"Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005: wybrane zagadnienia
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Wrocław
Wydawnictwo Chronicon
2007
|
| Series: | Colloquia
1 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 160 s. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788392518136 |
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| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Przedmowa: Wojciech Fałkowski
............................... 7
Wprowadzenie: Teresa Michałowska
............................ 9
I. TREŚCI DOKTRYNALNE WYBRANYCH „SZTUK
Juliusz Domański
Gramatyka madzy metafizyką apoezją
............................ 15
Mieczysław Markowski
Filozoficzna formacja uniwersytecka w Pohce średniowiecznej
.............. 33
Teresa Michałowska
„Ars
dictaminis w Pobce średniowiecznej. Literackie treści doktryny
.......... 41
Elżbieta Witkowska-Zaremba
„Ars
muska jako przedmiot nauczania w obrębie
„quadrìvium
............ 75
Mieczysław Markowski
Krakowska szkoła międzynarodowego nauczania astronomii
............... 87
II.
PROGRAM I METODY NAUCZANIA
SEPTEM
ARTES
W POLSCE
Krzysztof Ożóg
Zakres i metody nauczania
„septem
artes na
Wydziale Sztuk
Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego w
XV
wieku
......................... 105
Krzysztof Stopka
Zakres i program nauczania
„septem
artes
w szkołach katedralnych
.......... 125
Mieczysław
Mejor
Kanon lektur i komentarze w polskim szkolnictwie
XIV-XV
wieku.
Uwagi o cytatach
........................................ 137
Indeks postaci historycznych
.................................. 149
Summaries and about the Authors
............................. 152
Septem
artes
in the Formation of Intellectual Culture
in Medieval Poland (Selected Questions)
Summaries and about the Authors
JULIUSZ DOMAŃSKI
Grammar
-
between Metaphysics and Poetry
Similarly to that presented in
τέχνη γραμματική
by Dionysius Thrax, the defini¬
tion of grammar in the later
De oratore
by Cicero differs from the modern ones
-
it
includes the critics and interpretations of literary works, which are not comprised
by the contemporary understanding of grammar. This definition, however, and
τέχναι γραμματικού
themselves, in Greece were preceded by reflections on langu¬
age as a distinct and autonomous subject, in which they resemble modern defini¬
tions of grammar. The core of the reflections is the question of relations between
names and things, the extralinguistic beings. It is so not only in Plato s Cmtylus
-
the
only Greek linguistic work of Classical period which has survived as a whole
—
but
also in Protagoras reflection on language, in which he stated the incompatibility of
things and their names, on which he built up his theory that names are not of na¬
ture
(φύσει)
but come from an agreement
(θέσει, νόμω, διαθήκη).
A reflection of
such orientation formed by Protagoras has its equivalent at Democritus. On the
other hand, even this very early stage of reflection, isolating the language and mak¬
ing it autonomous while shaping it into a correlative of a being at the same time,
uses references to literature
-
such as Homer s and Hesiod s poetry
-
and forms its
linguistic nomenclature by using the words which signify script and the activity of
writing (e.g. calling a sound
a
γράμμα).
Xenophon as well as Aristotle soon after
him named also the grammar itself and the one who deals with it with a name
ethymologically derived from writing and script
ή γραμματική
and
ó
γραμματικός.
Grammar was understood by them simply as reading and writing skill.
It is difficult to assess, whether the reference made to poets and the terminology relat¬
ed to names and reading and writing activity are the proofs of literate culture victory
over the oral one. It is, however, certain that the later grammatical reflection makes writ¬
ten literature rather than the language
-
living and spoken
-
the subject of its interest.
The Stoics inquires constitute the halfway stage. By resignation from understanding the
language as a correlative of ontological reality towards the language of the exterior one,
as well as by focusing on the language only through the introduction to reflections on
language, the issues such as whether there is or not an analogy and anomaly in language
-
strengthen the distinctiveness and autonomous character of a language. Simultane¬
ously, though, by using their own interpretation of poetic works, they root grammatical
Summaries
53
reflection deeply in the study of literature. From here, there is one step only to the defini¬
tion of grammar, which is to be found at Dionysius Thrax and Cicero.
Taking as a basis these well-known facts from the history of ancient grammar devel¬
opment
-
which led from understanding it as a basic skill of reading and writing to
an independent and higher level skill of reading and correct interpretation of literary
works, which moved grammar from ontological speculation to empirical sphere
-
the
author makes an attempt to hypothetically answer me question of the reason for the
return in the 12th and
13*
centuries of the way of thinking about language and under¬
standing the grammar
ver)
similar to that which is presented in the unknown at that
time Cratylus by Plato.
In this only hypothetical form he points at
-
as an analogy rather that the reli¬
able source
-
the linguistic reflections of St Augustine, mainly the ones that is in¬
cluded in
De doctrina
Christiana, often read during the whole Middle Ages period.
JULIUSZ
DOMANSKI, born in
1927,
a classical philologist and a historian of ancient
and
premodern
philosophy, a retired professor of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology
of the Polish Academy of Sciences and of the Institute of Classical Philology of the Univer¬
sity of Warsaw, active member of
PAU,
the author of, among all,
De Philippo
Callimacho elegi-
corum
Romanorum
imitatore
(1966);
Erazm i filozofia. Studium o koncepcji
ßlozoßi
Erazma z
Rotterdamu
[Erasmus and Philosophy. A Study on
lhe
Understanding of Philosophy by Erasmus of Rotterdam]
(1973
and
2001),
Scholastyczne
i humanistyczne pojęcie filozofii
[ Scholastic and Humanbtic Under¬
standing of Philosophy],
(=
Studia Mediewistyczne XIX/1,
1973
and separately
2005);
Po¬
czątki humanizmu
[The Beginnings of Humanism]
(=
Dzieje filozofii średniowiecznej w Polsce
[History of Medieval Philosophy in Poland] IX,
1982);
Tehtjako
uobecnienie. Szkic z dziejów my¬
śli o piśmie i biąice
[Text as Presence. A Sketch from
tlie
History of Thought on Script and Book]
(1992;
2002);
La philosophie, théorie ou manière de vivre? Us controverses de l Antiquité à la Raenaissance, in
Polish:
Metamorfozy pojęcia filozofii
[Metamorphoses of
tlieNoiion
of Philosophy]
(1996).
MIECZYSŁAW MARKOWSKI
Philosophical University Formation in the Medieval Poland
The University of Cracow, refounded by Ladislaus
Jagiełło,
the king of Poland, in
1400,
was the only institution of this type in this vast country covering the territories of
the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the
Russ.
Out of all
the university didactic fields of study,
facultas artium
was the one that benefited the most.
It was transformed into a department where widely understood philosophy was being
taught by numerous lecturers. The philosophers already educated in this young institu¬
tion, on the basis of a self-declaration began to form their own philosophical orientation.
It was founded on a methodological attitude of a common way
(да
communis),
promoted
the ideas of concordism in pbdlosophy and searched for intellectual unanimity. Especial¬
ly moderate rationalism, naturalism and
practicism
were highlighted in it.
The first important attribute of a Polish philosopher was a proper intellectual
formation based on a deep knowledge of scientific thought s main instrument,
which at that time was logic. Its study lasted for at least eighteen months.
In die nature oriented aspirations of the Cracovian university environment, philos¬
ophy was also meant to direct a philosopher to a proper action in order to gain better
knowledge of the arcana of nature. Therefore, most of the time was devoted to a broad
154
Summaries
teaching of the philosophy of nature. According to the Polish practicistic aspirations to
be a philosopher meant to lead an individual creative life aiming at achieving happi¬
ness and to work actively in the society for the benefit of the country.
Human law of nature found its best definition in the law of nations {ks gentium),
created at the turn of the 15th century in Cracow, which was the
Mest
explanation
of justice and religious tolerance principles in the international relations.
MIECZYSŁAW MARKOWSKI,
retired full professor at the Institute of Philosophy and
Sociology PAN in Warsaw. Medieval philosophy historian. Vice-chairman of the International
Commission for Manuscriptal Commentaries on Repertoires to Aristotle s Works (Repertoires
de manuscrits des commentaires d Aristote au Moyen Âge latin)
at
Société Internationale pour
l Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale
in Louvain. He participated in numerous international
congresses on medieval philosophy (e.g. in Spain, France, Germany, Italy, England, Hungary).
An author of over
600
scientific publications, ca.
150
of which were published in seven foreign
languages (two third of them were printed abroad). The most important of his works are,
among all, Burydanizm
w Polsce w okresie przedkopamkańskim [Buridanism
in Poland of Pre-Copernicus
Peńad]
(1971),
in a series:
Dzieje filozofii średniowiecznej w Polsce: Logika
[History of Medi¬
eval Philosophy in Poland: Logics]
(1975);
Filozofia przyrody w pierwszej połowie
XV
wieku
[Philo¬
sophy
oj
Naturein
the
First
Half of the IS 1
Century] (1976);
Teoria poznania
[Cognitive
theory]
(1978).
He published also:
Burìdanica
quae in codicibus
manu
scrìplis
bibliolhecarum Monacensium asservantur
(1981);
Repertorium
commentariorum
medii aevi in
Aristotelem
Latinorum quae in bibliolhecis Wiennaemser-
vantur
(1985);
Repertorium
commentariorum medii aevi in
Aristotelem
Latinorum quae in Bibliotheca Amplo-
niana Erjfardiae asservantur
(1987);
Astronomica et aslrologica Cracoviensk ante
1550 (1990);
Uniwersytet
Kmbwsldja/co
miejsce duchowych narodzin Mikołaja Kopernib
[Cracow University as a Place of Spiritual
Birth qfMcokus Copwnkus]
(1993);
Dzuje Wydziału Teobgii Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego w latach
1397
-1525
[The History of Theology Department of Cracow
University
in
1397-1525] (1996);
Pierwowzory
uniwersytetów
[Prototypes of Universities]
(2003),
Uniwersytet Kralcowski w kontekście środkowoeuropejskim
[The University of Cracow in the Central European Context]
(2005).
TERESA
MICHAŁOWSKA
Ars Dictüminh
in Medieval Poland. Literary Content of a Doctrine
The article briefly depicts the development of
ars
dictaminis in the
15lh-century
Po¬
land (mainly between
1420
and
1476)
against the background of a European theory
which evolved in the south and west of Europe from the mid of the
1
1th to the end of
the 14th century. European treatises were teaching the practise of basic rales regarding
the art of writing letters and documents. In our country these works were mostly well-
known and from the
1
3th century were a frequent subject of reading in chancelleries
and cathedral schools. After
1400
also at the Department of Arts at the University of
Cracow and in private chairs. They were used in rhetoric
-
an immensely important
discipline within
trivium
programme. Their impact resulted in Polish scholars forming
their own theoretical studies, intended for didactic purposes. Up to the present they
are in most manuscripts, either registered or partly used, mostly by historians.
There are two reasons why these works generate the medieval literature research¬
ers interest in them. First, some of the treatises show deep relation of both the gen¬
eral rhetoric theory and the theory of poetry arising from grammatical tradition
with the so-called poetriae
-
written in the renowned intellectual centres of the west-
Summaries
155
ern Europe in the 12th and
13*
centuries mainly, and inspired to a great extent by
philosophical and aesthetical ideas shaped by the schools in
Chartres,
Tours or by St
Victor school in Paris. On searching for literaiy excerpts in
artes dictaminis
formed by
Polish theoreticians, the attention was brought to the definition of
dictamen
which re¬
ferred not only to letters and documents, but to any works
witten
in an artistic way
-
both in prose and verse (either metric or rhythmic)
-
which corresponded to the
general understanding of a literary work. The theory was also put under examina¬
tion of difficult ornament (ornatus
diffiditi),
developed by Geoffrey of Vinsauf, a po¬
etry theoretician, and present in die treatises. The theory assumed the usage of se¬
lected stylistic tropes, subordinated to the rule of metaphor (tnmssumptid) in a way
that enables to gain the semantic two-layer text. Another excerpt withdrawn from
poetriae and rooted in the Roman rhetoric and the
1
4th-century grammar was a the¬
ory of three styles of artistic expression
-
low, medium and high
-
adjusted to the so¬
cial class concept and developed in detail when describing an epistolary style (mostly
titles) and the ways of formulating the first part
οι
a letter
(salutano).
Second, the letters and documents portraying dieoretical disquisition, or even form¬
ed into distinct collections (the so-called ¡ibriformularum) too often lacked historical au¬
thenticity and openly exhibited their literary values. They were formed in an orna¬
mental and difficult artistic style, creating at the same time a fictional situation and
topics, unauthentic figures of addressee and addresser, very often identical with per¬
sonified terms or arts (e.g. Mr
Dictamen
spoke to Mrs Rhetoric), which was an obvious
sign of reference made to the medieval literature convention and fine arts.
Artes dictaminis,
the knowledge of which was inseparable from education at the
level of
trivium
in the medieval Poland, co-developed the literary knowledge of local
intelligentsia: intellectual elite, from which not only the future readers derived but
also the authors of artistic literacy.
TERESA
MICHAŁOWSKA,
retired full professor in the Institute of Literary Research of
the Polish Academy of Sciences, active member of the Polish Academy of Knowledge
(Polska
Akademia Umiejętności),
full member of the Warsaw Scientific Society, a member of the Polish
PEN Club and the Committee of Polish Middle Ages Specialists. In
1995
she was prized by the
Foundation for Polish Science
-
in the field of humanistic and social sciences for her synthesis
Średniowiecz/
[The Middle Ages],
Warszawa, PWN
(1995)
in a series
„Wielka Historia Literatury
Polskiej
[ Great History of the Polish Literature ; 8th
ed., 2006).
The author of several
mono¬
graphies,
among all: Stwopoblca
teorìa
genologiczna
[Oíd
Potisk
Genoìogical
Theory]
(1974)
Ego
Gertruda
(2001)
(in which the beginnings of writing in Poland are dated to the
1
1th century),
Średniowiecz¬
na
teorìa
literatim
w
Pobce.
Rekonesans
[Outline
of
tlie
Medieval Theory of Literature in Pohnd]
(2007),
Hu¬
manistic Scries of the Foundation for Polish Science, and also numerous editorial works and ar¬
ticles published in Polish, English, French and Italian. The chief editor of the
Studia Staropol¬
skie.
Series Nova [ Old Polish Studies. Nova Series ] and Bibliotheca Litterarum
Medii Aevi
-
the series of the Institute of
Literar)
Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
ELŻBIETA WITKOWSKA-ZAREMBA
Ars
Muska
as a Teaching Subject
-mithin (kadrivium
The paper presents music as the subject taught within the quadrwium and the
scope of its teaching in the faculties of philosophy at medieval universities. View-
156
Summaries
ed
from that angle,
ars
musica
covered only part of musical matters of that time,
omitting the issues regarding the practice of music. Within the quadrwium, music
was related to the quantification of musical intervals. Its measuring methods,
based on the division of monochord reached back to the Euclid tradition. The
scope of information provided within its framework covered the contents of the
first two books from Boethius treatise
De musica.
The basic university textbook on
that subject was the treatise
Musica speculativa
(1323),
by a French mathematician
and astronomer, Johannes
de Muris.
This text has survived in a relatively large
number of manuscripts. Eight copies of the document known today, i.e. the lectu¬
res of Arithmetka cum
musica
were found at the University of Cracow in the 15th
and 16th centuries.
ELŻBIETA WITKOWSKA-ZAREMBA,
Ml professor at the Polish Academy of Scien¬
ces Institute of Art in Warsaw. Musicologist and classical philologist, member of Musico¬
logists Section of the Polish Composers Union, of the International Musicological Society
and of the Warsaw Scientific Society. She is an author of numerous works on the history
of music, mainly in the field of the history of music theory, such as:
Ars
musica
w krakow¬
skich traktatach muzycznych
XVI
wieku
[ Ars
Musica in
Cracoman
Musical Treatises of the Iff1 Cen¬
tury]
(1986);
Musica
Muris
і
nuri spekulatywny
w muzykografii średniowiecznej
[ Musica
Muris
and the Speculative Trend in Medieval Muskography]
(1992)
and critical editions, among all, of
two Latin treatises on organ music published in:
Ars
organimndi and its terminology around
1430
(Quellen und Studien zur Musiktheorie des Mittelalters
III.
Bayersche Akademie der Wis¬
senschaften. Bd. 15, 2001).
MIECZYSŁAW
MARKOWSKI
Cracoman
School of
International
Teaching of Astronomy
In the 15th century astronomy was one of the basic studies taught at thejagiel-
lonian University of Cracow. Thus, all great works of astronomy of that time, as
well as mathematics closely related to it and cosmology, were placed as obligatory
study subjects already in the first statutes
oí facultas
artiurn in Cracow. Private foun¬
dations of cathedrals made this situation possible: the foundation of Jan Stobner,
who founded a chair exclusively for mathematics and astronomy and the
foundation of Martin
Król,
who allocated the money for a private chair of astrol¬
ogy. Owing to him, a complete astronomy school was established, and the young-
Cracow University turned distinctive in character among other central European
institutions. At the university, apart from planetary astronomy, vast studies of com¬
putational astronomy and cosmology were lectured, in which even the issue of the
Earth movement was raised, which contributed to creating a critical atmosphere
around geostatism.
During his four-year stay at the University of Cracow,
Nicolaus
Copernicus of
Thorn
(Toruń)
found himself in a school of astronomy which was at the height of
its scientific development and international spread-out. The thesis of a double move¬
ment of the Earth was included in his work of youth written when he still lived in
Cracow and called Commentariolus (Little Commentary). As a Renaissance humanist,
overwhelmed by the ancient authors cult, he wrote another book, An Outline of He-
Summaries
157
liocentric System, in which he made references to the authority of the Pythagoreans
-
Filolaos of
Croton,
Ecphantus, and a Stoic, Heraclides Ponticus. Basically, it was
the content which was the subject
oí
the first of his books,
De
revolutionibiis (On the
Revolutions), I, II, III, V and Xth chapters, comprising a coherent theory of this
most famous medieval philosopher of nature and grand modern reformer of astron¬
omy, born in Pomeranian Thorn
(Toruń).
KRZYSZTOF OŻÓG
The Programme and Methods of
Septem
Artes
Teaching in the Faculty of the
Ub¬
eral
Arts at Cracow University in the
ІЗ
Century
After the second foundation in
1400,
the University of Cracow based the liberal
arts curriculum on the tradition formed within the Parisian environment. The gen¬
eral statutes of the University of Paris from
1366
contained the finally developed
artium syllabus
-
the effect of long-lasting evolution. It was introduced to the Char¬
les University in Prague, and through its agency
-
also to Cracow. The
septem
arks
li¬
berales
programme in the oldest statutes of the Cracow Faculty of Arts, from
1404—
1406,
was relatively limited. Aristotelian philosophy predominated in it with a great
emphasis put on the philosophy of nature, logic and moral philosophy, while the
philosophy of being, grammar and rhetoric, as well as quadrivial fields of knowl¬
edge were neglected. Modest at first, the programme of seven arts teaching expan¬
ded in time due to private chairs foundations of
Tomasz Nowek, Katarzyna Męży-
kowa, Jan Stobner,
Marcin
Król
of Zurawica,
Mikołaj
of
Brzeźnica
and
Jakub
of
Zaborów.
In
1449
they were used to create Collegium Minus, embracing eight chairs
overall, and the liberal arts teaching was reformed. Other corrections to the cur¬
riculum were made in
1476.
The Faculty of Arts was strengthened and the pro¬
gramme of commented texts was extended, which resulted in scientific flourishing
of some university fields: the philosophy of nature, astronomy,
astrolog)
and ma¬
thematics. In the 15th century an important feature of the Cracow faculty were the
masters interests in the history of their country. In the second half of the 15th and
in the first decades of the
16*
century the medieval and humanistic authors lec¬
tures were added in a greater number. The reception of humanism in the Faculty of
Arts in Cracow took place mainly due to the travelling humanists. Nevertheless, in
the whole curriculum of the seven arts no stable change was conducted in human¬
istic spirit since
1536,
when the whole Aristotelian philosophy and its scholastic way
of teaching was reintroduced.
KRZYSZTOF OŻÓG,
Prof. PhD, historian-medievalist, specializes in the history of medi¬
eval culture and the history of medieval Church; full professor at the Jagielkmian University,
head of (he Department of the History of Medieval Poland at the Jagiellonian University s In¬
stitute of History, member of Editorial Committee of Quaestiones
Medii Aevi
Nova , secre¬
tary of
Długosz
Committee, author of numerous works, among all,
Kultura umysłowa w Krako¬
wie w
XIV
wieku
[Intellectual Culture in Cracow in the 14th century]
(1987);
Intelektualna w służbie Króle¬
stwa Polskiego w latach
1306-1382
[Intellectuals in
Serúce
for the Kingdom of Poland in
1306-1382]
(1995);
Uczeni w
monarchii
Jadwigi Andegaweńslaęj i Wadysława Jagiełły
(1384-1434)
[Intelkctuab
in the
Monarchy
of
Jadwiga
of
Anjou
and
Władysław Jagiełło
(1384-1434)] (2004).
158
Summaries
KRZYSZTOF
STOPICA
The Scope and Programme of
Septem
Artes
Teaching in Cathedral Schools
Due to the lack of sources, it is impossible to reconstruct every Polish cathedral
school teaching programme in the Middle Ages. Only the inventory of books stored
in the Cracovian cathedral treasury in
1110,
containing some of classical school
book sets has been preserved. This results in a situation in which only a model re¬
construction of teaching is possible. From the end of the
1
1th century Polish cathe¬
dral schools implemented the seven liberal arts programme to a limited extent only.
They were mostly grammar schools in which the language and Latin literature
{stu¬
dia
litterarum) studying was emphasized. In the
1
3th century the elements of Aristotel¬
ian logic were introduced to the curriculum, followed probably by the introduction
of some writings on the philosophy of nature, taught on the basis of compendiums
mainly. In the 13th and 14th centuries some of the Polish cathedral schools (Wro¬
claw, Cracow) tried to hold a monopoly on the liberal arts teaching and to limit the
parish city schools curricula to the elementary level (basic Latin grammar, simple lit¬
erary pieces, elements of arithmetic). However, they lost the monopoly in the 15th
century. The recorded increase in the level of liberal arts teaching, including Aristo¬
telian philosophy, was related to the second foundation of the Cracow University
(1400).
In the mid-15th century, by the decision of diocesan synod in
Gniezno,
the
pupils from archdiocese were moved to the University of Cracow, cathedral school
in
Gniezno
or collegiate schools in which bachelors and masters of artium were
teaching. Since then, the collegiate schools and even the larger parish city schools
prepared the schoolchildren for the university studies at an equal level as the cathe¬
dral schools did, where their first study was Aristotelian logic. Since in all cathedral
schools also very small boys were enrolled, the schools offered them studies at the
elementary level. They commonly started with alphabet teaching, basic prayers, pe¬
nitential psalms and Donatus grammar
(Ars
minor). The study was accompanied by
simple writings reading (auctores
minores)
-
most of all of the Latin versions of
Awian s and Aesop s fables and of different versions of Moral Distychs by
Cato.
The
foUowing study was based on Latin grammar and so-called major authors learning.
It is impossible to determine their exact composition, due to numerous changes in
the described period. Apart from the classical and pseudoclassical authors known in
the west of Europe, the writings of local writers were also read (e.g. Antigamemtus by
Frowin, a Cracovian canon). As a rule, in the 14th century the classical authors writ¬
ings were left out of curriculum, while the medieval authors writings of moraliz¬
ing character were preferred. In the medieval Poland, however, all the texts that
appeared in a printed collection Auctores
odo
morales at the end of the 15th century
were known. Along with the development of humanism, classical authors reap¬
peared and began to co-exist with the medieval and pseudoclassical authors. In the
curriculum there were still the fruits of local authors (e.g. Moralities by
Mikołaj
Oloch of
Szamotuły,
John of
Dabrówka s
commentary on the Polish Chronicle by
Wincenty Kadłubek).
A new humanistic epistolography was introduced to schools.
Within their curricula the teaching of church calendar, elements of Aristotelian log¬
ic and philosophy were still included. From the early Middle Ages the pupils of ca¬
thedral schools took active part in liturgical officium by singing it and reciting some
of its excerpts (such as psalms, anthems, responsories, etc.). Through this, cathedral
schools in Poland were preparing their pupils for holy orders, university studies,
Summaries
159
schools of lower education, as well as for lay professions in which the skills of reading,
writing and counting were required.
KRZYSZTOF STOPKA, PhD,
historian, lecturer at the Department of History of Edu¬
cation and Culture at the Institute of History of the Jagiellonian University, director of the
Jagiellonian University Archive. Member of the
PAU
East European Commission, of the
Comparative History of Churches Commission of PAN Historical Sciences Commission,
the Polish Historical Association and Polish Heraldic Association. Medieval culture research¬
er, mainly the history of school in Poland, and also Armenian Christianity on the territory of
historical Armenia and in Poland. Author of numerous publications such as:
Szkoły katedralne
metropolii gnieźnieńskiej w średniowieczu
[Cathedral Schooh in
lhe
Gniezno
Metropolitan in the Middle
Ages]
(1994);
Ormianie
да
Polsce dawnej i dzisiejszej
[Armenians in Poland of the Past and Present]
(2000);
Armenia Christiana . Unionislvczna
polityka Konstantynopola i Rzymu a tożsamość chrześcijań¬
stwa ormiańskiego [ Armenia Chistiand
.
Unionist Politics of Constantinople and Rome and Armenian
Christianity identity]
(2002);
Wdzięczność ma długą pamięć. Mecenasi Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego i rola
ich darów w dziejach uczelni
[Gratefulness has hng
Memory.
Patrons of Cracow University and the Role
of Their Gifts in the History of the Institution]
(2005);
biography of grand figures of Armenian
diaspora in Poland in
Polski słownik biograficzny
[Polish Dictionary of Biography]. Translator of
the Armenian work of a Constantinople s patriarch, Malachiasz
Ormanian
-
Kościół ormiań¬
ski.
Hhtorìa,
doktryna, zarząd, reguły ¡canoniczne, liturgia, literatura i stan współczesny
[Armenian Church.
History, Doctrine, Administration, Canon Rules, Liturgy, Literature and the Present Situation]
(2004).
Co¬
author of
Dzieje Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
[History of the Jagiellonian University]
(2000);
Kalenda¬
rium dziejów Polski
[Calendarium of the History of Poland]
(1999)
and
Dzieje świata
[The History of
the World]
(2005).
MIECZYSŁAW
MEJOR
Set Boolcs Canon and Commentaries in the Polish Schools of the 14A and
15a
Centuries.
Remark on
Chotes
The question of the set books canon read in the Polish schools during the Mid¬
dle Ages is an important task for today s medieval studies. The so-far collected data
might be completed by undertaking research of quotations and cryptoquotes in
the works of didactic and edifying character (sermons, university speeches), as well
as in the commentaries on the set texts at schools and university. On the example
of works varying in their chronology and genres, such as: The Holy Cross Sermons
(the 14th century), Frowin s Antigameratus (ca.
1340),
Sermones de sapientia
by
Stani¬
sław
of Skarbimierz (ca.
1360-1431),
Rhetorica and Liber
Formulářům
by
Jerzy
of
Chrostów (ca.
1415),
Rhetorica by
Marcin
of
Międzyrzecz
(1424-1428)
the quota¬
tions, loci and auctoritates consisted in them were revealed. This kind of references
might be a proof of the knowledge of works ascribed to a group of school au¬
thors. However, many of the quotations, mainly from outside of the group, might
come from florilegia. Still, even if they are not a proof of direct reading, they de¬
termine a certain way of thinking of the authors. The quotes reveal a circle of
texts known by and available to the author and the reader. References made to un¬
known and unavailable works would not be justified. On the basis of quotations
not only author s erudition might be reconstructed, but also the real library of
works known and available to him.
160
Summaries
MIECZYSŁAW
MEJOR,
employed at the Institute of Literary Research at the Polish
Academy of Sciences, professor of
Białystok
University, classical philologist and Old Polish
literature historian. He specializes in editing and translation into Polish Latin of the works
written between the Middle Ages and Baroque. He published a book
Antyczne tradycje średnio¬
wiecznej praktyki pisarskiej
[Ancient. Traditions of Medieval Writing Practice]
(2000)
and also, among
all, Victoria deorum
(1995)
and Roxolania
(1996)
by S.F. Klonowic and
Adverbia
moralia
(1996)
by
S.H. Lubomirski. He also worked on the publishing of in
Psałterz floriański
[St.
Florian
psalter];
an electronic version of
Biblioteka zabytków pobkiego piśmiennictwa średniowiecznego
[Collection of
tlie
Medieval Polish Writings] edited by W. Twardzik
(2006).
He gave numerous lectures, includ¬
ing:
íródla
literackie a przynależność gatunkowa wiersza
Antigameratus
Frowina z Krakowa
[Literary
Sources
and
Genre Affiliation
of
a
Poem
Antigameralus
by Frowin of Cracow]
(2006),
¿дава
w Ka¬
zaniach świttokrzyslddi
Џмип
in The Holy Cross Sermons ]
(2007).
He is preparing the edition
of medieval Latin poetry in Poland.
WOJCIECH FAŁKOWSKI,
a historian and professor at the University of Warsaw. Au¬
thor and editor of books on the history of culture and medieval history of Poland and Eu¬
rope. His major field of research is the Carolingian era and the Jagiellonian period. Direc¬
tor of a programme aiming at the estimation of the Second World War losses in Warsaw.
For many years he was the Secretary General of Polish National Commission for
UNESCO. Member of The Memory of the World , a UNESCO programme, the Nation¬
al Committee and of the
EU
COST programme. The Chairman of the Polish Mediaeval-
ists Committee. In
1976-1982
an associate of the Workers Defence Committee, an organ¬
izer of an action to help the victims, the head of underground publishing houses
Głos
and
Krąg .
Author of, among all,
Elita władzy w Polsce zapanowania Kazimierza Jagiellończy-
ka
[The Ruling Elite in Poland under the Rule of
Casimir
IV
Jagiellon]
(1992),
and Potestas
regia.
Władza
і
politylta
w królestwie zachodniofrankijskim na przełomie
IX
і
X
wieku [Potestas
regia.
Power
and Politics in the
Western
Frankhh Kingdom at the Turn of the 9 1 and
IO 1
Centuries]
(1999).
|
| adam_txt |
Spis
tresei
Przedmowa: Wojciech Fałkowski
. 7
Wprowadzenie: Teresa Michałowska
. 9
I. TREŚCI DOKTRYNALNE WYBRANYCH „SZTUK"
Juliusz Domański
Gramatyka madzy metafizyką apoezją
. 15
Mieczysław Markowski
Filozoficzna formacja uniwersytecka w Pohce średniowiecznej
. 33
Teresa Michałowska
„Ars
dictaminis" w Pobce średniowiecznej. Literackie treści doktryny
. 41
Elżbieta Witkowska-Zaremba
„Ars
muska"jako przedmiot nauczania w obrębie
„quadrìvium"
. 75
Mieczysław Markowski
Krakowska szkoła międzynarodowego nauczania astronomii
. 87
II.
PROGRAM I METODY NAUCZANIA
SEPTEM
ARTES
W POLSCE
Krzysztof Ożóg
Zakres i metody nauczania
„septem
artes" na
Wydziale Sztuk
Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego w
XV
wieku
. 105
Krzysztof Stopka
Zakres i program nauczania
„septem
artes"
w szkołach katedralnych
. 125
Mieczysław
Mejor
Kanon lektur i komentarze w polskim szkolnictwie
XIV-XV
wieku.
Uwagi o cytatach
. 137
Indeks postaci historycznych
. 149
Summaries and about the Authors
. 152
Septem
artes
in the Formation of Intellectual Culture
in Medieval Poland (Selected Questions)
Summaries and about the Authors
JULIUSZ DOMAŃSKI
Grammar
-
between Metaphysics and Poetry
Similarly to that presented in
τέχνη γραμματική
by Dionysius Thrax, the defini¬
tion of grammar in the later
De oratore
by Cicero differs from the modern ones
-
it
includes the critics and interpretations of literary works, which are not comprised
by the contemporary understanding of grammar. This definition, however, and
τέχναι γραμματικού
themselves, in Greece were preceded by reflections on langu¬
age as a distinct and autonomous subject, in which they resemble modern defini¬
tions of grammar. The core of the reflections is the question of relations between
names and things, the extralinguistic beings. It is so not only in Plato's Cmtylus
-
the
only Greek linguistic work of Classical period which has survived as a whole
—
but
also in Protagoras' reflection on language, in which he stated the incompatibility of
things and their names, on which he built up his theory that names are not 'of na¬
ture'
(φύσει)
but come from an 'agreement'
(θέσει, νόμω, διαθήκη).
A reflection of
such orientation formed by Protagoras has its equivalent at Democritus. On the
other hand, even this very early stage of reflection, isolating the language and mak¬
ing it autonomous while shaping it into a correlative of a being at the same time,
uses references to literature
-
such as Homer's and Hesiod's poetry
-
and forms its
linguistic nomenclature by using the words which signify script and the activity of
writing (e.g. calling a sound
a
γράμμα).
Xenophon as well as Aristotle soon after
him named also the grammar itself and the one who deals with it with a name
ethymologically derived from writing and script
ή γραμματική
and
ó
γραμματικός.
Grammar was understood by them simply as reading and writing skill.
It is difficult to assess, whether the reference made to poets and the terminology relat¬
ed to names and reading and writing activity are the proofs of literate culture victory
over the oral one. It is, however, certain that the later grammatical reflection makes writ¬
ten literature rather than the language
-
living and spoken
-
the subject of its interest.
The Stoics' inquires constitute the halfway stage. By resignation from understanding the
language as a correlative of ontological reality towards the language of the exterior one,
as well as by focusing on the language only through the introduction to reflections on
language, the issues such as whether there is or not an analogy and anomaly in language
-
strengthen the distinctiveness and autonomous character of a language. Simultane¬
ously, though, by using their own interpretation of poetic works, they root grammatical
Summaries \
53
reflection deeply in the study of literature. From here, there is one step only to the defini¬
tion of grammar, which is to be found at Dionysius Thrax and Cicero.
Taking as a basis these well-known facts from the history of ancient grammar devel¬
opment
-
which led from understanding it as a 'basic skill of reading and writing' to
an independent and higher level skill of reading and correct interpretation of literary
works, which moved grammar from ontological speculation to empirical sphere
-
the
author makes an attempt to hypothetically answer me question of the reason for the
return in the 12th and
13*
centuries of the way of thinking about language and under¬
standing the grammar
ver)'
similar to that which is presented in the unknown at that
time Cratylus by Plato.
In this only hypothetical form he points at
-
as an analogy rather that the reli¬
able source
-
the linguistic reflections of St Augustine, mainly the ones that is in¬
cluded in
De doctrina
Christiana, often read during the whole Middle Ages period.
JULIUSZ
DOMANSKI, born in
1927,
a classical philologist and a historian of ancient
and
premodern
philosophy, a retired professor of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology
of the Polish Academy of Sciences and of the Institute of Classical Philology of the Univer¬
sity of Warsaw, active member of
PAU,
the author of, among all,
De Philippo
Callimacho elegi-
corum
Romanorum
imitatore
(1966);
Erazm i filozofia. Studium o koncepcji
ßlozoßi
Erazma z
Rotterdamu
[Erasmus and Philosophy. A Study on
lhe
Understanding of Philosophy by Erasmus of Rotterdam]
(1973
and
2001),
"Scholastyczne"
i "humanistyczne" pojęcie filozofii
["Scholastic" and "Humanbtic" Under¬
standing of Philosophy],
(=
"Studia Mediewistyczne" XIX/1,
1973
and separately
2005);
Po¬
czątki humanizmu
[The Beginnings of Humanism]
(=
"Dzieje filozofii średniowiecznej w Polsce"
[History of Medieval Philosophy in Poland] IX,
1982);
Tehtjako
uobecnienie. Szkic z dziejów my¬
śli o piśmie i biąice
[Text as Presence. A Sketch from
tlie
History of Thought on Script and Book]
(1992;
2002);
La philosophie, théorie ou manière de vivre? Us controverses de l'Antiquité à la Raenaissance, in
Polish:
Metamorfozy pojęcia filozofii
[Metamorphoses of
tlieNoiion
of Philosophy]
(1996).
MIECZYSŁAW MARKOWSKI
Philosophical University Formation in the Medieval Poland
The University of Cracow, refounded by Ladislaus
Jagiełło,
the king of Poland, in
1400,
was the only institution of this type in this vast country covering the territories of
the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the
Russ.
Out of all
the university didactic fields of study,
facultas artium
was the one that benefited the most.
It was transformed into a department where widely understood philosophy was being
taught by numerous lecturers. The philosophers already educated in this young institu¬
tion, on the basis of a self-declaration began to form their own philosophical orientation.
It was founded on a methodological attitude of a common way
(да
communis),
promoted
the ideas of concordism in pbdlosophy and searched for intellectual unanimity. Especial¬
ly moderate rationalism, naturalism and
practicism
were highlighted in it.
The first important attribute of a Polish philosopher was a proper intellectual
formation based on a deep knowledge of scientific thought's main instrument,
which at that time was logic. Its study lasted for at least eighteen months.
In die nature oriented aspirations of the Cracovian university environment, philos¬
ophy was also meant to direct a philosopher to a proper action in order to gain better
knowledge of the arcana of nature. Therefore, most of the time was devoted to a broad
154
Summaries
teaching of the philosophy of nature. According to the Polish practicistic aspirations to
be a philosopher meant to lead an individual creative life aiming at achieving happi¬
ness and to work actively in the society for the benefit of the country.
Human law of nature found its best definition in the law of nations {ks gentium),
created at the turn of the 15th century in Cracow, which was the
Mest
explanation
of justice and religious tolerance principles in the international relations.
MIECZYSŁAW MARKOWSKI,
retired full professor at the Institute of Philosophy and
Sociology PAN in Warsaw. Medieval philosophy historian. Vice-chairman of the International
Commission for Manuscriptal Commentaries on Repertoires to Aristotle's Works (Repertoires
de manuscrits des commentaires d'Aristote au Moyen Âge latin)
at
Société Internationale pour
l'Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale
in Louvain. He participated in numerous international
congresses on medieval philosophy (e.g. in Spain, France, Germany, Italy, England, Hungary).
An author of over
600
scientific publications, ca.
150
of which were published in seven foreign
languages (two third of them were printed abroad). The most important of his works are,
among all, Burydanizm
w Polsce w okresie przedkopamkańskim [Buridanism
in Poland of Pre-Copernicus
Peńad]
(1971),
in a series:
"Dzieje filozofii średniowiecznej w Polsce: Logika"
[History of Medi¬
eval Philosophy in Poland: Logics]
(1975);
Filozofia przyrody w pierwszej połowie
XV
wieku
[Philo¬
sophy
oj
Naturein
the
First
Half of the IS'1'
Century] (1976);
Teoria poznania
[Cognitive
theory]
(1978).
He published also:
Burìdanica
quae in codicibus
manu
scrìplis
bibliolhecarum Monacensium asservantur
(1981);
Repertorium
commentariorum
medii aevi in
Aristotelem
Latinorum quae in bibliolhecis Wiennaemser-
vantur
(1985);
Repertorium
commentariorum medii aevi in
Aristotelem
Latinorum quae in Bibliotheca Amplo-
niana Erjfardiae asservantur
(1987);
Astronomica et aslrologica Cracoviensk ante
1550 (1990);
Uniwersytet
Kmbwsldja/co
miejsce duchowych narodzin Mikołaja Kopernib
[Cracow University as a Place of Spiritual
Birth qfMcokus Copwnkus]
(1993);
Dzuje Wydziału Teobgii Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego w latach
1397'
-1525
[The History of Theology Department of Cracow
University
in
1397-1525] (1996);
Pierwowzory
uniwersytetów
[Prototypes of Universities]
(2003),
Uniwersytet Kralcowski w kontekście środkowoeuropejskim
[The University of Cracow in the Central European Context]
(2005).
TERESA
MICHAŁOWSKA
"Ars Dictüminh"
in Medieval Poland. Literary Content of a Doctrine
The article briefly depicts the development of
ars
dictaminis in the
15lh-century
Po¬
land (mainly between
1420
and
1476)
against the background of a European theory
which evolved in the south and west of Europe from the mid of the
1
1th to the end of
the 14th century. European treatises were teaching the practise of basic rales regarding
the art of writing letters and documents. In our country these works were mostly well-
known and from the
1
3th century were a frequent subject of reading in chancelleries
and cathedral schools. After
1400
also at the Department of Arts at the University of
Cracow and in private chairs. They were used in rhetoric
-
an immensely important
discipline within
trivium
programme. Their impact resulted in Polish scholars forming
their own theoretical studies, intended for didactic purposes. Up to the present they
are in most manuscripts, either registered or partly used, mostly by historians.
There are two reasons why these works generate the medieval literature research¬
ers' interest in them. First, some of the treatises show deep relation of both the gen¬
eral rhetoric theory and the theory of poetry arising from grammatical tradition
with the so-called poetriae
-
written in the renowned intellectual centres of the west-
Summaries
155
ern Europe in the 12th and
13*
centuries mainly, and inspired to a great extent by
philosophical and aesthetical ideas shaped by the schools in
Chartres,
Tours or by St
Victor school in Paris. On searching for literaiy excerpts in
artes dictaminis
formed by
Polish theoreticians, the attention was brought to the definition of
dictamen
which re¬
ferred not only to letters and documents, but to any works
witten
in an artistic way
-
both in prose and verse (either metric or rhythmic)
-
which corresponded to the
general understanding of a literary work. The theory was also put under examina¬
tion of "difficult ornament" (ornatus
diffiditi),
developed by Geoffrey of Vinsauf, a po¬
etry theoretician, and present in die treatises. The theory assumed the usage of se¬
lected stylistic tropes, subordinated to the rule of metaphor (tnmssumptid) in a way
that enables to gain the semantic two-layer text. Another excerpt withdrawn from
poetriae and rooted in the Roman rhetoric and the
1
4th-century grammar was a the¬
ory of three styles of artistic expression
-
low, medium and high
-
adjusted to the so¬
cial class concept and developed in detail when describing an epistolary style (mostly
titles) and the ways of formulating the first part
οι
a letter
(salutano).
Second, the letters and documents portraying dieoretical disquisition, or even form¬
ed into distinct collections (the so-called ¡ibriformularum) too often lacked historical au¬
thenticity and openly exhibited their literary values. They were formed in an orna¬
mental and difficult artistic style, creating at the same time a fictional situation and
topics, unauthentic figures of addressee and addresser, very often identical with per¬
sonified terms or arts (e.g. Mr
Dictamen
spoke to Mrs Rhetoric), which was an obvious
sign of reference made to the medieval literature convention and fine arts.
Artes dictaminis,
the knowledge of which was inseparable from education at the
level of
trivium
in the medieval Poland, co-developed the literary knowledge of local
intelligentsia: intellectual elite, from which not only the future readers derived but
also the authors of artistic literacy.
TERESA
MICHAŁOWSKA,
retired full professor in the Institute of Literary Research of
the Polish Academy of Sciences, active member of the Polish Academy of Knowledge
(Polska
Akademia Umiejętności),
full member of the Warsaw Scientific Society, a member of the Polish
PEN Club and the Committee of Polish Middle Ages Specialists. In
1995
she was prized by the
Foundation for Polish Science
-
in the field of humanistic and social sciences for her synthesis
Średniowiecz/
[The Middle Ages],
Warszawa, PWN
(1995)
in a series
„Wielka Historia Literatury
Polskiej"
["Great History of the Polish Literature"; 8th
ed., 2006).
The author of several
mono¬
graphies,
among all: Stwopoblca
teorìa
genologiczna
[Oíd
Potisk
Genoìogical
Theory]
(1974)
Ego
Gertruda
(2001)
(in which the beginnings of writing in Poland are dated to the
1
1th century),
Średniowiecz¬
na
teorìa
literatim'
w
Pobce.
Rekonesans
[Outline
of
tlie
Medieval Theory of Literature in Pohnd]
(2007),
Hu¬
manistic Scries of the Foundation for Polish Science, and also numerous editorial works and ar¬
ticles published in Polish, English, French and Italian. The chief editor of the
"Studia Staropol¬
skie.
Series Nova" ["Old Polish Studies. Nova Series"] and "Bibliotheca Litterarum
Medii Aevi"
-
the series of the Institute of
Literar)'
Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
ELŻBIETA WITKOWSKA-ZAREMBA
"Ars
Muska"
as a Teaching Subject
-mithin "(kadrivium"
The paper presents music as the subject taught within the quadrwium and the
scope of its teaching in the faculties of philosophy at medieval universities. View-
156
Summaries
ed
from that angle,
ars
musica
covered only part of musical matters of that time,
omitting the issues regarding the practice of music. Within the quadrwium, music
was related to the quantification of musical intervals. Its measuring methods,
based on the division of monochord reached back to the Euclid tradition. The
scope of information provided within its framework covered the contents of the
first two books from Boethius' treatise
De musica.
The basic university textbook on
that subject was the treatise
Musica speculativa
(1323),
by a French mathematician
and astronomer, Johannes
de Muris.
This text has survived in a relatively large
number of manuscripts. Eight copies of the document known today, i.e. the lectu¬
res of Arithmetka cum
musica
were found at the University of Cracow in the 15th
and 16th centuries.
ELŻBIETA WITKOWSKA-ZAREMBA,
Ml professor at the Polish Academy of Scien¬
ces Institute of Art in Warsaw. Musicologist and classical philologist, member of Musico¬
logists Section of the Polish Composers Union, of the International Musicological Society
and of the Warsaw Scientific Society. She is an author of numerous works on the history
of music, mainly in the field of the history of music theory, such as:
"Ars
musica"
w krakow¬
skich traktatach muzycznych
XVI
wieku
["Ars
Musica" in
Cracoman
Musical Treatises of the Iff1' Cen¬
tury]
(1986);
"Musica
Muris"
і
nuri spekulatywny
w muzykografii średniowiecznej
["Musica
Muris"
and the Speculative Trend in Medieval Muskography]
(1992)
and critical editions, among all, of
two Latin treatises on organ music published in:
Ars
organimndi and its terminology around
1430
(Quellen und Studien zur Musiktheorie des Mittelalters
III.
Bayersche Akademie der Wis¬
senschaften. Bd. 15, 2001).
MIECZYSŁAW
MARKOWSKI
Cracoman
School of
International
Teaching of Astronomy
In the 15th century astronomy was one of the basic studies taught at thejagiel-
lonian University of Cracow. Thus, all great works of astronomy of that time, as
well as mathematics closely related to it and cosmology, were placed as obligatory
study subjects already in the first statutes
oí facultas
artiurn in Cracow. Private foun¬
dations of cathedrals made this situation possible: the foundation of Jan Stobner,
who founded a chair exclusively for mathematics and astronomy and the
foundation of Martin
Król,
who allocated the money for a private chair of astrol¬
ogy. Owing to him, a complete astronomy school was established, and the young-
Cracow University turned distinctive in character among other central European
institutions. At the university, apart from planetary astronomy, vast studies of com¬
putational astronomy and cosmology were lectured, in which even the issue of the
Earth movement was raised, which contributed to creating a critical atmosphere
around geostatism.
During his four-year stay at the University of Cracow,
Nicolaus
Copernicus of
Thorn
(Toruń)
found himself in a school of astronomy which was at the height of
its scientific development and international spread-out. The thesis of a double move¬
ment of the Earth was included in his work of youth written when he still lived in
Cracow and called Commentariolus (Little Commentary). As a Renaissance humanist,
overwhelmed by the ancient authors' cult, he wrote another book, An Outline of He-
Summaries
157
liocentric System, in which he made references to the authority of the Pythagoreans
-
Filolaos of
Croton,
Ecphantus, and a Stoic, Heraclides Ponticus. Basically, it was
the content which was the subject
oí
the first of his books,
De
revolutionibiis (On the
Revolutions), I, II, III, V and Xth chapters, comprising a coherent theory of this
most famous medieval philosopher of nature and grand modern reformer of astron¬
omy, born in Pomeranian Thorn
(Toruń).
KRZYSZTOF OŻÓG
The Programme and Methods of
"Septem
Artes"
Teaching in the Faculty of the
Ub¬
eral
Arts at Cracow University in the
ІЗ"'
Century
After the second foundation in
1400,
the University of Cracow based the liberal
arts curriculum on the tradition formed within the Parisian environment. The gen¬
eral statutes of the University of Paris from
1366
contained the finally developed
artium syllabus
-
the effect of long-lasting evolution. It was introduced to the Char¬
les University in Prague, and through its agency
-
also to Cracow. The
septem
arks
li¬
berales
programme in the oldest statutes of the Cracow Faculty of Arts, from
1404—
1406,
was relatively limited. Aristotelian philosophy predominated in it with a great
emphasis put on the philosophy of nature, logic and moral philosophy, while the
philosophy of being, grammar and rhetoric, as well as quadrivial fields of knowl¬
edge were neglected. Modest at first, the programme of seven arts teaching expan¬
ded in time due to private chairs foundations of
Tomasz Nowek, Katarzyna Męży-
kowa, Jan Stobner,
Marcin
Król
of Zurawica,
Mikołaj
of
Brzeźnica
and
Jakub
of
Zaborów.
In
1449
they were used to create Collegium Minus, embracing eight chairs
overall, and the liberal arts teaching was reformed. Other corrections to the cur¬
riculum were made in
1476.
The Faculty of Arts was strengthened and the pro¬
gramme of commented texts was extended, which resulted in scientific flourishing
of some university fields: the philosophy of nature, astronomy,
astrolog)'
and ma¬
thematics. In the 15th century an important feature of the Cracow faculty were the
masters' interests in the history of their country. In the second half of the 15th and
in the first decades of the
16*
century the medieval and humanistic authors' lec¬
tures were added in a greater number. The reception of humanism in the Faculty of
Arts in Cracow took place mainly due to the travelling humanists. Nevertheless, in
the whole curriculum of the seven arts no stable change was conducted in human¬
istic spirit since
1536,
when the whole Aristotelian philosophy and its scholastic way
of teaching was reintroduced.
KRZYSZTOF OŻÓG,
Prof. PhD, historian-medievalist, specializes in the history of medi¬
eval culture and the history of medieval Church; full professor at the Jagielkmian University,
head of (he Department of the History of Medieval Poland at the Jagiellonian University's In¬
stitute of History, member of Editorial Committee of "Quaestiones
Medii Aevi
Nova", secre¬
tary of
Długosz
Committee, author of numerous works, among all,
Kultura umysłowa w Krako¬
wie w
XIV
wieku
[Intellectual Culture in Cracow in the 14th century]
(1987);
Intelektualna w służbie Króle¬
stwa Polskiego w latach
1306-1382
[Intellectuals in
Serúce
for the Kingdom of Poland in
1306-1382]
(1995);
Uczeni w
monarchii
Jadwigi Andegaweńslaęj i Wadysława Jagiełły
(1384-1434)
[Intelkctuab
in the
Monarchy
of
Jadwiga
of
Anjou
and
Władysław Jagiełło
(1384-1434)] (2004).
158
Summaries
KRZYSZTOF
STOPICA
The Scope and Programme of
"Septem
Artes"
Teaching in Cathedral Schools
Due to the lack of sources, it is impossible to reconstruct every Polish cathedral
school teaching programme in the Middle Ages. Only the inventory of books stored
in the Cracovian cathedral treasury in
1110,
containing some of classical school
book sets has been preserved. This results in a situation in which only a model re¬
construction of teaching is possible. From the end of the
1
1th century Polish cathe¬
dral schools implemented the seven liberal arts programme to a limited extent only.
They were mostly grammar schools in which the language and Latin literature
{stu¬
dia
litterarum) studying was emphasized. In the
1
3th century the elements of Aristotel¬
ian logic were introduced to the curriculum, followed probably by the introduction
of some writings on the philosophy of nature, taught on the basis of compendiums
mainly. In the 13th and 14th centuries some of the Polish cathedral schools (Wro¬
claw, Cracow) tried to hold a monopoly on the liberal arts teaching and to limit the
parish city schools curricula to the elementary level (basic Latin grammar, simple lit¬
erary pieces, elements of arithmetic). However, they lost the monopoly in the 15th
century. The recorded increase in the level of liberal arts teaching, including Aristo¬
telian philosophy, was related to the second foundation of the Cracow University
(1400).
In the mid-15th century, by the decision of diocesan synod in
Gniezno,
the
pupils from archdiocese were moved to the University of Cracow, cathedral school
in
Gniezno
or collegiate schools in which bachelors and masters of artium were
teaching. Since then, the collegiate schools and even the larger parish city schools
prepared the schoolchildren for the university studies at an equal level as the cathe¬
dral schools did, where their first study was Aristotelian logic. Since in all cathedral
schools also very small boys were enrolled, the schools offered them studies at the
elementary level. They commonly started with alphabet teaching, basic prayers, pe¬
nitential psalms and Donatus' grammar
(Ars
minor). The study was accompanied by
simple writings' reading (auctores
minores)
-
most of all of the Latin versions of
Awian's and Aesop's fables and of different versions of Moral Distychs by
Cato.
The
foUowing study was based on Latin grammar and so-called major authors' learning.
It is impossible to determine their exact composition, due to numerous changes in
the described period. Apart from the classical and pseudoclassical authors known in
the west of Europe, the writings of local writers were also read (e.g. Antigamemtus by
Frowin, a Cracovian canon). As a rule, in the 14th century the classical authors' writ¬
ings were left out of curriculum, while the medieval authors' writings of moraliz¬
ing character were preferred. In the medieval Poland, however, all the texts that
appeared in a printed collection Auctores
odo
morales at the end of the 15th century
were known. Along with the development of humanism, classical authors reap¬
peared and began to co-exist with the medieval and pseudoclassical authors. In the
curriculum there were still the fruits of local authors (e.g. Moralities by
Mikołaj
Oloch of
Szamotuły,
John of
Dabrówka's
commentary on the Polish Chronicle by
Wincenty Kadłubek).
A new humanistic epistolography was introduced to schools.
Within their curricula the teaching of church calendar, elements of Aristotelian log¬
ic and philosophy were still included. From the early Middle Ages the pupils of ca¬
thedral schools took active part in liturgical officium by singing it and reciting some
of its excerpts (such as psalms, anthems, responsories, etc.). Through this, cathedral
schools in Poland were preparing their pupils for holy orders, university studies,
Summaries
159
schools of lower education, as well as for lay professions in which the skills of reading,
writing and counting were required.
KRZYSZTOF STOPKA, PhD,
historian, lecturer at the Department of History of Edu¬
cation and Culture at the Institute of History of the Jagiellonian University, director of the
Jagiellonian University Archive. Member of the
PAU
East European Commission, of the
Comparative History of Churches Commission of PAN Historical Sciences Commission,
the Polish Historical Association and Polish Heraldic Association. Medieval culture research¬
er, mainly the history of school in Poland, and also Armenian Christianity on the territory of
historical Armenia and in Poland. Author of numerous publications such as:
Szkoły katedralne
metropolii gnieźnieńskiej w średniowieczu
[Cathedral Schooh in
lhe
Gniezno
Metropolitan in the Middle
Ages]
(1994);
Ormianie
да
Polsce dawnej i dzisiejszej
[Armenians in Poland of the Past and Present]
(2000);
"Armenia Christiana". Unionislvczna
polityka Konstantynopola i Rzymu a tożsamość chrześcijań¬
stwa ormiańskiego ["Armenia Chistiand"
'.
Unionist Politics of Constantinople and Rome and Armenian
Christianity identity]
(2002);
Wdzięczność ma długą pamięć. Mecenasi Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego i rola
ich darów w dziejach uczelni
[Gratefulness has hng
Memory.
Patrons of Cracow University and the Role
of Their Gifts in the History of the Institution]
(2005);
biography of grand figures of Armenian
diaspora in Poland in
Polski słownik biograficzny
[Polish Dictionary of Biography]. Translator of
the Armenian work of a Constantinople's patriarch, Malachiasz
Ormanian
-
Kościół ormiań¬
ski.
Hhtorìa,
doktryna, zarząd, reguły ¡canoniczne, liturgia, literatura i stan współczesny
[Armenian Church.
History, Doctrine, Administration, Canon Rules, Liturgy, Literature and the Present Situation]
(2004).
Co¬
author of
Dzieje Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
[History of the Jagiellonian University]
(2000);
Kalenda¬
rium dziejów Polski
[Calendarium of the History of Poland]
(1999)
and
Dzieje świata
[The History of
the World]
(2005).
MIECZYSŁAW
MEJOR
Set Boolcs Canon and Commentaries in the Polish Schools of the 14A and
15a
Centuries.
Remark on
Chotes
The question of the set books canon read in the Polish schools during the Mid¬
dle Ages is an important task for today's medieval studies. The so-far collected data
might be completed by undertaking research of quotations and cryptoquotes in
the works of didactic and edifying character (sermons, university speeches), as well
as in the commentaries on the set texts at schools and university. On the example
of works varying in their chronology and genres, such as: The Holy Cross Sermons
(the 14th century), Frowin's Antigameratus (ca.
1340),
Sermones de sapientia
by
Stani¬
sław
of Skarbimierz (ca.
1360-1431),
Rhetorica and Liber
Formulářům
by
Jerzy
of
Chrostów (ca.
1415),
Rhetorica by
Marcin
of
Międzyrzecz
(1424-1428)
the quota¬
tions, loci and auctoritates consisted in them were revealed. This kind of references
might be a proof of the knowledge of works ascribed to a group of school au¬
thors. However, many of the quotations, mainly from outside of the group, might
come from florilegia. Still, even if they are not a proof of direct reading, they de¬
termine a certain way of thinking of the authors. The quotes reveal a circle of
texts known by and available to the author and the reader. References made to un¬
known and unavailable works would not be justified. On the basis of quotations
not only author's erudition might be reconstructed, but also the real library of
works known and available to him.
160
Summaries
MIECZYSŁAW
MEJOR,
employed at the Institute of Literary Research at the Polish
Academy of Sciences, professor of
Białystok
University, classical philologist and Old Polish
literature historian. He specializes in editing and translation into Polish Latin of the works
written between the Middle Ages and Baroque. He published a book
Antyczne tradycje średnio¬
wiecznej praktyki pisarskiej
[Ancient. Traditions of Medieval Writing Practice]
(2000)
and also, among
all, Victoria deorum
(1995)
and Roxolania
(1996)
by S.F. Klonowic and
Adverbia
moralia
(1996)
by
S.H. Lubomirski. He also worked on the publishing of in
Psałterz floriański
[St.
Florian
psalter];
an electronic version of
Biblioteka zabytków pobkiego piśmiennictwa średniowiecznego
[Collection of
tlie
Medieval Polish Writings] edited by W. Twardzik
(2006).
He gave numerous lectures, includ¬
ing:
"íródla
literackie a przynależność gatunkowa wiersza
"Antigameratus"
Frowina z Krakowa
[Literary
Sources
and
Genre Affiliation
of
a
Poem
"Antigameralus"
by Frowin of Cracow]
(2006),
¿дава
w ''Ka¬
zaniach świttokrzyslddi"
Џмип
in "The Holy Cross Sermons"]
(2007).
He is preparing the edition
of medieval Latin poetry in Poland.
WOJCIECH FAŁKOWSKI,
a historian and professor at the University of Warsaw. Au¬
thor and editor of books on the history of culture and medieval history of Poland and Eu¬
rope. His major field of research is the Carolingian era and the Jagiellonian period. Direc¬
tor of a programme aiming at the estimation of the Second World War losses in Warsaw.
For many years he was the Secretary General of Polish National Commission for
UNESCO. Member of 'The Memory of the World', a UNESCO programme, the Nation¬
al Committee and of the
EU
COST programme. The Chairman of the Polish Mediaeval-
ists' Committee. In
1976-1982
an associate of the Workers' Defence Committee, an organ¬
izer of an action to help the victims, the head of underground publishing houses
"Głos"
and
'Krąg".
Author of, among all,
Elita władzy w Polsce zapanowania Kazimierza Jagiellończy-
ka
[The Ruling Elite in Poland under the Rule of
Casimir
IV
Jagiellon]
(1992),
and Potestas
regia.
Władza
і
politylta
w królestwie zachodniofrankijskim na przełomie
IX
і
X
wieku [Potestas
regia.
Power
and Politics in the
Western
Frankhh Kingdom at the Turn of the 9'1' and
IO'1'
Centuries]
(1999). |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)103272410 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035023820 |
| contents | Indeks |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)233490015 (DE-599)BVBBV035023820 |
| era | Geschichte 1100-1500 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1100-1500 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2005 Lublin gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2005 Lublin |
| geographic | Polska / średniowiecze / konferencje jhpk Polska - średniowiecze - konferencje jhpk Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polska / średniowiecze / konferencje Polska - średniowiecze - konferencje Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV035023820 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:47:13Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:20:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788392518136 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016692903 |
| oclc_num | 233490015 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| physical | 160 s. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Chronicon |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Colloquia |
| series2 | Colloquia |
| spelling | "Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005 wybrane zagadnienia pod red. Teresy Michałowskiej ; Stały Komitet Mediewistów Polskich ; Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie ; Instytut Historii Katolickiego Uniwesytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II. Wrocław Wydawnictwo Chronicon 2007 160 s. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colloquia 1 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Indeks Uniwersytet Jagielloński / programy nauczania / średniowiecze / konferencje jhpk Uniwersytet Jagielloński - programy nauczania - średniowiecze - konferencje jhpk Geschichte 1100-1500 gnd rswk-swf Edukacja średniowieczna / Polska / konferencje jhpk Edukacja średniowieczna - Polska - konferencje jhpk Artes liberales (DE-588)4143124-8 gnd rswk-swf Polska / średniowiecze / konferencje jhpk Polska - średniowiecze - konferencje jhpk Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2005 Lublin gnd-content Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Artes liberales (DE-588)4143124-8 s Geschichte 1100-1500 z DE-604 Michałowska, Teresa 1932- Sonstige (DE-588)103272410 oth Colloquia 1 (DE-604)BV035020496 1 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016692903&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016692903&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | "Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005 wybrane zagadnienia Colloquia Indeks Uniwersytet Jagielloński / programy nauczania / średniowiecze / konferencje jhpk Uniwersytet Jagielloński - programy nauczania - średniowiecze - konferencje jhpk Edukacja średniowieczna / Polska / konferencje jhpk Edukacja średniowieczna - Polska - konferencje jhpk Artes liberales (DE-588)4143124-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4143124-8 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | "Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005 wybrane zagadnienia |
| title_auth | "Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005 wybrane zagadnienia |
| title_exact_search | "Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005 wybrane zagadnienia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | "Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005 wybrane zagadnienia |
| title_full | "Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005 wybrane zagadnienia pod red. Teresy Michałowskiej ; Stały Komitet Mediewistów Polskich ; Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie ; Instytut Historii Katolickiego Uniwesytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II. |
| title_fullStr | "Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005 wybrane zagadnienia pod red. Teresy Michałowskiej ; Stały Komitet Mediewistów Polskich ; Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie ; Instytut Historii Katolickiego Uniwesytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II. |
| title_full_unstemmed | "Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005 wybrane zagadnienia pod red. Teresy Michałowskiej ; Stały Komitet Mediewistów Polskich ; Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie ; Instytut Historii Katolickiego Uniwesytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II. |
| title_short | "Septem artes" w kształtowaniu kultury umysłowej w Polsce średniowiecznej ; II Kongres Mediewistów Polskich, Lublin, 19 - 21 września 2005 |
| title_sort | septem artes w ksztaltowaniu kultury umyslowej w polsce sredniowiecznej ii kongres mediewistow polskich lublin 19 21 wrzesnia 2005 wybrane zagadnienia |
| title_sub | wybrane zagadnienia |
| topic | Uniwersytet Jagielloński / programy nauczania / średniowiecze / konferencje jhpk Uniwersytet Jagielloński - programy nauczania - średniowiecze - konferencje jhpk Edukacja średniowieczna / Polska / konferencje jhpk Edukacja średniowieczna - Polska - konferencje jhpk Artes liberales (DE-588)4143124-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Uniwersytet Jagielloński / programy nauczania / średniowiecze / konferencje Uniwersytet Jagielloński - programy nauczania - średniowiecze - konferencje Edukacja średniowieczna / Polska / konferencje Edukacja średniowieczna - Polska - konferencje Artes liberales Polska / średniowiecze / konferencje Polska - średniowiecze - konferencje Polen Konferenzschrift 2005 Lublin |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016692903&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016692903&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035020496 |
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