Research methodology: a step-by-step guide for beginners
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
SAGE
2008
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. - 4. print. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. [323]-326) and index |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 332 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 141291194X |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Research methodology |b a step-by-step guide for beginners |c Ranjit Kumar |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. - 4. print. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b SAGE |c 2008 | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137961757868032 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Figures
xli
Tables
xv
Preface
xvii
1
Research: a way of thinking
1
Research: a way of examining your practice
2
Applications of research
4
Definitions of research
6
Characteristics of research
7
Types of research
8
Application
9
Objectives
10
Inquiry mode
12
Paradigms of research
13
Summary
14
2
The research process: a quick glance
15
The research process: an eight-step model
16
Steps in planning a research study
20
Step I: formulating a research problem
20
Step II: conceptualising a research design
20
Step III: constructing an instrument for data collection
22
Step IV: selecting a sample
23
Step V: writing a research proposal
23
Steps in conducting a study
24
Step VI: collecting data
24
Step
VII:
processing data
24
Step
VIII:
writing a research report
25
Summary
25
Step I Formulating a research problem
27
3
Reviewing the literature
29
Place of literature review in research
30
Bring clarity and focus to your research problem
30
Improve your methodology
31
Broaden your knowledge base in your research area
31
Contextualise your findings
31
Procedure for reviewing the literature
31
Search for existing literature
32
Review the literature selected
35
Develop a theoretical framework
35
Develop a conceptual framework
37
Writing up the literature reviewed
37
Summary
38
4
Formulating a research problem
39
The research problem
40
The importance of formulating a research problem
40
Sources of research problems
41
Considerations in selecting a research problem
43
Steps in the formulation of a research problem
44
The formulation of objectives
50
Establishing operational definitions
51
Summary
53
5
Identifying variables
54
The definition of a variable
55
The difference between a concept and a variable
56
Concepts, indicators and variables
57
Types of variable
60
From the viewpoint of causation
60
From the viewpoint of the study design
63
From the viewpoint of the unit of measurement
64
Types of measurement scale
66
The nominal or classificatory scale
67
The ordinal or ranking scale
67
The interval scale
68
The ratio scale
70
Summary
71
6
Constructing hypotheses
72
The definition of a hypothesis
73
The functions of a hypothesis
74
The characteristics of a hypothesis
75
Types of hypothesis
76
Errors in testing a hypothesis
78
Summary
79
Contentse
vii
Step II Conceptualising a research design
81
7
The research design
83
The definition of a research design
84
The functions of a research design
84
Summary
91
8
Selecting a study design
92
Study designs based on the number of contacts
93
The cross-sectional study design
93
The before-and-after study design
95
The longitudinal study design
97
Study designs based on the reference period
98
The retrospective study design
99
The prospective study design
99
The retrospective-prospective study design
99
Study designs based on the nature of the investigation
100
The experimental study designs
101
Others
—
some commonly used study designs
108
Action research
108
Feminist research
110
The cross-over comparative experimental design
110
The replicated cross-sectional design
110
Trend studies 111
Cohort studies
112
Panel studies
112
Blind studies
113
Double-blind studies
113
Casestudies
113
Summary
113
Step HI Constructing an instrument for data collection
115
9
Selecting a method of data collection
117
Methods of data collection
118
Collecting data using primary sources
119
Observation
119
Types of observation
120
Problems with using observation as a method of
data collection
120
Situations in which observation can be made
121
The recording of observation
121
The interview
123
Unstructured interviews
123
Structured interview
126
The questionnaire
126
Choosing between an interview schedule and a
questionnaire
126
viii Contents
Different ways of administering a questionnaire
129
The contents of the covering letter
129
Advantages of a questionnaire
130
Disadvantages of a questionnaire
130
Advantages of the interview
131
Disadvantages of the interview
131
Forms of question
132
Advantages and disadvantages of open-ended
questions
134
Advantages and disadvantages of closed-ended
questions
135
Considerations in formulating questions
135
The construction of a research instrument
137
Asking personal and sensitive questions
138
The order of questions
140
Prerequisites for data collection
140
Collecting data using secondary sources
141
Problems with using data from secondary sources
141
Summary
142
10
Collecting data using attitudinal scales
143
Functions of attitudinal scales
144
Difficulties in developing an attitudinal scale
145
Types of attitudinal scale
145
The summated rating or
Likért
scale
145
The equal-appearing interval or Thurstone scale
150
The cumulative or Guttman scale
151
The relationship between attitudinal and
measurement scales
151
Summary
151
11
Establishing the validity and reliability
of a research instrument
152
The concept of validity
153
Types of validity
154
Face and content validity
154
Concurrent and predictive validity
155
Construct validity
155
The concept of reliability
156
Factors affecting the reliability of a research instrument
157
Methods of determining the reliability of an instrument
157
External consistency procedures
157
Internal consistency procedures
158
Summary
159
Contents
їх
Step IV Selecting a sample
161
12
Sampling
163
The concept of sampling
164
The concept of sampling in qualitative research
165
Sampling terminology
165
Principles of sampling
166
Factors affecting the inferences drawn from a sample
168
Aims in selecting a sample
169
Types of sampling
169
Random/probability sampling designs
169
Non-random/non-probability sampling designs
177
Mixed sampling designs
180
The calculation of sample size
181
Summary
184
Step V Writing a research proposal
185
13
Writing a research proposal
187
The research proposal
188
Contents of a research proposal
188
Preamble/introduction
190
The problem
192
Objectives of the study
193
Hypotheses to be tested
194
Study design
195
The setting
197
Measurement procedures
198
Ethical issues
198
Sampling
198
Analysis of data
199
Structure of the report
201
Problems and limitations
202
Appendix
203
Work schedule
203
Summary
205
Step VI Collecting date
207
14
Considering ethical issues in data collection
209
Ethics
210
Stakeholders in research
211
Ethical issues concerning research participants
212
Collecting information
212
Seeking consent
212
Providing incentives
213
Seeking sensitive information
213
The possibility of causing harm to participants
214
Maintaining confidentiality
214
χ
Contents
Ethical issues relating to the researcher
214
Avoiding bias
214
Provision or deprivation of a treatment
214
Using inappropriate research methodology
215
Incorrect reporting
215
Inappropriate use of information
215
Ethical issues regarding the sponsoring organisation
216
Restrictions imposed by the sponsoring organisation
216
The misuse of information
216
Summary
216
Step
VII
Processing data
217
15
Processing data
219
Editing data collected through structured inquiries
(quantitative studies)
220
Editing data collected through unstructured interviewing
222
Coding data: introduction
222
Coding quantitative/categorical (qualitative and
quantitative) data
224
Developing a code book
224
Pre-testing a code book
235
Coding the data
235
Verifying the coded data
240
Coding descriptive/quantitative data
240
Developing a frame of analysis for quantitative studies
241
Frequency distributions
242
Cross-tabulations
242
Constructing the main concepts
243
Statistical procedures
243
Developing a frame of analysis for qualitative studies
244
Analysing data
244
The role of computers in research
245
The role of statistics in research
245
Summary
246
16
Displaying data
247
Tables
248
Structure
248
Types of tables
250
Types of percentages
251
Graphs
252
The histogram
253
The bar chart
255
The stacked bar chart
255
The
100
per cent bar chart
255
The frequency polygon
256
The cumulative frequency polygon
258
The stem-and-leaf display
259
Contents
x¡
The pie chart
259
The line diagram or trend curve
260
The area chart
260
The scattergram
261
Summary
262
Step
VIII
Witting a research report
263
17
Writing a research report
265
Research writing in general
266
Referencing
266
Writing a bibliography
267
Developing an outline
267
Writing about a variable
269
Summary
271
18
Research methodology and practice evaluation
273
What is evaluation?
274
Why evaluation?
275
Intervention-development-evaluation process
277
Perspectives in the classification of evaluation studies
278
Types of evaluation from a focus perspective
280
Evaluation for planning a program/intervention
281
Process/monitoring evaluation
283
Impact/outcome evaluation
287
Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness evaluation
291
Types of evaluation from a philosophical perspective
292
Goal-centered/objective-oriented evaluation
293
Consumer-oriented/client-centred evaluation
293
Improvement-oriented evaluation
293
Holistic/illuminative evaluation
293
Understanding an evaluation: the process
294
Involving stakeholders in evaluation
302
Ethics in evaluation
303
Summary
304
Appendix Developing a research project
—
a set of exercises for beginners
305
References
323
Index
327
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
Figures
xli
Tables
xv
Preface
xvii
1
Research: a way of thinking
1
Research: a way of examining your practice
2
Applications of research
4
Definitions of research
6
Characteristics of research
7
Types of research
8
Application
9
Objectives
10
Inquiry mode
12
Paradigms of research
13
Summary
14
2
The research process: a quick glance
15
The research process: an eight-step model
16
Steps in planning a research study
20
Step I: formulating a research problem
20
Step II: conceptualising a research design
20
Step III: constructing an instrument for data collection
22
Step IV: selecting a sample
23
Step V: writing a research proposal
23
Steps in conducting a study
24
Step VI: collecting data
24
Step
VII:
processing data
24
Step
VIII:
writing a research report
25
Summary
25
Step I Formulating a research problem
27
3
Reviewing the literature
29
Place of literature review in research
30
Bring clarity and focus to your research problem
30
Improve your methodology
31
Broaden your knowledge base in your research area
31
Contextualise your findings
31
Procedure for reviewing the literature
31
Search for existing literature
32
Review the literature selected
35
Develop a theoretical framework
35
Develop a conceptual framework
37
Writing up the literature reviewed
37
Summary
38
4
Formulating a research problem
39
The research problem
40
The importance of formulating a research problem
40
Sources of research problems
41
Considerations in selecting a research problem
43
Steps in the formulation of a research problem
44
The formulation of objectives
50
Establishing operational definitions
51
Summary
53
5
Identifying variables
54
The definition of a variable
55
The difference between a concept and a variable
56
Concepts, indicators and variables
57
Types of variable
60
From the viewpoint of causation
60
From the viewpoint of the study design
63
From the viewpoint of the unit of measurement
64
Types of measurement scale
66
The nominal or classificatory scale
67
The ordinal or ranking scale
67
The interval scale
68
The ratio scale
70
Summary
71
6
Constructing hypotheses
72
The definition of a hypothesis
73
The functions of a hypothesis
74
The characteristics of a hypothesis
75
Types of hypothesis
76
Errors in testing a hypothesis
78
Summary
79
Contentse
vii
Step II Conceptualising a research design
81
7
The research design
83
The definition of a research design
84
The functions of a research design
84
Summary
91
8
Selecting a study design
92
Study designs based on the number of contacts
93
The cross-sectional study design
93
The before-and-after study design
95
The longitudinal study design
97
Study designs based on the reference period
98
The retrospective study design
99
The prospective study design
99
The retrospective-prospective study design
99
Study designs based on the nature of the investigation
100
The experimental study designs
101
Others
—
some commonly used study designs
108
Action research
108
Feminist research
110
The cross-over comparative experimental design
110
The replicated cross-sectional design
110
Trend studies 111
Cohort studies
112
Panel studies
112
Blind studies
113
Double-blind studies
113
Casestudies
113
Summary
113
Step HI Constructing an instrument for data collection
115
9
Selecting a method of data collection
117
Methods of data collection
118
Collecting data using primary sources
119
Observation
119
Types of observation
120
Problems with using observation as a method of
data collection
120
Situations in which observation can be made
121
The recording of observation
121
The interview
123
Unstructured interviews
123
Structured interview
126
The questionnaire
126
Choosing between an interview schedule and a
questionnaire
126
viii Contents
Different ways of administering a questionnaire
129
The contents of the covering letter
129
Advantages of a questionnaire
130
Disadvantages of a questionnaire
130
Advantages of the interview
131
Disadvantages of the interview
131
Forms of question
132
Advantages and disadvantages of open-ended
questions
134
Advantages and disadvantages of closed-ended
questions
135
Considerations in formulating questions
135
The construction of a research instrument
137
Asking personal and sensitive questions
138
The order of questions
140
Prerequisites for data collection
140
Collecting data using secondary sources
141
Problems with using data from secondary sources
141
Summary
142
10
Collecting data using attitudinal scales
143
Functions of attitudinal scales
144
Difficulties in developing an attitudinal scale
145
Types of attitudinal scale
145
The summated rating or
Likért
scale
145
The equal-appearing interval or Thurstone scale
150
The cumulative or Guttman scale
151
The relationship between attitudinal and
measurement scales
151
Summary
151
11
Establishing the validity and reliability
of a research instrument
152
The concept of validity
153
Types of validity
154
Face and content validity
154
Concurrent and predictive validity
155
Construct validity
155
The concept of reliability
156
Factors affecting the reliability of a research instrument
157
Methods of determining the reliability of an instrument
157
External consistency procedures
157
Internal consistency procedures
158
Summary
159
Contents
їх
Step IV Selecting a sample
161
12
Sampling
163
The concept of sampling
164
The concept of sampling in qualitative research
165
Sampling terminology
165
Principles of sampling
166
Factors affecting the inferences drawn from a sample
168
Aims in selecting a sample
169
Types of sampling
169
Random/probability sampling designs
169
Non-random/non-probability sampling designs
177
'Mixed' sampling designs
180
The calculation of sample size
181
Summary
184
Step V Writing a research proposal
185
13
Writing a research proposal
187
The research proposal
188
Contents of a research proposal
188
Preamble/introduction
190
The problem
192
Objectives of the study
193
Hypotheses to be tested
194
Study design
195
The setting
197
Measurement procedures
198
Ethical issues
198
Sampling
198
Analysis of data
199
Structure of the report
201
Problems and limitations
202
Appendix
203
Work schedule
203
Summary
205
Step VI Collecting date
207
14
Considering ethical issues in data collection
209
Ethics
210
Stakeholders in research
211
Ethical issues concerning research participants
212
Collecting information
212
Seeking consent
212
Providing incentives
213
Seeking sensitive information
213
The possibility of causing harm to participants
214
Maintaining confidentiality
214
χ
Contents
Ethical issues relating to the researcher
214
Avoiding bias
214
Provision or deprivation of a treatment
214
Using inappropriate research methodology
215
Incorrect reporting
215
Inappropriate use of information
215
Ethical issues regarding the sponsoring organisation
216
Restrictions imposed by the sponsoring organisation
216
The misuse of information
216
Summary
216
Step
VII
Processing data
217
15
Processing data
219
Editing data collected through structured inquiries
(quantitative studies)
220
Editing data collected through unstructured interviewing
222
Coding data: introduction
222
Coding quantitative/categorical (qualitative and
quantitative) data
224
Developing a code book
224
Pre-testing a code book
235
Coding the data
235
Verifying the coded data
240
Coding descriptive/quantitative data
240
Developing a frame of analysis for quantitative studies
241
Frequency distributions
242
Cross-tabulations
242
Constructing the main concepts
243
Statistical procedures
243
Developing a frame of analysis for qualitative studies
244
Analysing data
244
The role of computers in research
245
The role of statistics in research
245
Summary
246
16
Displaying data
247
Tables
248
Structure
248
Types of tables
250
Types of percentages
251
Graphs
252
The histogram
253
The bar chart
255
The stacked bar chart
255
The
100
per cent bar chart
255
The frequency polygon
256
The cumulative frequency polygon
258
The stem-and-leaf display
259
Contents
x¡
The pie chart
259
The line diagram or trend curve
260
The area chart
260
The scattergram
261
Summary
262
Step
VIII
Witting a research report
263
17
Writing a research report
265
Research writing in general
266
Referencing
266
Writing a bibliography
267
Developing an outline
267
Writing about a variable
269
Summary
271
18
Research methodology and practice evaluation
273
What is evaluation?
274
Why evaluation?
275
Intervention-development-evaluation process
277
Perspectives in the classification of evaluation studies
278
Types of evaluation from a focus perspective
280
Evaluation for planning a program/intervention
281
Process/monitoring evaluation
283
Impact/outcome evaluation
287
Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness evaluation
291
Types of evaluation from a philosophical perspective
292
Goal-centered/objective-oriented evaluation
293
Consumer-oriented/client-centred evaluation
293
Improvement-oriented evaluation
293
Holistic/illuminative evaluation
293
Understanding an evaluation: the process
294
Involving stakeholders in evaluation
302
Ethics in evaluation
303
Summary
304
Appendix Developing a research project
—
a set of exercises for beginners
305
References
323
Index
327 |
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| author | Kumar, Ranjit |
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| edition | 2. ed. - 4. print. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung |
| id | DE-604.BV035031220 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:49:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:20:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 141291194X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016700205 |
| oclc_num | 315835535 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XIX, 332 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | SAGE |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kumar, Ranjit Verfasser aut Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners Ranjit Kumar 2. ed. - 4. print. London [u.a.] SAGE 2008 XIX, 332 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. [323]-326) and index Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd rswk-swf Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (DE-588)4066571-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 s DE-604 Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 s 1\p DE-604 Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 s Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (DE-588)4066571-9 s 2\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016700205&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Kumar, Ranjit Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 gnd Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (DE-588)4066571-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014606-6 (DE-588)4139716-2 (DE-588)4055916-6 (DE-588)4155051-1 (DE-588)4066571-9 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners |
| title_auth | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners |
| title_exact_search | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners |
| title_full | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners Ranjit Kumar |
| title_fullStr | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners Ranjit Kumar |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners Ranjit Kumar |
| title_short | Research methodology |
| title_sort | research methodology a step by step guide for beginners |
| title_sub | a step-by-step guide for beginners |
| topic | Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 gnd Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (DE-588)4066571-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Empirische Sozialforschung Methodologie Forschungsplanung Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016700205&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kumarranjit researchmethodologyastepbystepguideforbeginners |