the continent, the location of the mountains and the general air flows from West and North-West. Because of its relatively reduced extension and its position near the mountains, the high mountains and hills around the depression transfers upon it many of its climatic characteristics. The diversity of the geographical factors determines a series of topoclimatic and microclimatic particularities to Ţara Lăpuşului. The most important elements of the climate suffer changes both horizontally (from North to South and from West to East) and vertically (on the altitude). The average multiannual temperature is 7.5°C, while the annual regime of air temperature is one specific for the temperate-continental climate, having a series of season, monthly and daily variations, which (in Ţara Lăpuşului) are modified, like the annual ones, because of the altitude. The lowest values are in January (-3.4°C) and the highest in July (18.4°С). In Ţara Lăpuşului, there are 800 mm precipitations in the centre of the depression and 1400 mm in the mountains. As compared to the centre of the depression, the amount of precipitations grows with the altitude. Besides the aspects regarding the climatic general context of Ţara Lăpuşului, one should notice that the population from this area has empirically studied the varied microclimatic and topoclimatic conditions. Not casually, in most of the cases, the placement of the households took into account the characteristics of the climate, avoiding the sites where various limitative factors could affect, one way or another, the safety and functionality of the rural habitat. They oriented themselves to those areas where the ground and climatic elements are proper to the placement of the rural habitat, or and it is possible to be taken over by diverse specific adaptations. Being placed in the contact area between the great Transylvanian Depression and the Eastern Carpathians, in an area domainted by morphological structures intensely tectonized, faulted and fractured (which makes possible the existence of mineral waters), and in front of the western air flows, Ţara Lăpuşului has important resources 864 of water both in the surface and underground, varied as concerning their quality, with a major role in structuring the settlement network and types of habitat. More than this, water represents one of the elements which have decisively determined the process of inhabitation of Ţara Lăpuşului, favourable or unfavourable to the extension of the population within the depression, because of some areas dominated by the excess of humidity. The use of water resources eveolved along time, from simple and with a low level of evolution, specific to the traditional household, to complex ways, ready to satisfy the more and more diverse needs of modern man. On the whole, water resources of Ţara Lăpuşului satisfy, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the today's needs of local settlements. Framed by high mountains and hills, the flowing rivers of Ţara Lăpuşului form a dense, branched network, having a large flowing power and a relatively constant discharge, made up exclusively by streams having their spring in the mountain and high hills area arround the depression. Thus, the water resources are totally formed within the system, offering multiple possiblities of economic capitalization. Crossed by two main rivers, Lăpuş and its tributary, Suciu, Ţara Lăpuşului has a high river network density, determined by the large number of tributaries of the two streams. Most of the lakes of the Ţara Lăpuşului have been planned by human action, offering leisure and fishing opportunities. The most important lakes from the point of view of the size and functions are: Dobricel Lake, Lighet Lake, Rohia Lake, Dămăcuşeni Lake, Băiuţ Lake, Ruoaia Lake and the natural lake Tăul Negru from Tibies Mountains. The supply of the rivers of Ţara Lăpuşului is ensured in more than 95% by the high mountains and hills around the depression, which is, an average of 12 mc/s water flow on the main collector of Lăpuş space (Lăpuş river), at Răzoare. By adding the total flowed discharges, the available water resources reach an approximate value of 30.63 mc/inhabitant/day, which satisfies the present household and industrial needs of Ţara Lăpuşului. The rivers of Ţara Lăpuşului belong to the West Carpathian and Peri- Carpathian type of hydrological regime, characterized by the relatively early start of the high spring waters. They last for about one or two months (March-April). Then come the floods from the beginning of the summer season. In the period July-November, one can notice the hydrological drought (with some interruptions). In the cold season of the year, it is possible to have nivo-pluvial floods. The hydrological factor, even more than the morphological factor, limited the humanization, especially in the areas of excess of water, favourable for swamps, such as the riverbed of Lăpuş (mainly from the area of hydrographical convergence of Rogoz-Răzoare) and some its tributaries (especially Dobric and Suciu). However, it is also the factor which favorized the placement of the settlements along the valleys, and later, once the possibilites of capturing the springs and intersecting the underground water were extended, this allowed the extension of settlements on tablelands and watersheds. There is a strong interdependence relationship between the settlement network of Ţara Lăpuşului and its hydrographical network. This is obvious at the scale of the entire depression, most of the Ţara Lăpuşului settlements being placed along the valleys (obviously, where the excess of humidity or the ground does not have restrictive features). Such as most of the "lanď'-type Romanian human regions, whose genesis and evolution is strongly connected to the Carpathians, a great variety of techniques and 865 equipments using water resources have developed and assimilated in Ţara Lăpuşului. Their aim covers a large amount of uses: drinking water for the humans and tamed animals, household needs, food resource for private or commercial consumption (fishing), means of communication and transport, water power fro the function of peasant household equipments. The soil cover of Ţara Lăpuşului is not a very diverse one. This happens due to the fact that initially the uniformity of the vegetal cover was very accentuated. It was mostly dominated by beech and hornbeam - beech forests up to the montaneous border and up to 1400 m of altitude. Also the geological substratum was very homogenous consisting mostly of Oligocene detritic deposits within a relatively cool moderate temperate climate with strong Atlantic influences. This led to the development of the luvisols that cover with different subtypes, species and variants most of Ţara Lăpuşului 's territory. The zonal soils. Here there are the following categories analyzed: Luvisols. Have the following subtypes widespread across the flat surfaces except for the recent alluvial plains. Here there are included the haplic and albic luvisols, that frequently are stagnogleic. Podzols. Widespread in the boreal and subalpine areas. Solely the cambie podzols were identified. Azonal soils. Here there are the following categories treated: Fluvisols; leysols; Cambisols with the following subtypes: eutric cambiols on young terraces, distric cambisols, eutric cambisols; Leptosols; Regosols; Intrazonal sols: Andosols. Widespread in association with cambisols, in volcanic rocks areas; Rendzinas. On some reduced areas in south-western part of the area, where there are limestones. With the exception of the highest peaks from the :Ţibles Mountains that are covered by subalpine vegetation, the rest of Ţara Lăpuşului falls under the influence of climatic types that favoured neatly the installation of a zonal climax vegetation of a forestry type that belongs to two fundamental types: the boreal and the nemoral types. The natural and subnaturai formations (the potential biocenoses). The natural zonal formations and the secondary formations resulted as an outcome of the human impact. Subalpine biocenoses. These are encountered on the highest peaks of the Tibies mountains, at altitudes that exceed 1600 m. The following biocenotic types were identified: Rhododendro myrtifolii - Vaccinietum Borza (55) 59 em. Boşcaiu 71. Blueberry and rhododendron associations; Campanillo abietinae - Juniperetum Simon 66. The subalpine creeping juniper bushes; Campanulo abietinae - Vaccinietum (Buia et al. 62) Boşcaiu 71. Blueberry shrubberies; Scorzonere roseae - Festucetum nigricantis (Puşcaru et al. 56) Coidea 87. Black fescue grasslands; Saliceto silesiacae - Alnetum viridis Colic et al. 62. Subalpine bushes with green alder on the banks of the subalpine creeks; Rhododendro myrtifolii - Piceetum Coldea et Pânzaru 86. Border spruce woodlands with rhododendrons. Boreal biocenoses. Despite the fact that the boreal forests occur on very restricted surfaces in Ţara Lăpuşului in the northern mountainous border we have found there almost all the typical boreal ecosystems from the Carpathians: Hieracio rotundati - Piceetum Pawlowski et Br. - Bl. 39. The acidophile spruce forests; Chrysantheme rotundifolio - Piceetum Krajina 33. Spruce forests of a nutrophile nature; Sphagno - Piceetum (Tx. 37) Hartman 42. Bog spruce forests and woodlands; 866 Violo declinatae - Nardetum Simon 66. Acidophile grasslands with Nardus stricta.; Festuco rubrae - Agrostietum capillaris Horv. 51. Secondary grasslands with red fescue; Chrysanthemo rotundifolio - Piceo - Fagetum Soo 64. Boreonemoral forests. Nemoral biocenoses. These forests provided the basis for the wood carving traditional civilization of Ţara Lăpuşului that is somehow vicariant with the much famous one from the Ţara Maramureşului nearby. As a consequence, the nemoral forests and the wood the provide represent the sustaining factor of the cultural identity of the region but also the main economical support of this. The nemoral biocenoses of a temperate - oceanic nature. Pulmonario rubrae - Abieti ~ Fagetum Soo 62. The Carpathian fir and beech forests; Symphito cordati - Fagetum Vida Vida 59. The neutrophile Carpathian beech forests.; Hieracio rotundati - Fagetum (Vida 63) Fauber 83. The acidophile Carpathian beech forests; Festuco drymeae - Fagetum Morariu et al. 67. The hilly beech neutrophile forests; Carpino - Fagetum Păucă 41. Hornbeam - beech forests. The nemoral biocenoses of a moderat - temperate nature. Lathyro hallersteinii - Carpinetum Coldea 75. Hornbeam - Durmast Oak forests; Azonal natural formations. Palustrine herbaceous biocenoses: Scirpo - Phragmitetum Koch 26, Reed formations. Typhetum latifoliae G. Lang 73; Typhetum angustifoliae Pign. 53; Glycerietum maximae Hueck 31, sweet grass grasslands; Equisetetum fluviatilis Steffen 31, horsetail formations; Caricetum elatae N. Koch 26, wide reed formations; Caricetum paniculatae Wangerin 16, paniculated reed formations; Caricetum rostratae Rubel 12, rostrated reed formations; Caricetum vesicariae Br. - Bl. et Denis 26, vesiculated reed formations; Caricetum gracilis Almquist 29 Tx. 37, slender reed formations; Caricetum vulpinae Nowinski 27, rufous reed formations; Eleocharidetum palustris Schennikov 19, small reed formations; Caricetum lasiocarpae Koch 26, wooly reed formations; Junco - Caricetum fuscae Tx. (37) 52, brown reed formations; Carici remotae - Calthaetum laetae Coldea (72) 78, caltha formations. In spite of the apparent "poverty" in resources of the subsoil, through the tectonic- structural evolution and the resulted pétrographie structures, Ţara Lăpuşului has a series of subsoil resources (metalliferous and unmetalliferous) whose spatial location puts in evidence a marginal concentration, rather than one in the proper space of the depression (the north-eastern and western mountainous part). However, the valuable mineralogical composition of these resources determined the initiation of the extractive activities beginning with the Bronze Age (certified by the archaeological findings at Suciu de Sus and Lăpuş) and a development in the Dacian-Roman period, these activities continuing at a lower rate during the III-XII* centuries AD. Only from the beginning of the XIV century, the area becomes gradually economically exploited and valorised. However, all along the feudal period, the relative reduced quantity of complex resources in the north-eastern compartment of Ţara Lăpuşului, exploitable according to the possibilities proper to this period, didn't influence in a meaningful way the dynamics of the habitat and of the social-economical life of Lăpuş space. Only at the end of the 18 a1 century and especially during the second half of the next century, the economical valorisation at an industrial scale of the complex resources of minerals in the perimeter of Băiuţ-Ţibleş and of the iron-manganese resources in the perimeter of Răzoare started to put more and more their mark on the evolution of the space of Lş, generally, and on the neighbouring villages, especially. Despite the clear impact 867 that the mining or diverse construction materials exploitations from Ţara Lăpuşului have had upon the habitat and social-economical life of the settlements in the last two centuries, they also did not succeed to produce deep transformations concerning the rural complex within which these activities are produced, which would transform them into a launching platform powerful enough to propel them onto the superior ranks of the functional hierarchy of Ţara Lăpuşului settlements. Even more, they are not powerful enough to propel them toward urbanization. The presence of the Tracic comunnities in Lăpuş space is certified by archeolgical traces, whose age is considered to be from Bronze Age and the last period of Neolithic (2500-1200 ВС). Their civilization is directly related to the complex mineralizations of the area Băiuţ-Ţibleş. The Suciu de Sus Culture - the most impotant one from the Late Bronze Age from the pont of view of the analysed region - has in its "spiritual" centre the eponymous mentioned settlement. Bronze deposits belonging to this culture and containing different objects have been discovered in many sites from Ţara Lăpuşului space (Ungureni, Lăpuş, Suciu de Sus, Suciu de Jos, Groşii Ţibleşului, Târgu Lăpuş, Peteritea, Vima Mică, Vima Mare). In the Iron Age (between 1150 and 5th century ВС), Ţara Lăpuşului will be again favorized because of its iron and managanese mineralizations of Răzoare, located in the Western part of the region. Thus, an iron celt has been discovered in a tomb of Lăpuş necropolis, dating from the 13 century ВС (date contested by some specialists, which consider it as being too early), which places it among the oldest pieces of iron in Europe. This fact proves the early use of iron in Ţara Lăpuşului space, more precisely in the first period of Hallstatt Period (1200-450 ВС). The evidence of the Roman presence in Maramureş region is better revealed in the mining field. The functioning of some mines (Băiuţ and Muntele Văratec among these) has been certified by a series of archaeological traces. The lack of archeologie evidence belonging to migrating peoples who crossed the Transylvanian space in the post-Roman, starting with the 3rd century after Christ and continuing until the 8 and 9 centuries AD, suggests that Ţara Lăpuşului, due to its isolation given by its specific location, did not „benefit" from the direct contact with them. The avoidance of Ţara Lăpuşului and of the regions of its nieghbourhood allowed the native inhabitants to continue their traditional agricultural and pastoral life. The presence of the agricultural terraces in many places of Ţara Lăpuşului (for example Valea Libotinului, Valea Rohiei, Valea Suciului etc.) suggests that agriculture has been a constant activity of the native inhabitants, together with the primitive exploitations of gold and silver mineralizations of Băiuţ-Ţibleş area. However, even in the late Dacian-Roman period (the second half of the IVth century) and also during the migrations period, inside the autochtonous population there was no reversal to the ancestral gentilic structures (based upon equalitarism), but the structures characteristic for the Roman Empire were fully maintained. These were forms of political organizations called "Popular Romanias" or "Rural Romanias". They consisted of territories formed by more villages autonomously organized that were ruled by judges or knezes, where the inhabitants spoke a Romanic language and also preserved the consciousness of a present or past dependance to the Roman Empire. During the whole period that passed between the leaving of Dacia by the Romans (271 AD) and the Hungarian conquest (12th -13* centuries), Ţara Lăpuşului most probably 868 constituted itself as a political entity with feudal characteristics. The autonomy and the relative stability of the popular Romanias were favorable to their step by step coagulation towards superior forms of political organization. The implementation of the Hungarians in the Pannonian Basin and their expansion towards the Eastern and South-Eastern Europe has triggered a continuous fight of the autochtonous population against the offensive of their kingdom, in order to maintain the old genuine structures and economic/social institutions of a "Romanian land" type. This fight was continuous within the Romanian districts (districtus volachales) - that were formed during the 13 and 14th centuries - most of them integrated within the counties. Within them, the autochtonous population has succeeded to preserve in a larger proportion the administrative and juridical autonomy. They were ruled by local nobles. Ţara Lăpuşului (mentioned as Terra Lapus in 1315) was involved also within such an administrative unit - that was ephemeral within the Lăpuş area - Lăpuş District (Districtu Lapus, mentioned in 1325) - that was included within the domain of Ciceu Fortress and subsequently within the Inner Solnoc County. An important role to the backing up of the Romanian life forms within Transylvania is due to the protection performed by one of the extracarpathian Romanian principalities (Moldavia), whose princes have obtained and also administered, asa a result of some treaties with the Hungarian kings, Ciceu domain (which included Ţara Lăpuşului), that was donated to Stephen the Great of Moldavia by the Hungarian king Matei Corvin in 1475. During the entire period of the Middle Ages, a major importance in the restructuration of the traditional Lăpuş society had the exploitation and processing of the mineral reserves from the Băiuţ - Tibies - Lăpuşul Românesc area, that attracted a large number of native inhabitants and also a large number of colonists from the whole Hungarian Kingdom. This has determined also a diversification in the agricultural crops and its orientation towards the products needed by the miners, as well as the local mentality and cultural perspectives of the local population (because of the civilizing contact with the colonialist miner population). Despite the social, economic, administrative, religious and cultural transformations induced by the implementation of theresian and josephine absolutist ideas during the second half of the 19th century and the next one, which changed the Transylvanian society and brought it in the modern period, the Lăpuş society recorded few changes and less structural and calitative diversity. The separation from tradition is still a far reaching goal. The demographical analysis extended on the period between 1787 and 2002 also contains the demographic transition in Ţara Lăpuşului, the 1787 census preseeing the demographic boom specific to the 19th century (especially during its second half), the census of the year 1992 (also confirmed by that of the year 2002) marking the end of the demographic transition cycle (because the intersection of the birth and death rates took place in the year 1991, on low levels level, so that the natural growth rate becomes negative). The analysis on a global level of the progressive demographic scene followed by the population of Ţara Lăpuşului in the period 1787-2002 allows the emphasizing of a maximum growth period during the 19 century. So, the period between 1787-1900 emphasizes a growth by 70,68 % of the population, corresponding to an annual 0.62% growth rate, while the registered growth rate in the next 102 years was incomparably 869 lower (0,1%)· On the whole period of analysis (1787-2002), at the level of Ţara Lăpuşului, it was recorded a continuous growth of the population until 1977, year when the maximum number of inhabitants is recorded (37269), corresponding to a growth of 206.73% as compared to 1787. The decreases were few, produced after periods of time, with relatively small values and affecting only some settlements up until 1992 - did not succeed in affecting the whole progressive evolution of the number of inhabitants. For an analytical and synthetical understanding of the characteristics of the processes which have accompanied the geo-demographic evolution both on the level of the entire unit and on the micro-territorial level, we analysed within these 145 years through 4 different stages, with specific rates and directions - widely analyzed - where the geo-demographic characteristics are concerned: 1784 - 1869; 1870-1910; 1911- 1956 (with two different phases: 1911-1930, and 1931-1956) and the period 1957- nowadays. The value of the general density is lower to the one encountered in Maramureş county (80.19 inhabitants/ sq km) and to other territorial systems of "land" type, or the national average (91.04 inhabitants/ sq km). The configurations of age pyramids for every Lapuş settlement in the year of 1992 are suggestive for highlighting the peculiarities of demographical structures and their classification in a few major types: - population with gradual type of demographical structure (found at Târgu Lăpuş and also in the settlements of the western-central side and in south-western side of the area and characterized by a traditional behaviour regarding reproduction - Lapuş, Suciu de Sus, Groşii Tibleşului, Rogoz and Ungureni); - population with a stationary type of demographical structure: Rohia, Cupşeni, Borcut, Libotin etc, in this case being highlighted the differential dimension of different age and sex groups belonging to the youth and adult contingent; - population with a regressive type of demographical structure (Vima Mare, Vima Mică, Peter iţea, Jugăstreni, Fântânele, Costeni, etc) - population in rejuvenation process (Coroieni, Dămăcuşeni, Suciu de Jos, Vălenii Lăpuşului); - population in lack of balance (Costeni, Inău, Stoiceni, Dobricu Lăpuşului, Dumbrava, Cufoaia, Boiereni, Dealu Mare, Drăghia, Sălniţa, Aspra, Dealu Corbului, Groape). The natural demographical progress outlines two different periods of evolution for its components. In the first stage, superposed over the period previous to 1990, as an effect of the high values of birth rate (the average of the period 1966-1989 was about 18.3%o, the average of the urban areas being 21.39Ц and that of the rural ones being 17.8%o) while the death rate was maintained at low levels (a regional average of 11.6960, lower -ІО.ІЗбо in the urban areas and higher -11.8960, in the rural areas), the natural demographical balance has registered positive though oscillating values, but with a decreasing tendency during the entire period: from 8.6%o in 1966 to 4.4%o in 1989 (the average of the period 1966-1989 being 6.8%o). As an effect of the intersection and, then, of the inversion of the proportion between the main demographical components at the beginning of 1991, the trend of the natural demographical balance points out similar tendencies, recording negative values during the period which followed after 1991(the average of the years 1995-2001 indicates a 870 relative loss of about -2.3%o). The constant decrease of the demographical component outlines the generalization of the natural balance decrease in Lăpuş area. Within the migration process, the definitive migrations have determined a series of shifts in time concerning the numerical evolution, the territorial redistribution of the population, structural and qualitative shifts of demographical stocks, repartition on urban or rural areas, etc. The highest mobility was recorded within the poor classes of the population, for which, as an effect of their enslaving and extreme poverty, the most frequent types of migrations were unperiodical exodus migrations, prevailing the desertions from feudal domains, most frequent in the Middle Ages. During the medieval period, there were also convergent flows of population (endodynamic movements) from other regions to Lăpuş area because of political and economical reasons. The fast social and economical development consecutive to the rising of Târgu Lăpuş at the rank of town and the affirmation of the urban industrial poles from the immediate neighbourhood, corroborated with the existence of an excess of young workforce in the rural areas (resulted from the ending of co-operativization process in agriculture) which will compete at the release of the process known as rural exodus, whose socio-economic effects will visibly mark Lăpuş space in its whole (and especially the rural space). The balance of the migration process of the Lăpuş population between 1966-2001 reveals negative values during all analysed period, on the whole, and also related to the two spaces (rural and urban), but with important differences from one year to another and from one stage to another, according to the above factors. The most important migration movements-from the point of view of economical effects- which had geared various segments of Lăpuş population, were the season migrations of the population for work, related to the primary activities, based on the need for supplying the lack of agricultural produces (due to climatic and soil restrictive conditions), and complementary economical traditional specializations between the communities placed in the central depression area (having a higher weight of agricultural activities) and those from the contact area or from the proper mountain area (where forestry represented a basic activity until 1990). Along the time, there were temporal migration movements for work in the mining field (especially to the mining centres from within or in the neighbourhood of Lăpuş Land) and also definitive migrations to different mining areas (Petroşani mining region). Another type of migration which traditionally geared until recently a great amount of male workforce is represented by forestry migrations during different periods of time, justified by the exploitations of wood both from within Lăpuş Land (mainly) and outside of it. The liberalization of circulation in Europe, together with the endless extension of the expectation horizon of population, the hope of a better way of life comparable with those of the developed states, has determined the training of a population segment from Lăpuş area in migration streams for work outside the country, inlvolving (after 1990 and especially after January 1, 2002) an important and rising number of male workforce in such processes (15.9% from the active population of Lăpuş - almost double from the average of Maramureş County, 8.7%). The main destinations were initially countries like Israel, Germany, Austria, and then a reorientation has been produced in the latest years towards Italy, Spain and Ireland. 871 The daily migrations became more and more frequent according to the increase of workforce deficit initially resulted from industrial concentrations among neighbouring urban centers and of the "land" center (after 1968). Even if the daily migration diminished, the main polarizing centers of workforce remained the same after 1990, even if the enterprising market has known important structural changes. The urban centre Târgu Lăpuş is placed at the highest level of hierarchy, and then come the mining centers Băiuţ and Răzoare. Concerning the access of the workplaces from outside the Lăpuş space by daily migration, one noticed during this period a constant decrease, almost its disappearance. The analysis of statistical and demographical information for the period 1850- 2002 reveals an impressive national homogeneity of the Lăpuş population. Thus the weight of Romanians was about 90.43% in 1992 for the analyzed area, but in the rural the weight was higher, (93,35%) while the 2002 census showed no less than 18 settlements with 100% Romanian population (from a total of 38 settlements which form the present settlement network). In other 11 settlements, the number of people belonging to another national group is less than 10. Thus, it results a very low rate of national differentiation, the native Romanian element having an absolute majority at all recordings affected in Transylvania. Even if the national homogeneity always characterized Lăpuş space, the weight of the main national groups present in Lăpuş has oscillated during the latest century and a half. The most significant changes have been registered in the second half of the 19* century, at the same time with the founding of Austrian-Hungarian monarchy in 1867 and under the effect of aggressive political denationalization carried by the Hungarian authorities, but without diminishing the weight of the Romanian population below 80.5% (registered in 1880), values which reveal a predominantly Romanian Lăpuş "Land". Obviously, Lăpuş Land was subject to similar processes, even if to a lower scale, because of its marginal position and its secondary economical importance, even if polimetalic mineralizations from the Băiuţ-Ţibleş area and subsequently those of iron and managanese from Răzoare have constituted strong arguments for the colonization of different groups of foreign population (Germans, Poles, Slovaks, Czechs, Armenians and Jews) for the purpose of exploiting and processing these resources. The analysis of the national structure revealed by the demographical and statistical data provided by the latest census of 2002, underlines a weight of more than 95% of Romanians in 4 out of 7 administrative-territorial units of Lăpuş Land. In the general specific note of Maramureş County, Lăpuş "Land" was one of the regions where the population move to the Greek-Catholic religion has produced quickly after the religious union with Rome (1701) and on a massive scale (more than 40%), even if at lower weight values than the county average, but much higher the average of the Transylvanian region (approximately 25%). However, during the whole period of analysis, the Greek-Catholic population never exceeded (with the exception of the interwar census) the traditional religion of the Romanians - the Orthodoxy. The religions specific to national minorities (largely dominated by the Hungarian one) are mainly grouped in the two mining centers from the north-east part of Lăpuş Land (Roman-Catholic), in Târgu Lăpuş and Dămăcuşeni (Protestants), these being the only settlements with Hungarian majority from the analyzed space. The moment 1992 reveals a great variety of the confessional composition of Lăpuş Land, "enriched" by 872 the appearance of new religions or the official statement of some members or religious individualized communities, which also acted as such before 1989, without constituting the object of official statistic records. Despite the removal of the prohibition of the Greek-Catholics immediately after 1989 and its integration within the officially recognized religions, a weight of only 2.9% of Lăpuş people have (re)become of Greek-Catholic religion (they are better represented in settlements such as Boiereni 16.1%, Suciu de Jos 10.1%, Lăpuş 6.7% etc.), context in which the presence of the Ortodox people continues to be the most consistent one. They dominate because of their 83.8% the religious structure of the analysed space. The religions specific to the Hungarian population continue to be concentrated in the same 4 settlements, even if they lost the majority had until the interwar period in three of these (Roman-Catholic in Băiuţ, where they hold 45,7% and Strâmbu-Băiuţ with 36,3% and Protestants at Târgu Lăpuş with 3,3% and Dămăcuşeni with a weight of 89,4%, the last one being the only settlement having a different majority from the Orthodox one from Lăpuş Land). The changes in the confessional structure revealed by the census of 2002 are not important, confirming the tendencies of religious homogeneity revealed by the 1992 census. If the low level of people participation to different economic activities showed a low level of economic development at the beginning of the century, the general rate of activity manifested an increasing tendency in the next half century (1910-1966), mainly conditioned by the important natural balance found in the constant increase of the youth segment of population and by the increasing of their gearing in different sectors (clearly dominated by the agricultural ones where more 84% of the active population was involved). This process has been produced in the context of complex social and economical changes, unfolded at the same time with the end of forced collectivization of agriculture (1962) and the almost total liquidation of private property (except for the eight villages not entering the co-operative), followed by the development of the urban phenomenon (after 1968), the gradual penetration of the industrial activities and the expansion of services in the Lăpuş area (especially in Târgu Lăpuş town). This went in accordance with the affirmation of rural industrial areas from the neighbourhood (produced a bit earlier as compared to the evolution of Lăpuş Land), which this territory joined. All these have generated a series of changes concerning the workforce distribution between economic sectors (despite of the primary sector, in continuous decrease after 1966). Along with the process of national economic reorganization, in a series of changes produced in Lăpuş area after 1990, concerning the structure and weight of population belonging to different sectors of activity. The most significant ones refer to the increase of relative values connected to the sector of services in an expanding stage, at the same time with the regression of the processing industry segment (located mainly at Târgu Lăpuş) and of the extractive one (Băiuţ and Răzoare). The typology of Lăpuş size of settlements is quite large, from villages with few inhabitants (under 100: Jugăstreni 59 inhabitants, Aspra 60 or Groape with 91 inhabitants) until villages which overpass 2500 inhabitants (Suciu de Sus 2562 inhabitants, and especially Lăpuş, placed at the upper limit of the size hierarchy, having 3828 inhabitants). As mentioned before, the settlement network of Lăpuş Land is dominated by the only town of the analysed region - Târgu Lăpuş (5844 inhabitants). It obviously concentrated the demographical increase of the latest three decades. 873 The folk culture and mentality based on the ancient internal cohesion constitutes the fundamental reference on the basis of which it is possible to discover the proper sense of the forms and manifestations which lend the specific ethnographic character of Lăpuş space. It also provides it and its inhabitants with a specific identity, materialized by what the researchers name most of the times as "Lăpuş ethnographic zone". Folk culture includes material and spriritual values initiated assimilitated and developed along many centuries by Lăpuş community, grouping a set of knowledge, moral customs and norms, religious beliefs, folk traditions and customs, art and architecture etc., called to answer to social requests in a continuous ascending evolution. The long-lasting evolution of Lăpuş society in such complex social, historical and natural conditions, endowed with various complementary natural resources, allowed the individualization of Lăpuş Land as one of the most representative ethnographical zones. It has an undoubted personality and originality, which provides it with a special place in the Romanian rural cultural and civilisation landscape. It perpetuates many ancient elements of material and spiritual culture, characteristic for many aspects of human life: from the architecture and traditional organization of rural household, still present in many Lăpuş villages (Suciu de Jos, Suciu de Sus, Costeni, Cupşeni, Ungureni, Lăpuş, Rohia, Boiereni, Groape), to the many wooden folk architecture monuments (churches), the folk costumes with predominantly geometrical decorative elements, the traditional craftsbased on the processing of traditional products (fundering on the basis sheep leather processing, milling based on the water force, pottery, weaving and embroidery), the ancient customs and rites (even Pre-Christian ones), folk music and dance etc. The structural, compositional, esthetic and functional peculiarities, as well as the role of all these elements in the regional individualization of Lăpuş Land have been under detailed analysis in this paper. In the classical temporal-historical succesion, the Lăpuş agriculture has run through the agricultural morphostructural types common for Transylvanian territory. There were small territorial differences in the organization and specialization of agriculture due to natural peculiarities, which determined the spatial position of habitats and their estates in relation to the main morphostructural categories existing in this space and the social, economic and cultural context of the period. These differences were reflected in the degree of technical performance and the limitations imposed by the somehow different way of action of social, historical, economic and judicial factors in different periods of history. The agricutural morphostructural types are: itinerant agriculture, sedentary agriculture, fallow land agriculture, fallow ground and wild thaw agriculture, openfield agriculture, two year (biennial) crop rotation and three year crop rotation agriculture. Towards the end of 1 8th century, there appear the first signs of extensive agriculture, fully manifested during the next century and the first half of the 20th century. The instauration of a new property regime and a new way of agricultural organization by the new communist government was put in practice by the cooperativization process, which started and determined deep changes in the agricultural structures of Lăpuş. The newly created organizational structures as a consequence of the socialization of agriculture (GASs and GACs subsequently transformed in IASs and CAPs) grouped, 874 step by step, 78.87% of the agricultural land and 84% of the arable land of Lăpuş land as a part of the state or cooperatist system. This way, the necessary premises for the introduction of intensive agriculture were created. However, the reduced technical eqiupment and the decreasing labour force in agriculture, as well as the partial and (anyway) poor adaptation of decisional and organizational mechanisms to the real natural and social conditions of Lăpuş land made many times a very difficult target from the realization of high performant productions within the cooperatist agricultural system (despite some significant investments in land amelioration on extended areas and in agricultural machines and tools). Initially developed as an appendix of field crops, breeding becomes a complementary occupation (the two activities cannot be separated) as pastures from the surrounding higher and more fragmented areas of Lăpuş grow in number. It thus provides this space with an agro-pastoral character of the traditional, subsisting rural economy. The main types of shepherding practiced in the Lăpuş villages is either the local- zonal system (on the pasture land from around the villages), local-agricultural, which characterizes the majority of the villages from the centre of the depression, or one having a simple or double commutation, specific for the villages from the mountainous area or near it. The structure and volume of achieved production was conceived in such a way as the owner's household can achieve every year the entire set of necessary agricultural products for home and the simple reproduction of familial economy. The tendency for commercial evolution was not recorded until late, in the 19 century. The organization of Lăpuş agriculture during the communist period (1949-1989) had four major types of agricultural exploitations, each of them providing a specific type of land property: - the "agricultural production cooperative" (CAP, under its diverse names), based on common property over the land, means of production and animals, as a consequence of their reunion through the collectivization process (1949-1962); - the individual agricultural household, having a small weight in Lăpuş land as most of the agricultural lands were comprised in the community structures; - state agricultural enterprises (initially named state agricultural households), founded on state-owned land, created as a consequence of the 1945 agricultural reform and of the process of land nationalization regarding private property of more than 500 ha. It has a modest representation in Lăpuş land (only one livestock farm at Lăpuş and other two pieces of land owned by IASs from other regions); - the intercooperatist economic associations (AEIs) represented by only one unit having a mixed profile (Vima Mică). The change of the social, political and economic system that happened in Romania at the end of the year 1989 brought rapid and fundamental modifications also in the way of agricultural organization, marking the dissolution of cooperatist and state organizational structures and the restructuring of private ones. At the same, this meant the transition from socialist agriculture (state-owned and cooperatist, as it was for four decades) to the private one. At the level of Lăpuş land, the average area of a land property unit is at present 3.73 ha agricultural land (a higher value than the average of Maramureş county, 2.42 ha, or Romania, 1.9 ha). At the level of administrative units, there are variations between 6.59 ha/unit (Vima Mică commune, where one finds an 875 important supply of agricultural land as compared to the small and decreasing number of the aged inhabitants) and 0.9 ha/unit (Băiuţ commune, entirely located in the mountainous area). However, the fragmentation of the plots and their dispersion within the estate sometimes reach extremely high values. The weight of small and very small plots is very high for the majority of Lăpuş settlements (many times between 2 and 5 Ares). Big plots are less represented. Even more, the associative or societal phenomenon is completely missing from Lăpuş land. The analysis of land use structure distribution during the latest century reflects the predominantly agrarian function of Lăpuş land during the entire above-mentioned period. However, the land use distribution and weights differentiates it from the surrounding regions or from those having similar extensions or functionality. The variety of natural conditions determines a complex and diversified character of the land use. Its structure recorded a series of changes through the years, caused by the historical, social and economic conditions, specific for each period. Thus, at the level of the year 2002, from a total land of 91853 ha in Lăpuş land, one should underline the dominance of agricultural land (51.16% of the total area, much below the national average of 62.1%, but a bit higher than Maramureş county average, 49.37%), followed by forestry land, 45.46%, the other categories having together just 3.38%. As compared to the general evolution at the regional level, the weight of the agricultural land recorded a more diversified evolution at the level of administrative unit. Natural pasture and meadows land, spread mostly in the marginal mountainous and hilly areas, but not missing from the centre of the depression, on the lower and middle third of slopes, on some of the Lăpuş high terraces and on hill tops, represents the most important agricultural use from the point of view of spatial extension. It covered an area of 78.69% of agricultural land at the level of the year 2002. The land covered by meadows is slightly higher than that covered by grazing land (39.66% of the agricultural land). Their spatial repartition is more heterogeneous as compared to grazing land. The distribution of arable land whose weight in Lăpuş land is only 20.95% (in 2002) reveals important intraregional differences. The higher values have the administrative units from the centre of the depression, which allow a better development of the crops. Forests represent the third great land use category of Lăpuş land, although they are first from the point of view of their territorial extension. Almost half of the total area of the analyzed region is represented statistically by forests and fields with forest-type vegetation. The most extended forestry land is located in the communes whose territory is partially or entirely comprised in the mountainous space. Given the partially unfavorable natural conditions for crops in Lăpuş land depression space (due to excessive soil moisture, slope processes, soil acidity), together with the very poor technological level which existed until the beginning of the 70s in the Lăpuş agriculture and the poor soil productivity, made crop growing an apparently complementary branch of the regional economic system as compared to other specific activities for the rural space of Lăpuş land - breeding (numerically well represented) and wood exploitation (stimulated by the high weight of the land covered by forests), whose profitability is much higher. Even so, due to the partial "taming" of some of the restrictive aspects starting with the eighth decade of the latest century (by realizing important land amelioration 876 works, the endowment with machines and equipments, the large scale application of chemical fertilizers and limestone amendments etc.), vegetal production have seen a progressive increase, getting to overpass the breeding production from the point of view of the value at the end of the бОѕ. The social and economic conditions in which the Romanian society evolved during the first years after 1989 maintained and even deepened this report. The involution of the livestock sector (as a consequence of the destructuring of cooperatist system, dominant until then in Lăpuş agriculture) has been more intense than that of vegetal production (although this suffered also a significant regress), while the latest two or three years have witnessed a progressive consolidation of the breeding sector as compared to the stagnation of the vegetal sector. After 1990, the vegetal sector came back to the traditional structure, reconfirming its orientation to multiple crops, specific for a subsistence-autarchic agriculture. One cannot clearly delimit the areas or settlements having a local agricultural feature, or a market-oriented production (or part of it). Despite the pulsatory evolution recorded in the existing livestock of Lăpuş land during the mentioned period, the generally ascending trend of livestock numbers reveals the progressive consolidation of the status of fundamental activity given to breeding within the range of activities of Lăpuş people. Lăpuş land has been for a long while (and it still is, at a lower scale) a commodity market for the products manufactured outside of it. The field of productive activities of Lăpuş people was oriented, due to their mainly subsistence organization of their traditional society, towards the primary sector. As there were no functional complementarities because of the weak social hierarchization of society, the economy was limited to the simple reproduction of traditional autarchic ways of production. Apart from the agricultural products necessary for earning the family's living, it was centered especially on the local and handicraft capitalization of raw materials from the local area and less in the field of industrial production. Even if the economic positive evolutions from the period which followed the start of the industrial revolution in European and Transylvanian context could not be traced but very poorly in Lăpuş land, despite the efforts made by Lăpuş people who engaged in emerging trading activities and, step by step, paraindustrial activities, subsequently, the evolution of the organizational framework of this type of activities became more and more similar to the general ones recorded at national level, under the input of political and social changes manifested along the 20th century. The successive transition from a capitalist type of economic activity (functioning during the inter-war era) to the socialist one (of the 1946-1989 period) and the reorientation (since 1990) towards a capitalist market economy imposed successive shaping and reshaping of the economy, followed by ample and durable disturbances on the social and economic traditional life. The demographic and economic potential of Lăpuş land witnessed both upturns (the period 1965-1989) and, on the contrary, significant downturns (after 1995). The status of urban center obtained by Târgu Lăpuş in 1968 marked the beginning of a process of industrial units implementation. The main branches were wood processing, light and food industry, all concentrated in the "land center", but also extractive industry and building materials, concentrated in the Western part of Lăpuş land. 877 After the social and political change produced in 1989, the Lăpuş land economy reoriented towards a market economy. Unfortunately, this task proved to be extremely difficult to accomplish. Few of the industrial enterprises built in Lăpuş land during the socialist era succeeded, at least partially, to overcome the process of restructuring of economic activities without major disturbances, specific for the post-communist transition period, and to become efficient, even by privatization. The restructuring of mining initiated in the year 1997 led to the declaration of Baia Sprie-Baia Mare-Cavnic as unfavorable region, including the mining area of Ţibleş-Băiuţ. Despite the high number of commercial companies registered at the Register of Commerce Office as functioning in different settlements of Lăpuş land, the weight of the industrial units is very low, the great majority of economic companies being active in the field of commerce and services. The present-day industry of Lăpuş land is a specific one for predominantly rural (peripheral) regions. It is characterized by the dominance of traditional industry based on the dependence type of capitalization of local natural potential (mining, agriculture, forestry), the industrial activities reflecting by the structure and hierarchy established between the branches this direct relationship. The industrial branches best represented in Lăpuş land are wood exploitation and processing, textile and clothes industry, the extraction of iron ores (Răzoare area, located near the South-Eastern edge of Preluca Ridge) and complex ores (from Băiuţ-Ţibleş area), the industry of building materials, food industry. The road infrastructure of Lăpuş land is inserted on a natural background whose morphological and morphometrical features raise a series of restrictions to its optimal organization. Because of these conditions, the road network density of Lăpuş land is below the county, regional and national average. The Lăpuş space is structured on two axes of communication: one within the county (Baia Mare- Copalnic-Mănăştur -Târgu Lăpuş - Băiuţ) and another one passing to other county (Baia Mare-Târgu Lăpuş - Coroieni - Dej), which allows it (despite the poor equipment) to be linked to the corridors of national importance going along the valley of Someş and to the endodynamic industrial-urban areas shaped in its neighborhood. However, this cannot overcome the shortcomings of a missing railway link, whose contribution might have better contribute to the removal from the morphologically determined relative isolation, which considerably diminishes its power of attraction. Within the region, the differences of road network density at the level of the administrative and territorial component units are quite worth noting. They underline an unequal economic development on the one hand and the morphological peculiarities of Lăpuş space on the other hand. The data above raise attention to the negative situation which Lăpuş land and the entire Maramureş County is placed regarding the very low road network density, much below the average of the North-Western Region or Romania on the whole. This fact involves in the first place an isolation tendency of the region, stressing its marginal character at different scales (within the county, the North- Western Region, Transylvania or Romania). In the context of a feeble scope of the secondary economic sector, it is the primary sector that has prevailed and is still prevailing in the region's economic life. Therefore, it is not the industrial pollution that affects the environment quality, but the 878 extensive and unplanned agricultural and forest exploitation which, at present, have only partially the basis of old traditions of the man-nature balance dominating the archaic pre-war society in this region. The environment quality and its typology are tightly linked to these economic realities of the region, from which they cannot be separated. On the one hand, industrial pollution is almost inexistent and you do not come across the problems specific to large urban agglomerations or thoroughfares. Also, environment problems induced by a high tourist flow do not exist. On the other hand, you can plainly notice the problems arising from overexploitation of environmental resources, from rearing in the central-western and southern populated part, and from forest exploitation in the rest of the region. The environment typology and quality in the populated part (central - western and southern) of the region allowed for the individualisation of river meadow environments, III, IV, V terrace environments, the mountainside environment, the environment of Lăpuş Pass, the environment of crystalline-palaeogene plateau of Preluca, the environment of south-western karst plateaus, the environment of valley gorges. The environment typology and quality in the low-populated part of the region (high hills and mountains) allows for the emergence of environments of nemoral forests, boreal environments and subalpine environments. The specialised medical assistance emphasises a polarized, centred organisation (as regards activity coordination in the field and cooperation between existing establishments) in the town of Târgu Lăpuş. This town has specialised medical establishments (a polyclinic and a hospital having 105 beds and 5 beds for companions in 2003, where 24 doctors and 87 medium staff work, but they have outmoded municipal utilities and specialised equipment, with a high level of physical and moral wear, their modernisation being repeatedly delayed on account of the new hospital under construction for many years now). Around the town hospital of Târgu Lăpuş there are health centre dispensaries in each of the six commune centres of Ţara Lăpuşului, and special medical establishments, in closed circuit. If school was directly tied to the church in the period coinciding with the second half of the 19th century, the 20th century marks their operational separation into two independent institutions, the only relation between them being represented by the maintenance of religion in the school curriculum (though removed with the communist takeover and rehabilitated after its collapse in 1989, when it was reinstated as a basic subject in primary school). The decades following the Second World War recorded notable evolutions of the technical and material resources of education, and at the same time, the considerable improvement of youth access to all levels of education (including high education). The territorial analysis highlights manifest disparities, being in advantage, naturally, the commune centres (along with Târgu Lăpuş), which have larger comprehensive schools, with a bigger number of pupils, with a more numerous and qualified teaching staff, better equipped laboratories and school workrooms, highly functional teaching aids, etc., to the prejudice of satellite villages, especially of the small and isolated ones, most of all having only primary schools, whose reduced contingent of pupils imposed simultaneous educational practice. Moreover, comprehensive school pupils are many times obliged to walk appreciable distances to the school situated in the commune centre. 879 After 1990 the investment capacity in real estate has decreased considerably, both at the state level (the main house builder in the urban environment), and at the family level, which is also reflected in the drastic reduction of the share represented by new houses built after 1991 (only 13,7%, which is less than the average of 17,1% of Maramureş County). The average number of rooms in a house increased overall from 1,58 in 1966 to 2,11 in 2002, with a series of subregional disparities, the most advantageous position being held by settlements from the southern part of Ţara Lăpuşului. The average surface of a house increased sensibly on the whole region in the same interval (from 29,4 m2/house to 34 nťVhouse, with significant interregional disparities), and in tight relation with this indicator, an important improvement was also recorded by the dwelling space belonging to one person, the regional value of which recorded a spectacular leap from only 7,6 m2/person in 1966 to 12,42 m2/person in 2002, especially because of the demogrpahic decrease and the depopulation of the region. As for the intensity of various housing equipments, the situation resulted from the calculation of a synthetic index reflects the average intensity of house equipment in Ţara Lăpuşului with various domestic junctions and installations (derived from the addition of partial averages represented, in each locality, by installations and junctions considered as more relevant in improving habitat conditions and, implicitly, the quality of life). The dominant position of the town of Târgu Lăpuş emerges, being followed by the mining centres in the North-East of Ţara Lăpuşului area, and by large villages located in the proximity of urban areas and along and near the major transregional thoroughfares. On the opposite side, with the less advantageous position, there are the isolated villages placed on the board of depression, with low accessibility and with a highly ageing demographic basis, aspects underlined by minimal weighing values. If the natural tourist resources of the Lăpuş land depression are less representative, despite the high morphologic and thus landscape complexity, the mountainous-hilly marginal complex reveals a higher attraction by its altitudinal and morphologic contrast compared to the center of the depression, the different vertical zones within the mountainous area proper, the structural and pétrographie complexity, as well as the different morphogenetic action of external modeling agents. One should add the possibility of viewing the extremely picturesque panorama from practically any of the peaks of the mountainous units over the depression space lying at their feet, with the entire series of extremely diverse morphologic elements concentrated here, which individually or associated within the landscape, display multiple attractions capable of stimulating recreational tourism (mountaineering and escalade in the first place), as well as cultural-scientific tourism. Thus, one has the image of the complexity from a part which reveals a valuable attraction potential of the natural background. The sedimentary-volcanic morphology is imposing itself in lhe first place in the landscape because of its distinctive personality within the mountainous space, relatively varied from the point of view of the morpholitology, altitude and characteristic forms. In certain sectors, the presence of Eocene limestones, as well as the action of exogeneous factors, explains the apparition of surface karst forms (exokarst) and deep karst (endokarst). A peculiar note, due to the cummulative features stored, is given by the gorges and canyons. One should point out Babei Gorges, the picturesque canyons engraved in the crystalline rocks from the Eastern edge of Preluca 880 Massif and Dumbrava-Pietriş (Cufoii Gorges, Inăului Gorges and Teiului Gorges), but mostly the Lăpuş canyon. The mineral waters ("borcuturi" in local language) are carbonated and also have their own mineralization and there are several hydrochemical subtypes. The main springs are at Stoiceni, Borcut, Băiuţ and Poiana Botizii. The medieval wooden churches are the most representative human-made tourist sights, from the point of view of their special historical and cultural importance and the attraction potential they store. They are exceptional technical and artistic realizations and they represent the quintessence of an ancient wood civilisation, developed and raised to the level of art by the local popular craftsmen. They were built since the middle of the 17th century until the end of the 19th century, the greatest majority belonging to the Іб* century. Lăpuş land has a heritage of no less than 25 such religious monuments, grouped in 21 villages. The oldest and most valuable of them, culturally, historically and from an artistic point of view, is "Sfinţii Arhangheli" church from Rogoz, followed by Lăpuş church, "Cuvioasa Paraschiva" from Rogoz, then those from Cupşeni ("Sfinţii Arhangheli"), Jugàstreni, Larga, Boiereni şi Răzoare, Dobricu Lăpuşului and Drăghia. The monasteries are relevant for the tourist importance of religious buildings. On the highest level of tourism attraction is St. Anna's Monastery from Rohia, to which one may add also the other monastic settlements from Lăpuş land. Among the tourist supply components, the heritage belonging to the rural traditional culture and civilisation represents without doubt the argument to involve Lăpuş land as one of the few geographical regions where this has been preserved until today in a form very near to the original one, despite some external influences found in the folk costume and some borrowed customs due to the interferences determined by its convergence position at the contact of three ethnographic zones superimposed on three "lands", in Lăpuş land immediate neighborhood and the stronger interference of contemporaneous. Regarding the accommodation capacity, one notices a chronicle underequipment (both typologically and numerically and concerning territorial distribution), unable to ensure an efficient capitalization, totally disaccording from the quantitative and qualitative dimension of the natural and human heritage. After 1990, the only accommodation unit of hotel-type, which functioned in Lăpuş land since the early 70s, ("Lăpuşul" Hotel, 1 star category, 72 beds in 1990, under the administration of CONSUMCOOP Târgu Lăpuş) has entered a fast process of degradation, generated by the decreasing tourist demand and poor management, and predictably finalized by closing the unit (in 1993). Apart from it, other accommodation facilities functioned, permanently or temporarily, before 1989. They belonged to the different economic units or administrations and functioned in a close circuit, available only to their employees. If the radical changes produced in the social and economic life after 1990 determined a generalized decline of the old state or cooperatist units and organizations, materialized by their disappearance, the debut of private initiatives began to be manifested, even if slowly, in Lăpuş land during the present period. These have been materialized by the apparition of several tourist accommodation units of small size (motels and chalets), secondary residences, familial rural pensions, a pupils' camp functioning only in high 881 season, accommodation units belonging to different economic units or administrations (functioning in close circuits), and hunting or forestry chalets. Adding all the beds that they have to those provided by the classical accommodation structures, the total accommodation capacity at the level of the entire Lăpuş land is only of 294 beds. The exhaustive analysis of the tourism phenomenon in Lăpuş land supposes that the presentation of the categories of factors, the existing situation at the level of the entire region should be followed by a detailed inventory (using a system of quantified indicators) of all the existing or possible components of tourism impact at the level of each settlement from the analyzed territory. We took into consideration the three main groups of factors regarding the natural environment, the human-related sights and the material basis, considered to be equally important in the development of tourism, but differentiated in various numbers of categories and attractive elements, which received a partial score depending on their participative weight and each one's importance (from 0 in the case of the absence of the element to the maximum partial score). The total tourist potential, resulted from adding the partial scores (those of the natural and human-related tourist potential, whose addition allows the provision of the primary tourism supply potential, then that of the secondary tourism supply potential) determined a concrete situation thought to be according to the present tourist reality. According to the applied methodology, the settlements of Lăpuş land belong to a very large scale, between 11.5 and 74.5 points, allowing in this case a hierarchical classification on four value categories: high tourism potential - more than 70 points; average tourism potential - between 35 and 69.9; low tourism potential - between 25 and 34.9 points; unimportant tourism potential - below 24.9 points. The first class - those of the settlements with a very high tourism potential - only includes two settlements, which owe their dominant position to an adding number of diverse factors: Târgu Lăpuş (74.5 points) and Lăpuş (70 points). The class of settlements having an average tourism potential groups 11 settlements having values between 53 and 36.5 points. The highest score within this class belongs to Groşii Ţibleşului (53 points), closely followed by Băiuţ (49 points), Poiana Botizii (47 points), Suciu de Sus (46 points). The next group of this class includes Inău, 45 points, Răzoare 44 points, Groape 42 points, Rohia 41 points, Dumbrava 39.5 points, Stoiceni 39 points and Baba 36.5 points. The class of settlements having a low tourist potential is the largest one, comprising 13 settlements. The scores obtained are determined either by the presence of elements of tourism impact belonging to the natural environment, the case of the settlements whose territory is mainly in the mountains or at the contact with them (Aspra and Dealu Corbului 33 points, Cufoaia 31 points, Vima Mică 31 points, Strâmbu-Băiuţ 30, Borcut 28.5 points), or the preservation of folk material and spiritual elements and valuable wooden churches (Costeni 30 points, Suciu de Jos 28 p, Rogoz 27,5 ρ, Ungureni 26,5 ρ, Cupşeni, Boiereni and Libotin 26 ρ). The last class, that of settlements having an unimportant tourism potential, groups 12 settlements scattered on the entire Lăpuş space. Their location at the bottom of the hierarchy is due to the limited quantitative or typological presence of accommodation structures and the poor access. The presence of human-related or natural tourism attractions is not able to overcome the limitations determined by the above-mentioned shortcomings. 882 The major weight of demands regarding different destinations, sights and tourist services expressed by the Lăpuş population belongs to the segment oriented towards recreational tourism. It is practiced especially in the leisure area of Lighet and Lăpuş canyon, to which one may add to a certain extent, mountaineering in the marginal mountain space. One should not forget the field of attractions that occasionally raises the interest of local people, the religious sights that stimulates religious tourism, the ethno and folk values capitalized especially by cultural and rural tourism during traditional festivals, holidays, feasts, fairs that take place in different locations and at different dates of the year. The tourism demand coming from outside the Lăpuş land is dominated by those practicing religious, cultural or recreational tourism (mountaineering in the mountain space). Their capitalization has another opportunity, as rural tourism started developing during the latest years, by attracting about 30 homologated tourism pensions within the formal rural tourism networks - ANTREC and OVR, which practice officially this type of tourism. The synthesis of the existing information on the tourism phenomenon in Maramureş county allows the shaping - based on the SWOT analysis principles - of strengths and opportunities for choosing the best strategies, able to exploit the existing resources and opportunities on the market, or to correct, amend and rehabilitate the weaknesses, taking into consideration the existing limits. Approaching Lăpuş land as functional territorial system at the level of all its structural components, but also in relationship to the neighboring tourist systems, our analyses highlighted the forms of tourism having an impact on geographical, social and cultural Lăpuş space, as well as a configuration of the hierarchy of types and forms of tourism which must (and can be!) promoted in this space in the future. On their basis, the tourist profile of Lăpuş land is defined by: rural tourism, religious tourism, hunting tourism, cultural and scientific tourism, mountain tourism (mountaineering), week-end tourism, transit tourism, fishing tourism, watering tourism, extreme sports tourism and winter sports tourism etc. The approach of the settlement network based on the analysis of the settlement systems structured in a multi-level hierarchy centered on the towns or rural settlements having central place functions within the analysed territory and the nature and intensity of the center-periphery type of functional relation systems, established between the polarizing center and the polarized settlements of its area of influence, belongs to the positivist-scientific regionalizations and is able to answer the purpose and requests of this study. As a consequence, the systemic approach of the evolution of the settlement system started from considering centrality as the basic principle of structuring the settlement network and, extending it, the analysed territorial system. This is even more important because, as all the other "lands" of Romania, the coagulation of Lăpuş space into a true "land" was made gradually around its traditional polarizing center (Târgu Lăpuş). Step by step, this town succeeded to accumulate similar functions to the urban "land" centers, on the basis of which it became separated from the other settlements of Ţara Lăpuşului and reached an upper level of the hierarchy. Even more, Târgu Lăpuş had also administrative functions all over the analysed period, starting from the Early Middle Ages (center of Lăpuş district) until the second half of the 20th century (center of department). It played the role of a relay of transmitting the urban characters in its area of influence. 883 The main social and spatial processes that laid their mark on the functional differentiation of Lăpuş settlements and, implicitly, on the their hierarchical position, have been at first (between the 13th and the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century) the subordinative relations established with the higher rank polarization centers, located outside Lăpuş space (Ciceu Fortress and partially Chioar Fortress, and then, starting in 1571-1573, Gherla Fortress). These were predominantly invested with political, military and administrative powers, and less with social, economic and tertiary functions. This was doubled by the organization of Lăpuş space in a large medieval domain belonging to the Banffy family, since the end of the 13th century. The taking over of the political, military and administrative jurisdiction of Ciceu Fortress (which has physically disappeared in 1544) by Gherla Fortress, since 1571-1573, represented the start of a gradual process (between the 17th and 19th centuries) of ceasing administrative (in the case of Târgu Lăpuş, whose jurisdiction covers the majority of Lăpuş settlements), commercial (the right to have a market), religious (the higher number of churches of the Romanian population, as a result of its partial adherence to the Greek-Catholic religion) and military (a permanent soldiers' garrison at Târgu Lăpuş) functions within Lăpuş Land. In a first stage of the hierarchization process of the settlement system (the one within the "land"), a local settlement system was formed by the association of the local subsystems around the regional attraction centre (Târgu Lăpuş). The following stages (especially in the second half of the latest century) mark the formation of settlement systems with an increased degree of complexity. Their gradual integration is made in direct correlation with hierarchical level and the polarization power of the county and regional urban centers (Baia Mare, Dej, Bistriţa) and the provincial one (Cluj-Napoca). The present configuration of the settlement network of Lăpuş Land - consisting of 37 villages and a town, grouped in 7 administrative-territorial units connected by multiple and complex connections - is the result of a long spatial and temporal evolution realized by continuous accummulations produced on the basis of exploitation and capitalization of local resources and also by the infusion of foreign resources. This fact imposes a multidirectional approach to the analysis of the Lăpuş habitat complex, superimposed over several major historical evolution stages. Thus, for the time period between the 13 and 20 century, the evolution of the habitat environment of Ţara Lăpuşului has registered three main stages, with as many periods of transformation, restructuration and functional adaptation of the Lăpuş settlements. The period between the 13th and 16lh centuries was marked by the process of disintegration of the native archetipal society structures and the implemention of the western model comprising structures based on noblemen, medieval political and organizational relations. This also corresponds to the first stage of individualization of the settlement system and also the triggering of functioning of Ţara Lăpuşului as a social and economic subsystem subordinated to Ciceu Fortress - the political and economic centre of the Ciceu Domain. The presence or absence of the different central place functions (administrative, economic, military, religious etc.) as well as their importance, at the level of each settlement, and their demographic size (on the basis of fiscal imposed units used in the 1533 conscription) clearly indicates Târgu Lăpuş town as formed from the beginning as the uppermost rank centre for the region (in the frame of the subregional hierarchy 884 of Lăpuş settlements). Its area of influence comprises the majority of Lăpuş settlements (because of its highest demographic potential at the level of Lăpuş Land and the accumulation of several central place functions; however, the functional differentiation from the other settlements is not that important in this initial stage of the formation of the settlement network). Other two hierarchical settlements levels are also individualized. The first level is the upper rural level that comprises the settlements with a privileged situation and with a role of secondary polarization centers and that detained different important functions at a local level during the period we refer to. The second one is the lower non-privileged level of rural settlements with no relevant functions within the process of functional hierarhcization in this period of time. The first major evolutional period of Lăpuş habitat (in the period between the end of the 13th and the 14th century), corresponds to the initial individualization of the settlement system and functioning of the Ţara Lăpuşului as a social and economic subsystem included in the Ciceu Domain (polarized by the castle with the same name) and, partially, in the neighboring military district (Chioar), the specific decision factors being mainly of political and military nature. In the period between the 17' and the first half of the 19th century, it takes place a stabilization of the spatial relations between the Lăpuş settlements, as well as a stable functional hierarchy, on the one hand by the consolidation of the upper rank owned by the Târgu Lăpuş since the previous period, and secondly by a filtration of the upper hierarchical level specific to the previous period. This happened as a result of the consolidation of the advantageous position of Băiuţ and Lăpuş, but also due to the repositioning of some settlements (in a descending manner), „thickening" in this way the number of the settlements within the inferior ranks. This period of time can be defined as a stage of the consolidation of the settlement system and the becoming of its functional hierarchy, and of the transition from a closed social and economic subsystem to the individualization of Ţara Lăpuşului as an open functional territorial regional system, radually structured around the settlement of Târgu Lăpuş, whose importance (on a local and regional level) and centrality gradually increases (as the central place functions become more consolidated and new functions are to be owned). The period between the second half of the 19th and the 20th century corresponds to the conclusion of the habitat complex of Lăpuş (by the appearance of the latest settlements, and the restructuring and functional adjustment of those already existent) and the gradual transformation of Ţara Lăpuşului into a functional (polarized) geographical region. Starting with the presence of the central endowments grouped in five categories (for education, health, commerce, administration and/or religion, transport and communication), to which we can add the share of the population engaged in different activities adherent to the tertiary sector and, in auxiliary, the demographical potential and the polarization potential of the communal centers (which have been considered in this delimitation) the hierarchy of the settlements in the communist period allows, as a result of a detailed analysis, a more rigorous hierarchical delimitation of the settlements. In this way they can be grouped on three levels : upper (with two subleveis), middle and lower - the last one also with two subleveis (the whole region having, of course, Târgu Lăpuş in central position, itself ordered in relation with two major attraction poles, placed outside Lăpuş borders - Baia Mare and Cluj-Napoca). 885 Despite the major structural changes concerning proprerty and the organization of economic production, and also those of the reorganization of the relations system established in the regional polarizing center and the settlings in its influence area as a result of social, economical and demographical dynamics on a descending path, the period following the political changes of 1989 has not registered significant changes regarding the central place functions of the settlements, and therefore neither the hierarchy based on these. This remains similar to the one previous to the year 1989, the location of the new private economic companies which appeared in this period corresponding to the settlements placed in the middle and upper rank of the hierarchy of the previous period, without changing the distribution of the settlements, on the contrary, substantially contributing to the consolidation of their position. The major elements that support the construction of Lăpuş regional chorotype are represented by: a. the growth centers of different sizes and functional configurations: the main demographic, economic, administrative and cultural center (Târgu Lăpuş); the secondary economic centers (Băiuţ and Răzoare); the secondary demographic and administrative centers, developing mainly primary activities (crops) and, in some places, forestry, supplying minimal services and functions; and the third rank demographic centers, providing agricultural production; b. the development axes of Lăpuş, with I, II and III rank (having a regional, zonal and local influence), representing the "force lines" of the regional whole thus configured; the dominant types of morphologic units and their economic profile (grazing and forestry, grazing and agriculture, crops, breeding and crops, breeding and tree growing); с morphological barriers (the high morphological units surrounding the depression) and the main permissive areas; d. the areas of communication with the "external environment"; e. the areas having a positive tropism, designating the attractive spaces, benefiting of a high development potential, outlined along the main axes of regional development; f. the regressive or rejection areas - spaces with a limited social and economic development, demographically decreasing, with a high degree of isolation, usually located in the spaces between the network configured by the regional development axes; g. the external polarizing centers, having different ranks and functionalities. The model is conceived to integrate two synthetic models of spatial organization: - centripetal - conditioned by the presence of the only polarizing center having a role of coordinating the entire analysed functional region (Târgu Lăpuş), which convergently orientates the most important mass, energy and interest flows of Lăpuş space, also having a regulation role regarding the control and annihilation of shortcomings, thresholds and different centrifugal tendencies; - axial - determined by the presence of the development axes, whose intra- and inter¬ regional configuration and connexions ensures the functioning of the entire region. The plan-spatial configuration of the conceptual model of Ţara Lăpuşului functional organization is of concentric type, disposing in tiers the main demarcated morphological and functional domains, revealing a centripetal orientation of the mass, energy and interest flows towards the crossing section of the region (outlined by the major communication and development axis, whose human load is well underlined), and along the two secondary development axes, which group the main internal growth centers (of different ranks). The several demarcated areas with positive tropism (placed 886 around the main communication and development axes of the region) which aim at revitalising territorial flows of mass, energy and information, are numerically outnumbered by rejection areas (regularly placed between the axes and at the internal and external periphery of the depression). The influence of major industrial-urban growth centers (although of different ranks) placed outside the region (Baia Mare, Dej, Cavnic), though relatively well spotlighted, and is partially obturated by the morphological mountain and hill barrier surrounding the region and especially by the precarious infrastructure of the outer road links. The relative unpermissive natural barriers "ensured" the marginal, peripheral, isolated character of the depression for a long time. This shortcoming is not entirely solved until today, because of the weak road link, the rather poor quality of the road network and the lack of a rail link. At the same time, the major morphological units and the specific climate determine the specific charcaters of the biotic component, laying also their mark on the human activities and therefore on the characters of space organization. The main agricultural profiles of the analysed territory have been outlined according to this: the centre of the depression is dominated by an extensive mixed agricultural economy, within which the plant growing (prevailing corn and potato) associates with breeding, while the mountainous hill domain and the peripheral high mountainous-hilly domain is dominated by an extensive grazing-agricultural economy, associated with forestry, non-ferrous ores extraction and future tourist valorisation, and the regenerating role of water resources. The external marginal domain rests upon the mixed extensive economy: livestock breeding and cereals, associated with fruit-growing. By its position and economic, social, cultural, administrative and tertiary functions, Târgu Lăpuş town polarizes and supplies the entire Lăpuş territory. It has the role of controlling and annihilating the shortcomings, thresholds and different centrifugal tendencies of mass, energy and information, ensuring a systemic coherence to the functional region thus formed, structured and oriented. In the dynamics of regional development, besides the increase in the number of connexions, the intensity and the nature of relationships engaged by external operators are decisive. The optimal functioning of the regional territorial ensemble and its stimulation towards progressive-positive development requires the consolidation of a framework of cardinal communication (including railway) on the major liaison directions, which will allow for a more intense and fluid communication with surrounding regions and with the provincial and national territorial ensemble, respectively the "pumping" in the territory of the internal and external flow of merchandise, raw materials and persons, the only real modality to remove this territory from the relative isolation and to valorise integrally its economic and social potential. A three-directional system of communication is thus created, with a junction in the centre of the region, which will supply continually, progressively and systematically in the territory those components of the development process able to ensure optimal valorisation of all the territorial segments at the regional level. Such a vision will ensure the fulfilment of the two major aims which outline Lăpuş Land as a functional geographical region, different from other regions having the same feature: 887 - maintaining the region as "land" and the assurance of a relative functional independence from a social and economic point of view. This might find the recently founded association called "Lăpuş Land microregion of social and economic development" as a structure able to ensure an optimal frame for the conservation of the traditional Lăpuş values, as well as the support for the shift of the region on the way of sustainable development, thus outlining a relatively homogeneous relational system, having a well-defined internal unity and cohesion; - the functional integration of Lăpuş Land within the upper administrative and organizational structures (Maramureş County and especially the Region of North-West) by a functional and complementary inter-connection of Lăpuş regional system with the neighbouring regions. Taking into account all favourable aspects, and the conditioning and malfunctioning existing within each field, a synthesis has been effected - through SWOT analysis - with a view to the main strong and weak points, to the possible threats, the effects of which must be limited as much as possible, and to the opportunities to take profit of in order to accomplish the objectives of the development of Târgu Lăpuş and of Ţara Lăpuşului. The relevant aspects in SWOT analysis allow an objective assessment of the potential of the administrative territory, on the basis of which it can be expected a certain evolution leading to: the emergence of Târgu Lăpuş as a tourist centre of Ţara Lăpuşului and the development of the activities specific to rural and ecological tourism; valorisation of the region's material resources through the development of a collecting and treatment network for agricultural raw materials and the creation of favourable conditions for the development of an area for ecological agricultural production; equipping with new technology the treatment undertakings from urban areas. In order to attain these objectives, it is imperative to reduce the existing malfunctions, the priorities of each field being: a. economy: stimulation of the development of the zootechnical sector through the development of a collecting and treatment network for the products in the region; development of general interest services at the local and regional level and of tourist services; attraction of investors with a view to equipping the existing undertakings with new technology and to creating new production units; b. infrastructure: development of the technical infrastructure of public utility and the transport infrastructure in order to ensure the development of undertakings and the increase in the living standard; с environment: taking the necessary measures (also through the cooperation with other administrative-territorial units) in order to prevent the natural and anthropogenic risks likely to affect the environment, with important effects both as regards the chance to make it an area of ecological agricultural production, and as regards its image of an unpolluted region; d. urban policy: provision of land reserves and of public utilities necessary for the areas of development of new activities; an offensive attitude in local policies and in stating people's desires concerning the territorial role of Târgu Lăpuş and its competition with other towns from the county and on an interregional basis. On the basis of the above stated priorities, the development objectives for Târgu Lăpuş were established, and also the means and measures required for their realisation, which apply both at an urbanistic level and at the economic and administrative levels. 888 The main aspects to be viewed and supported for the future development of the region and of Târgu Lăpuş are: the capacity of Târgu Lăpuş to face competition with settlements in the same category (regarding its emergence in the territory as a tourist centre and a centre of secondary education for fields of local interest, its attractiveness as a life milieu, regional and national renown of traditional cultural demonstrations, etc.); a will for solidarity with the territories under its area of influence; capacity to express itself in territorial relations at the regional and county scale through a coherent strategy and an active, even offensive, attitude, which should precede the strategic measures at the county level, in order to take profit of the opportunities offered and to attract new investment in the area. In the context of the new relations imposed by the technical scientific revolution, the recent emergence of some concepts such as regional development and lasting development constitutes an objective necessity, the more so as they raise the problem of the classical model of evolution of an anthropogenic territory, from the rural domain, dominated by primary economic functions, to the urban industrial or industrial-tertiary domain. These concepts allow for the shaping of a new way to approach the territory to its resources. The practical application of the lasting development model in Ţara Lăpuşului, for the secondary sector, raises the problem of choice among various industrial branches, for activities likely to adapt, in optimal conditions, to the economic and cultural characteristics specific to Ţara Lăpuşului area, making possible an ascending evolution, but not transforming it entirely. The industrial branches most likely to adapt to such a process are those using the resources prevailing locally - rearing and treatment of specific products. As regards agriculture, where state effectiveness in supporting this sector has diminished very much, the expectances should be reoriented towards the local area by promoting some forms of association in certain agricultural sectors (rearing, corn and potato growing and fruit growing), in parallel with the development of the horizontal production system in food industry. The tourist potential of Ţara Lăpuşului is not negligible, and its valorisation can change into a real economic advantage for the region, if the tourist area has proper construction and equipment, which is an essential condition for founding an efficient tourism. The views of development plans have encouraging objectives on this purpose, but their realisation on a short run is almost improbable, taking account of the relatively modest investment in this field. The attraction of foreign or national private capital would constitute a chance, which will ensure the necessary conditions for such a costly enterprise. At the same time, within the regional development of the kind, the role of infrastructure in supporting economic development is vital, the presence of modem facilities for thoroughfares, with a density and a technical outfit in accordance with the EU standards, represents an essential condition. On the other hand, the low-standard infrastructure equipping and technical inľ/astructure of public utility in a Ţara Lăpuşului settlements allowed them to conserve a balanced unpolluted natural environment, which can stimulate local communities towards modern pollution-free industries, ensuring - on the basis of a coherent territorial management - for Ţara Lăpuşului a separation from the precarious economic situation which characterizes this space at present. 889
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geographic	Târgu Lăpuş Region (DE-588)7597817-9 gnd
geographic_facet	Târgu Lăpuş Region
id	DE-604.BV035032606
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T21:50:21Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:20:39Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9736104400 9789736104404
language	Romanian
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016701568
oclc_num	259953600
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-12
owner_facet	DE-12
physical	896 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
publishDate	2006
publishDateSearch	2006
publishDateSort	2006
publisher	Presa Univ. Clujeană
record_format	marc
series	"Ţările" României
series2	"Ţările" României
spelling	Dezsi, Ştefan Verfasser aut Ţara Lăpuşului studiu de geografie regională Ştefan Dezsi Cluj Presa Univ. Clujeană 2006 896 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Ţările" României 1 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Lăpuşului Land Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 gnd rswk-swf Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd rswk-swf Târgu Lăpuş Region (DE-588)7597817-9 gnd rswk-swf Târgu Lăpuş Region (DE-588)7597817-9 g Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 s Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 s DE-604 "Ţările" României 1 (DE-604)BV035155521 1 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016701568&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016701568&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Dezsi, Ştefan Ţara Lăpuşului studiu de geografie regională "Ţările" României Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 gnd Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4127794-6 (DE-588)4020216-1 (DE-588)7597817-9
title	Ţara Lăpuşului studiu de geografie regională
title_auth	Ţara Lăpuşului studiu de geografie regională
title_exact_search	Ţara Lăpuşului studiu de geografie regională
title_exact_search_txtP	Ţara Lăpuşului studiu de geografie regională
title_full	Ţara Lăpuşului studiu de geografie regională Ştefan Dezsi
title_fullStr	Ţara Lăpuşului studiu de geografie regională Ştefan Dezsi
title_full_unstemmed	Ţara Lăpuşului studiu de geografie regională Ştefan Dezsi
title_short	Ţara Lăpuşului
title_sort	tara lapusului studiu de geografie regionala
title_sub	studiu de geografie regională
topic	Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 gnd Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd
topic_facet	Heimatkunde Geografie Târgu Lăpuş Region
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016701568&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016701568&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV035155521
work_keys_str_mv	AT dezsistefan taralapusuluistudiudegeografieregionala

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