Liner shipping and EU competition law:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Alphen aan den Rijn
Kluwer Law International
c2008
|
| Series: | International competition law series
34 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Based on the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universitetet i Oslo, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. [437]-459) and index |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 466 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789041127174 9041127178 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Liner shipping and EU competition law |c Alla Pozdnakova |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Liner shipping and European Union competition law |
| 264 | 1 | |a Alphen aan den Rijn |b Kluwer Law International |c c2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXIV, 466 S. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a International competition law series |v 34 | |
| 500 | |a Based on the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universitetet i Oslo, 2007. | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [437]-459) and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Maritime law |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Antitrust law |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Competition, Unfair |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Restraint of trade |z European Union countries | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten | |
| 830 | 0 | |a International competition law series |v 34 |w (DE-604)BV014209489 |9 34 | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016690016 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137947006500864 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL LINER SHIPPING AND EU COMPETITION LAW ALIA
POZDNAKOVA T WOLTERS KLUWER LAW & BUSINESS AUSTIN BOSTON CHICAGO NEW
YORK THE NETHERLANDS TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD IX PREFACE * XI
ABBREVIATIONS XXIII PARTI INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVE AND PROBLEM
3 1.1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.2 COMPETITION PROBLEMS IN LINER SHIPPING 4 1.3
DELIMITATION AND TERMINOLOGY 5 CHAPTER 2 SOURCES AND METHOD 7 CHAPTER 3
STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK 1 11 PART II . COOPERATIVE AND UNILATERAL
MARKET CONDUCT OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 13 CHAPTER 4 ^ INTRODUCTION
15 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 COOPERATION BETWEEN LINER SHIPPING
COMPANIES 17 5.1 INTRODUCTION 17 5.2 AGREEMENTS AND CONCERTED PRACTICES
BETWEEN LINER 17 SHIPPING COMPANIES 5.3 DECISIONS BY ASSOCIATIONS OF
LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 24 5.4 COMPLEX CARTELS IN LINER SHIPPING 27
CHAPTER 6 TACIT COLLUSION IN LINER SHIPPING 31 6.1 INTRODUCTION 31 6.2
INTERDEPENDENCE OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES AS AN AGREEMENT OR CONCERTED
PRACTICE 33 6.3 TACIT ACQUIESCENCE AND PRICE LEADERSHIP IN LINER
SHIPPING 35 PART III LINER SHIPPING CARTELS 39 CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION 41
CHAPTER 8 LINER SHIPPING CARTELS UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) EC 43 8.1
INTRODUCTION 43 8.2 PRICE-FIXING AGREEMENTS IN LINER SHIPPING 44 8.2.1
INTRODUCTION 44 8.2.2 UNIFORM TARIFF AGREEMENTS 44 8.2.3 JOINT FIXING OF
DISCOUNTS 47 8.2.4 NON-BINDING AND RECOMMENDED TARIFF RATE LEVELS 49
8.2.5 DISCRIMINATORY TARIFF RATES 52 8.3 AGREEMENTS ON CONDITIONS AND
JOINT SUPPLY OF SHIPPING SERVICE 55 8.3.1 INTRODUCTION 55 8.3.2 COMMON
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE 55 8.3.3 JOINT MARKETING AND SALES OF
SHIPPING SERVICE 57 8.4 RATIONALIZATION AGREEMENTS IN LINER SHIPPING 58
8.4.1 INTRODUCTION 58 8.4.2 CAPACITY REGULATION AGREEMENTS 59 8.4.3
MARKET-SHARING AGREEMENTS IN LINER SHIPPING 61 8.4.3.1 OVERVIEW 61
8.4.3.2 GEOGRAPHIC MARKET SHARING 62 8.4.3.3 CARGO-SHARING (POOLING)
AGREEMENTS 63 8.4.4 REVENUE AND LOSS POOLS 66 8.5 INFORMATION EXCHANGE
AGREEMENTS IN LINER SHIPPING 67 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 8.6 LOYALTY
ARRANGEMENTS WITH SHIPPERS 73 8.6.1 INTRODUCTION 73 8.6.2 TYPES AND
CONDITIONS OF LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS 74 8.6.3 RESTRICTION OF COMPETITION
AS OBJECT OR EFFECT OF LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS 76 8.7 SERVICE CONTRACTS 81
8.7.1 INTRODUCTION 81 8.7.2 INDIVIDUAL SERVICE CONTRACTS 82 8.7.3
CONFERENCE AND MULTI-CARRIER SERVICE CONTRACTS 83 8.7.4 REGULATION OF
AVAILABILITY AND TERMS OF SERVICE CONTRACTS 85 8.8 LINER CARTELS WHICH
AFFECT TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES AND RESTRICT COMPETITION WITHIN
THE COMMON MARKET 86 8.8.1 INTRODUCTION 86 8.8.2 EFFECT ON TRADE
BETWEEN MEMBER STATES 87 8.8.3 LINER CARTELS WHICH RESTRICT COMPETITION
WITHIN THE COMMON MARKET 91 8.8.4 CRITERIA FOR APPLICATION OF THE DE
MINIMIS RULE TO LINER CARTELS 94 CHAPTER 9 APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3)
EC TO LINER SHIPPING CARTELS 97 9.1 INTRODUCTION 97 9.2 APPLICATION OF
ARTICLE 81(3) EC TO LINER CONFERENCES IN THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD 98
9.2.1 INTRODUCTION 98 9.2.2 BLOCK-EXEMPTION FOR AGREEMENTS IN A LINER
CONFERENCE 99 9.2.2.1 OVERVIEW 99 9.2.2.2 AGREEMENTS BETWEEN AH OR PART
OF THE MEMBERS OF ONE OR MORE LINER CONFERENCES 100 ; 9.2.2.3 UNIFORM
OR COMMON TARIFFS 102 9.2.2.4 AGREEMENTS ON MARITIME TARIFF RATES AND
CHARGES 104 9.2.2.5 RATIONALIZATION AGREEMENTS 107 9.2.2.6 MEMBERSHIP,
INTERNAL DISCIPLINE AND EXIT REGULATION 110 9.2.2.7 AGREEMENTS ANCILLARY
TO MARITIME TRANSPORT 112 9.2.3 BLOCK EXEMPTION FOR AGREEMENTS WITH
TRANSPORT USERS 112 9.2.3.1 OVERVIEW 112 9.2.3.2 LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS
113 9.2.3.3 SERVICE CONTRACTS 116 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 9.2.4 CONDITIONS
AND OBLIGATIONS ATTACHED TO THE CONFERENCE BLOCK EXEMPTION 117 9.2.4.1
OVERVIEW 117 9.2.4.2 NON-DISCRIMINATION CONDITION 118 9.2.4.3
CONSULTATIONS WITH TRANSPORT USERS 119 9.2.4.4 OTHER OBLIGATIONS OF
LINER CONFERENCE BLOCK EXEMPTIONS 120 9.2.5 EFFECTS INCOMPATIBLE WITH
ARTICLES 81(3) AND 82 EC 121 9.3 INDIVIDUAL APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3)
EC TO LINER CARTELS 123 9.3.1 INTRODUCTION , 1 2 3 9.3.2 IMPROVEMENT OF
LINER SHIPPING SERVICE AND PROMOTION OF PROGRESS BY LINER CARTELS 124
9.3.2.1 * OVERVIEW 124 9.3.2.2 THE PROBLEM OF DESTRUCTIVE COMPETITION IN
LINER SHIPPING 126 9.3.2.3 CRISIS CARTELS IN LINER SHIPPING 129
9.3.2.4 OTHER IMPROVEMENTS AND PROGRESS BROUGHT ABOUT BY LINER CARTELS
131 9.3.2.5 TECHNICAL OR ECONOMIC PROGRESS PROMOTED BY LINER CARTELS 133
9.3.2.6 COOPERATION MAINTAINING LESS EFFICIENT COMPETITORS ON THE MARKET
134 9.3.2.7 HARD-CORE NATURE OF RESTRICTIONS IN LINER CARTELS 135 9.3.3
FAIR SHARE OF BENEFIT TO CONSUMERS 136 9.3.4 INDISPENSABILITY OF
RESTRICTION 138 9.3.5 NON-ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION IN A SUBSTANTIAL
PART OF A SHIPPING SERVICE 139 9.3.5.1 OVERVIEW 139 9.3.5.2 ELIMINATION
OF INTERNAL COMPETITION IN } A LINER SHIPPING CARTEL 141 9.3.5.3
ELIMINATION OF EFFECTIVE EXTERNAL COMPETITION */ B Y A LINER CARTEL 144
9.3.5.4 RELATIONSHIP OF THE NON-ELIMINATION REQUIREMENT TO ARTICLE 82
EC 146 9.3.6 SPECIFIC AGREEMENTS IN LINER CARTELS UNDER ARTICLE 81(3) EC
147 9.3.6.1 OVERVIEW - 147 9.3.6.2 AGREEMENTS ON TARIFF RATES 148
9.3.6.3 RATIONALIZATION AGREEMENTS X 150 9.3.6.4 LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS
AND SERVICE CONTRACTS 152 9.3.6.5 MEMBERSHIP AND INTERNAL REGULATION OF
LINER CARTELS 154 TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII PART IV JOINT VENTURES BETWEEN
LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 157 CHAPTER 10 INTRODUCTION 159 CHAPTER 11
LINER CARRIER JOINT VENTURES UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) EC 161 11.1
INTRODUCTION 161 11.2 AGREEMENT TO ESTABLISH AND OPERATE A LINER JOINT
VENTURE 163 11.2.1 INTRODUCTION 163 11.2.2 RESTRICTION OF INTERNAL
COMPETITION IN A LINER JOINT VENTURE* 164 11.2.3 RESTRICTION OF EXTERNAL
COMPETITION BY A LINER JOINT VENTURE . 171 11.2.4 ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS
IN VESSEL SHARING ARRANGEMENTS . 173 11.3 SPECIFIC AGREEMENTS
IMPLEMENTING COOPERATION IN A LINER JOINT VENTURE 175 11.3.1
INTRODUCTION 175 11.3.2 AGREEMENTS ON COMMON USE OF FLEET, EQUIPMENT AND
OTHER ASSETS 177 11.3.2.1 OVERVIEW . 177 11.3.2.2 RESTRICTION OF
COMPETITION BY COMMON USE OF FLEET 179 11.3.3 RATIONALIZATION AGREEMENTS
IN LINER JOINT VENTURES 183 11.3.4 JOINT COMMERCIAL POLICY OF LINER
JOINT VENTURES 186 11.3.5 MEMBERSHIP AND NON-COMPETITION RULES OF LINER
JOINT VENTURES 190 11.3.5.1 OVERVIEW 190 11.3.5.2 MEMBERSHIP, EXIT AND
DURATION OF A LINER JOINT VENTURE 191 11.3.5.3 NON-COMPETITION
OBLIGATION VIS-A-VIS LINER JOINT VENTURE 193 11.3.6 THIRD-PARTY POLICY
AND REFUSALS TO DEAL IN LINER JOINT VENTURES 195 CHAPTER 12 BLOCK
EXEMPTION OF LINER CONSORTIA UNDER ARTICLE 81(3) EC 199 12.1
INTRODUCTION 199 12.2 BLOCK EXEMPTION FOR AGREEMENTS BETWEEN CARRIERS
202 12.2.1 INTRODUCTION 202 12.2.2 SCOPE OF THE CONSORTIA BLOCK
EXEMPTION 202 12.2.3 BLOCK-EXEMPTED AGREEMENTS 206 12.3 AGREEMENTS WITH
TRANSPORT USHERS 209 XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 12A CONDITIONS ATTACHED TO
THE CONSORTIA BLOCK EXEMPTION 211 12.4.1 INTRODUCTION 211 12.4.2
EFFECTIVE COMPETITION 212 12.4.3 CONDITIONS RELATING TO MARKET SHARE 214
12.4.4 OTHER CONDITIONS 215 12.5 OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONSORTIA BLOCK
EXEMPTION 218 12.6 EFFECTS INCOMPATIBLE WITH ARTICLES 81(3) AND 82 EC
220 CHAPTER 13 INDIVIDUAL APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3) EC TO JOINT
VENTURES IN LINER SHIPPING 223 13.1 INTRODUCTION 223 13.2 IMPROVEMENTS
OF SHIPPING SERVICE AND PROMOTION OF PROGRESS BY LINER JOINT VENTURES
224 13.3 FAIR SHARE OF BENEFIT FOR TRANSPORT USERS 230 13.4
INDISPENSABILITY OF RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED BY LINER CONSORTIA 234 13.5
NON-ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION IN A SUBSTANTIAL PART OF SHIPPING
SERVICES 235 13.6 SPECIFIC RESTRICTIONS IN LINER JOINT VENTURES UNDER
ARTICLE 81(3) EC 237 13.6.1 INTRODUCTION 237 13.6.2 AGREEMENTS ON COMMON
USE OF FLEETS AND OTHER ASSETS 238 13.6.3 RATIONALIZATION AGREEMENTS 240
13.6.4 JOINT COMMERCIAL POLICY OF LINER CONSORTIA 242 13.6.5 REGULATION
OF MEMBERSHIP AND EXTERNAL POLICY BY LINER JOINT VENTURES 243 PARTV
DOMINANT POSITION OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 247 CHAPTER 14
INTRODUCTION 249 CHAPTER 15 ASSESSMENT OF DOMINANT POSITION OF LINER
SHIPPING COMPANIES UNDER ARTICLE 82 EC 251 15.1 INTRODUCTION 1 251 15.2
MARKET SHARE SIZE OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES AND DOMINANT POSITION. 253
15.3 BARRIERS TO ENTRY AND OTHER FACTORS OF DOMINANCE IN LINER SHIPPING
258 15.3.1 INTRODUCTION 258 15.3.2 COMPETITIVE CONSTRAINTS IMPOSED BY
ACTUAL COMPETITION 259 15.3.3 COST STRUCTURE AND ECONOMIES OF SCALE IN
LINER SHIPPING 260 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX 15.3.4 PRICE DISCRIMINATION IN
LINER SHIPPING 263 15.3.5 SHIPPER POWER 265 15.3.6 OTHER FACTORS 267
15.4 DOMINANT POSITION HELD BY LINER CARRIERS WITHIN THE COMMON MARKET
269 CHAPTER 16 COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITION OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES
271 16.1 INTRODUCTION 271 16.2 COMMON MARKET POLICY OF LINER SHIPPING
COMPANIES 272 16.2.1 INTRODUCTION 272 16.2.2 INTERNAL COMPETITION AND
CONNECTING LINKS IN A GROUP OF LINER CARRIERS 273 16.2.3 TACIT COLLUSION
AND COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITION OF LINER CARRIERS 280 16.2.4 EXTERNAL
CONDITIONS IN LINER SHIPPING AND COMMON MARKET POLICY OF CARRIERS 282
16.2.5 ENFORCEMENT OF COLLECTIVE POSITION IN LINER SHIPPING 285 16.3
ABILITY TO CONTROL EXTERNAL COMPETITION 288 PART VI ABUSE OF DOMINANT
POSITION IN LINER SHIPPING 293 CHAPTER 17 INTRODUCTION 295 CHAPTER 18
EXCESSIVE TARIFF RATES AND OTHER EXPLOITATIVE CONDUCT 297 18.1
INTRODUCTION 297 18.2 EXCESSIVELY HIGH TARIFF RATES 298 18.2.1
INTRODUCTION 298 18.2.2 TARIFF RATES EXCESSIVE IN RELATION TO COST OF
SUPPLY OF LINER SHIPPING SERVICE 300 18.2.2.1 OVERVIEW 300 18.2.2.2
COSTS OF SUPPLY OF LINER SHIPPING SERVICE 301 18.2.2.3 THE COST
ALLOCATION PROBLEM IN LINER SHIPPING 303 18.2.2.4 PROFIT MARGIN OF-A
DOMINANT LINER SHIPPING COMPANY 305 18.2.2.5 EXCESSIVE COSTS OF DOMINANT
LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 308 18.2.2.6 SOURCES OF PROFIT INFORMATION 309
XX TABLE OF CONTENTS 18.2.3 THE REQUIREMENT THAT TARIFF RATES MUST BE
FAIR 310 18.2.3.1 OVERVIEW 310 18.2.3.2 OTHER (NON-PRODUCTION) COSTS
BORNE BY LINER CARRIERS 310 18.2.3.3 DEMAND FACTORS AND ECONOMIC VALUE
OF LINER SHIPPING SERVICE 312 18.2.3.4 PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND OTHER
CONDUCT 313 18.2.3.5 TARIFF RATES CHARGED ON OTHER MARKETS 315 18.2.3.6
YARDSTICK COMPETITION 315 18.2.3.7 OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION OF EXCESSIVE
TARIFF RATES 318 18.3 OTHER EXPLOITATION OF SHIPPERS 319 18.3.1
INTRODUCTION 319 18.3.2 LIMITATION OF SHIPPING CAPACITY AND DEVELOPMENT
OF LINER SHIPPING 319 18.3.3 REFUSAL TO SUPPLY SHIPPING SERVICES 322
18.3.3.1 OVERVIEW 322 18.3.3.2 REFUSAL TO SUPPLY SHIPPING SERVICE TO
TRANSPORT USERS 323 18.3.3.3 IMPOSITION OF UNFAIR AND UNFAVOURABLE TERMS
OF SERVICE 326 18.4 EXPLOITATIVE CONDUCT BY A COLLECTIVELY DOMINANT
GROUP OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 327 18.4.1 INTRODUCTION 327 18.4.2
JOINT FIXING OF TARIFFS AND OTHER EXPLOITATIVE CONDUCT 328 18.4.2.1
OVERVIEW 328 18.4.2.2 IMPOSITION OF UNFAIR RATES OR CONDITIONS OF
SERVICE 328 18.4.2.3 INDIVIDUAL ABUSE OF COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITION
331 18.4.3 IMPLICATIONS OF ARTICLE 81(3) EC ON APPLICABILITY ) OF
ARTICLE 82 EC TO EXPLOITATIVE CONDUCT OF LINER CARRIERS 332 ? 18.4.3.1
OVERVIEW 332 18.4.3.2 INDIVIDUAL APPLICABILITY OF ARTICLE 81(3) EC AND
ABUSE 332 18.4.3.3 IMPLICATIONS OF BLOCK EXEMPTION 333 CHAPTER 19 :
UNFAIRLY LOW TARIFF RATES IN LINER SHIPPING 337 19.1 INTRODUCTION *. 337
19.2 PREDATORY PRICING POLICY BY DOMINANT LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 339
19.2.1 INTRODUCTION 339 19.2.2 TARIFF RATE LEVELS WHICH ARE PER SE
PREDATORY 340 19.2.2.1 OVERVIEW 340 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI 19.2.2.2
TARIFF RATES BELOW AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS IN LINER SHIPPING 341 19.2.2.3
TARIFF RATES BELOW AVERAGE AVOIDABLE COSTS IN LINER SHIPPING 345
19.2.2.4 OTHER COST BENCHMARKS 347 19.2.3 PREDATORY RATES AND
ELIMINATORY INTENT OF CARRIER 348 19.2.3.1 OVERVIEW 348 19.2.3.2 TARIFF
RATE BELOW AVERAGE TOTAL COST OF LINER SHIPPING SERVICE 349 19.2.3.3
INTENTION TO ELIMINATE COMPETITORS 350 19.2.4 ANTICOMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF
PREDATORY TARIFF POLICY AND RECOUPING OF LOSSES 352 19.3 UNFAIRLY LOW
TARIFF RATES ABOVE COST LEVEL OF DOMINANT CARRIER 355 19.3.1
INTRODUCTION 355 19.3.2 THE PRACTICE OF FIGHTING SHIPS 358 19.3.3
SPECIAL FACTORS LEADING TO A FINDING OF PREDATION 360 19.3.3.1 OVERVIEW
360 19.3.3.2 COLLECTIVE AND SUPER-DOMINANCE 361 19.3.3.3. EXCESS
CAPACITY AND LIMIT PRICING IN LINER SHIPPING 362 19.3.3.4 OTHER
FACTORS 363 19.4 OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION OF TARIFF RATE DECREASES BY
DOMINANT CARRIERS 365 19.4.1 INTRODUCTION 365 19.4.2 MEETING PRICE
COMPETITION FROM OTHER CARRIERS 366 19.4.3 TARIFF DECREASE IN RESPONSE
TO FALL IN DEMAND 369 19.4.4 PROMOTIONAL TARIFF RATES AND COMPETITION IN
A NEW MARKET 370 CHAPTER 20 PRICE DISCRIMINATION IN LINER SHIPPING 371
20.1 INTRODUCTION 371 20.2 APPLICATION OF DISSIMILAR TARIFF RATES TO
EQUIVALENT SHIPPING SERVICES ( 373 20.2.1 INTRODUCTION . 373 20.2.2
DISCOUNTS BASED ON CARRIER S COST SAVINGS 374 20.2.3 OTHER FACTORS WHICH
MAKE SHIPPING SERVICES NON-EQUIVALENT 377 20.3 DISCRIMINATION IN LINER
SHIPPING RESULTING IN COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGE 379 20.3.1 INTRODUCTION
379 XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS 20.3.2 COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGE CAUSED BY
DISCRIMINATORY TARIFF RATES 380 20.3.3 LIMITATIONS OF ARTICLE 82(2)(C)
IN LINER SHIPPING 383 20.4 OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION OF DISCRIMINATORY
TARIFF RATES 384 20.4.1 INTRODUCTION 384 20.4.2 EFFICIENT PRICE
DISCRIMINATION IN LINER SHIPPING 386 CHAPTER 21 LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS
WITH SHIPPERS 391 21.1 INTRODUCTION 391 21.2 LOYALTY CLAUSES AS
EXCLUSIVE ARRANGEMENTS 393 21.3 REBATES CONDITIONAL ON SHIPPER S LOYALTY
403 21.4 OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION OF LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS 407 21.4.1
INTRODUCTION 407 21.4.2 BENEFITS PRODUCED BY LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS 408
CHAPTER 22 REGULATION OF COOPERATION WITH COMPETING CARRIERS 411 22.1
INTRODUCTION 411 22.2 REGULATION OF MEMBERSHIP IN LINER CARTELS AND
JOINT VENTURES 412 22.3 REFUSAL OF ACCESS TO DOMINANT CARRIERS
FACILITIES 415 22.4 ABUSIVE ALTERATION OF THE COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE OF
THE LINER SHIPPING MARKET 424 PART VII NEW COMPETITION REGULATION OF
LINER SHIPPING 431 LIST OF SOURCES 437 I INDEX 461
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| adam_txt |
KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL LINER SHIPPING AND EU COMPETITION LAW ALIA
POZDNAKOVA T WOLTERS KLUWER LAW & BUSINESS AUSTIN BOSTON CHICAGO NEW
YORK THE NETHERLANDS TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD IX PREFACE * XI
ABBREVIATIONS XXIII PARTI INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVE AND PROBLEM
3 1.1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.2 COMPETITION PROBLEMS IN LINER SHIPPING 4 1.3
DELIMITATION AND TERMINOLOGY 5 CHAPTER 2 SOURCES AND METHOD 7 CHAPTER 3
' STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK 1 11 PART II . COOPERATIVE AND UNILATERAL
MARKET CONDUCT OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 13 CHAPTER 4 ^ INTRODUCTION
15 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 COOPERATION BETWEEN LINER SHIPPING
COMPANIES 17 5.1 INTRODUCTION 17 5.2 AGREEMENTS AND CONCERTED PRACTICES
BETWEEN LINER 17 SHIPPING COMPANIES 5.3 DECISIONS BY ASSOCIATIONS OF
LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 24 5.4 COMPLEX CARTELS IN LINER SHIPPING 27
CHAPTER 6 TACIT COLLUSION IN LINER SHIPPING 31 6.1 INTRODUCTION 31 6.2
INTERDEPENDENCE OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES AS AN AGREEMENT OR CONCERTED
PRACTICE 33 6.3 TACIT ACQUIESCENCE AND PRICE LEADERSHIP IN LINER
SHIPPING 35 PART III LINER SHIPPING CARTELS 39 CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION 41
CHAPTER 8 LINER SHIPPING CARTELS UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) EC 43 8.1
INTRODUCTION 43 8.2 PRICE-FIXING AGREEMENTS IN LINER SHIPPING 44 8.2.1
INTRODUCTION 44 8.2.2 UNIFORM TARIFF AGREEMENTS 44 8.2.3 JOINT FIXING OF
DISCOUNTS 47 8.2.4 NON-BINDING AND RECOMMENDED TARIFF RATE LEVELS 49
8.2.5 DISCRIMINATORY TARIFF RATES 52 8.3 AGREEMENTS ON CONDITIONS AND
JOINT SUPPLY OF SHIPPING SERVICE 55 8.3.1 INTRODUCTION 55 ' 8.3.2 COMMON
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE 55 8.3.3 JOINT MARKETING AND SALES OF
SHIPPING SERVICE 57 8.4 RATIONALIZATION AGREEMENTS IN LINER SHIPPING 58
8.4.1 INTRODUCTION 58 8.4.2 CAPACITY REGULATION AGREEMENTS 59 8.4.3
MARKET-SHARING AGREEMENTS IN LINER SHIPPING 61 8.4.3.1 OVERVIEW 61
8.4.3.2 GEOGRAPHIC MARKET SHARING 62 8.4.3.3 CARGO-SHARING (POOLING)
AGREEMENTS 63 8.4.4 REVENUE AND LOSS POOLS 66 8.5 INFORMATION EXCHANGE
AGREEMENTS IN LINER SHIPPING 67 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 8.6 LOYALTY
ARRANGEMENTS WITH SHIPPERS 73 8.6.1 INTRODUCTION 73 8.6.2 TYPES AND
CONDITIONS OF LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS 74 8.6.3 RESTRICTION OF COMPETITION
AS OBJECT OR EFFECT OF LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS 76 8.7 SERVICE CONTRACTS 81
8.7.1 INTRODUCTION 81 8.7.2 INDIVIDUAL SERVICE CONTRACTS 82 8.7.3
CONFERENCE AND MULTI-CARRIER SERVICE CONTRACTS 83 8.7.4 REGULATION OF
AVAILABILITY AND TERMS OF SERVICE CONTRACTS 85 8.8 LINER CARTELS WHICH
'AFFECT TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES' AND RESTRICT COMPETITION 'WITHIN
THE COMMON MARKET' 86 8.8.1 INTRODUCTION 86 8.8.2 EFFECT ON TRADE
BETWEEN MEMBER STATES 87 8.8.3 LINER CARTELS WHICH RESTRICT COMPETITION
WITHIN THE COMMON MARKET 91 8.8.4 CRITERIA FOR APPLICATION OF THE DE
MINIMIS RULE TO LINER CARTELS 94 CHAPTER 9 APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3)
EC TO LINER SHIPPING CARTELS 97 9.1 INTRODUCTION 97 9.2 APPLICATION OF
ARTICLE 81(3) EC TO LINER CONFERENCES IN THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD 98
9.2.1 INTRODUCTION 98 9.2.2 BLOCK-EXEMPTION FOR AGREEMENTS IN A LINER
CONFERENCE 99 9.2.2.1 OVERVIEW 99 9.2.2.2 AGREEMENTS BETWEEN 'AH OR PART
OF THE MEMBERS OF ONE OR MORE LINER CONFERENCES' 100 ; 9.2.2.3 'UNIFORM
OR COMMON' TARIFFS 102 9.2.2.4 AGREEMENTS ON MARITIME TARIFF RATES AND
CHARGES 104 9.2.2.5 RATIONALIZATION AGREEMENTS 107 9.2.2.6 MEMBERSHIP,
INTERNAL DISCIPLINE AND EXIT REGULATION 110 9.2.2.7 AGREEMENTS ANCILLARY
TO MARITIME TRANSPORT 112 9.2.3 BLOCK EXEMPTION FOR AGREEMENTS WITH
TRANSPORT USERS 112 9.2.3.1 OVERVIEW 112 9.2.3.2 LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS
113 9.2.3.3 SERVICE CONTRACTS 116 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 9.2.4 CONDITIONS
AND OBLIGATIONS ATTACHED TO THE CONFERENCE BLOCK EXEMPTION 117 9.2.4.1
OVERVIEW 117 9.2.4.2 NON-DISCRIMINATION CONDITION 118 9.2.4.3
CONSULTATIONS WITH TRANSPORT USERS 119 9.2.4.4 OTHER OBLIGATIONS OF
LINER CONFERENCE BLOCK EXEMPTIONS 120 9.2.5 EFFECTS INCOMPATIBLE WITH
ARTICLES 81(3) AND 82 EC 121 9.3 INDIVIDUAL APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3)
EC TO LINER CARTELS 123 9.3.1 INTRODUCTION , 1 2 3 9.3.2 IMPROVEMENT OF
LINER SHIPPING SERVICE AND PROMOTION OF PROGRESS BY LINER CARTELS 124
9.3.2.1 * OVERVIEW 124 9.3.2.2 THE PROBLEM OF DESTRUCTIVE COMPETITION IN
LINER SHIPPING 126 9.3.2.3 'CRISIS CARTELS' IN LINER SHIPPING 129
9.3.2.4 OTHER IMPROVEMENTS AND PROGRESS BROUGHT ABOUT BY LINER CARTELS
131 9.3.2.5 TECHNICAL OR ECONOMIC PROGRESS PROMOTED BY LINER CARTELS 133
9.3.2.6 COOPERATION MAINTAINING LESS EFFICIENT COMPETITORS ON THE MARKET
134 9.3.2.7 HARD-CORE NATURE OF RESTRICTIONS IN LINER CARTELS 135 9.3.3
FAIR SHARE OF BENEFIT TO CONSUMERS 136 9.3.4 INDISPENSABILITY OF
RESTRICTION 138 9.3.5 NON-ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION IN A SUBSTANTIAL
PART OF A SHIPPING SERVICE 139 9.3.5.1 OVERVIEW 139 9.3.5.2 ELIMINATION
OF INTERNAL COMPETITION IN } A LINER SHIPPING CARTEL 141 ' 9.3.5.3
ELIMINATION OF EFFECTIVE EXTERNAL COMPETITION */ B Y A LINER CARTEL 144
9.3.5.4 RELATIONSHIP OF THE 'NON-ELIMINATION' REQUIREMENT TO ARTICLE 82
EC 146 9.3.6 SPECIFIC AGREEMENTS IN LINER CARTELS UNDER ARTICLE 81(3) EC
147 9.3.6.1 OVERVIEW '- 147 9.3.6.2 AGREEMENTS ON TARIFF RATES 148
9.3.6.3 RATIONALIZATION AGREEMENTS X 150 9.3.6.4 LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS
AND SERVICE CONTRACTS 152 9.3.6.5 MEMBERSHIP AND INTERNAL REGULATION OF
LINER CARTELS 154 TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII PART IV JOINT VENTURES BETWEEN
LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 157 CHAPTER 10 INTRODUCTION 159 CHAPTER 11
LINER CARRIER JOINT VENTURES UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) EC 161 11.1
INTRODUCTION 161 11.2 AGREEMENT TO ESTABLISH AND OPERATE A LINER JOINT
VENTURE 163 11.2.1 INTRODUCTION 163 11.2.2 RESTRICTION OF INTERNAL
COMPETITION IN A LINER JOINT VENTURE* 164 11.2.3 RESTRICTION OF EXTERNAL
COMPETITION BY A LINER JOINT VENTURE . 171 11.2.4 ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS
IN VESSEL SHARING ARRANGEMENTS . 173 11.3 SPECIFIC AGREEMENTS
IMPLEMENTING COOPERATION IN A LINER JOINT VENTURE 175 11.3.1
INTRODUCTION 175 11.3.2 AGREEMENTS ON COMMON USE OF FLEET, EQUIPMENT AND
OTHER ASSETS 177 11.3.2.1 OVERVIEW . 177 11.3.2.2 RESTRICTION OF
COMPETITION BY COMMON USE OF FLEET 179 11.3.3 RATIONALIZATION AGREEMENTS
IN LINER JOINT VENTURES 183 11.3.4 JOINT COMMERCIAL POLICY OF LINER
JOINT VENTURES 186 11.3.5 MEMBERSHIP AND NON-COMPETITION RULES OF LINER
JOINT VENTURES 190 11.3.5.1 OVERVIEW 190 11.3.5.2 MEMBERSHIP, EXIT AND
DURATION OF A LINER JOINT VENTURE 191 11.3.5.3 NON-COMPETITION
OBLIGATION VIS-A-VIS LINER JOINT VENTURE 193 11.3.6 THIRD-PARTY POLICY
AND REFUSALS TO DEAL IN LINER JOINT VENTURES 195 CHAPTER 12 BLOCK
EXEMPTION OF LINER CONSORTIA UNDER ARTICLE 81(3) EC 199 12.1
INTRODUCTION 199 12.2 BLOCK EXEMPTION FOR AGREEMENTS BETWEEN CARRIERS
202 12.2.1 INTRODUCTION ' 202 12.2.2 SCOPE OF THE CONSORTIA BLOCK
EXEMPTION 202 12.2.3 BLOCK-EXEMPTED AGREEMENTS 206 12.3 AGREEMENTS WITH
TRANSPORT USHERS 209 XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 12A CONDITIONS ATTACHED TO
THE CONSORTIA BLOCK EXEMPTION 211 12.4.1 INTRODUCTION 211 12.4.2
EFFECTIVE COMPETITION 212 12.4.3 CONDITIONS RELATING TO MARKET SHARE 214
12.4.4 OTHER CONDITIONS 215 12.5 OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONSORTIA BLOCK
EXEMPTION 218 12.6 EFFECTS INCOMPATIBLE WITH ARTICLES 81(3) AND 82 EC
220 CHAPTER 13 INDIVIDUAL APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3) EC TO JOINT
VENTURES IN LINER SHIPPING 223 13.1 INTRODUCTION 223 13.2 IMPROVEMENTS
OF SHIPPING SERVICE AND PROMOTION OF PROGRESS BY LINER JOINT VENTURES
224 13.3 FAIR SHARE OF BENEFIT FOR TRANSPORT USERS 230 13.4
INDISPENSABILITY OF RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED BY LINER CONSORTIA 234 13.5
NON-ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION IN A SUBSTANTIAL PART OF SHIPPING
SERVICES 235 13.6 SPECIFIC RESTRICTIONS IN LINER JOINT VENTURES UNDER
ARTICLE 81(3) EC 237 13.6.1 INTRODUCTION 237 13.6.2 AGREEMENTS ON COMMON
USE OF FLEETS AND OTHER ASSETS 238 13.6.3 RATIONALIZATION AGREEMENTS 240
13.6.4 JOINT COMMERCIAL POLICY OF LINER CONSORTIA 242 13.6.5 REGULATION
OF MEMBERSHIP AND EXTERNAL POLICY BY LINER JOINT VENTURES 243 PARTV
DOMINANT POSITION OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 247 CHAPTER 14
INTRODUCTION 249 CHAPTER 15 ASSESSMENT OF DOMINANT POSITION OF LINER
SHIPPING COMPANIES UNDER ARTICLE 82 EC 251 15.1 INTRODUCTION "1 251 15.2
MARKET SHARE SIZE OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES AND DOMINANT POSITION. 253
15.3 BARRIERS TO ENTRY AND OTHER FACTORS OF DOMINANCE IN LINER SHIPPING
258 15.3.1 INTRODUCTION 258 15.3.2 COMPETITIVE CONSTRAINTS IMPOSED BY
ACTUAL COMPETITION 259 15.3.3 COST STRUCTURE AND ECONOMIES OF SCALE IN
LINER SHIPPING 260 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX 15.3.4 PRICE DISCRIMINATION IN
LINER SHIPPING 263 15.3.5 SHIPPER POWER 265 15.3.6 OTHER FACTORS 267
15.4 DOMINANT POSITION HELD BY LINER CARRIERS WITHIN THE COMMON MARKET
269 CHAPTER 16 COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITION OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES
271 16.1 INTRODUCTION 271 16.2 COMMON MARKET POLICY OF LINER SHIPPING
COMPANIES 272 16.2.1 INTRODUCTION 272 16.2.2 INTERNAL COMPETITION AND
CONNECTING LINKS IN A GROUP OF LINER CARRIERS 273 16.2.3 TACIT COLLUSION
AND COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITION OF LINER CARRIERS 280 16.2.4 EXTERNAL
CONDITIONS IN LINER SHIPPING AND COMMON MARKET POLICY OF CARRIERS 282
16.2.5 ENFORCEMENT OF COLLECTIVE POSITION IN LINER SHIPPING 285 16.3
ABILITY TO CONTROL EXTERNAL COMPETITION 288 PART VI ABUSE OF DOMINANT
POSITION IN LINER SHIPPING 293 CHAPTER 17 INTRODUCTION 295 CHAPTER 18
EXCESSIVE TARIFF RATES AND OTHER EXPLOITATIVE CONDUCT 297 18.1
INTRODUCTION 297 18.2 EXCESSIVELY HIGH TARIFF RATES 298 18.2.1
INTRODUCTION 298 18.2.2 TARIFF RATES EXCESSIVE IN RELATION TO COST OF
SUPPLY OF LINER SHIPPING SERVICE 300 18.2.2.1 OVERVIEW 300 18.2.2.2
COSTS OF SUPPLY OF LINER SHIPPING SERVICE 301 18.2.2.3 THE'COST
ALLOCATION PROBLEM IN LINER SHIPPING 303 18.2.2.4 PROFIT MARGIN OF-A
DOMINANT LINER SHIPPING COMPANY 305 18.2.2.5 EXCESSIVE COSTS OF DOMINANT
LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 308 18.2.2.6 SOURCES OF PROFIT INFORMATION 309
XX TABLE OF CONTENTS 18.2.3 THE REQUIREMENT THAT TARIFF RATES MUST BE
'FAIR' 310 18.2.3.1 OVERVIEW 310 18.2.3.2 OTHER (NON-PRODUCTION) COSTS
BORNE BY LINER CARRIERS 310 18.2.3.3 DEMAND FACTORS AND ECONOMIC VALUE
OF LINER SHIPPING SERVICE 312 18.2.3.4 PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND OTHER
CONDUCT 313 18.2.3.5 TARIFF RATES CHARGED ON OTHER MARKETS 315 18.2.3.6
YARDSTICK COMPETITION 315 18.2.3.7 OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION OF EXCESSIVE
TARIFF RATES 318 18.3 OTHER EXPLOITATION OF SHIPPERS 319 18.3.1
INTRODUCTION 319 18.3.2 LIMITATION OF SHIPPING CAPACITY AND DEVELOPMENT
OF LINER SHIPPING 319 18.3.3 REFUSAL TO SUPPLY SHIPPING SERVICES 322
18.3.3.1 OVERVIEW 322 18.3.3.2 REFUSAL TO SUPPLY SHIPPING SERVICE TO
TRANSPORT USERS 323 18.3.3.3 IMPOSITION OF UNFAIR AND UNFAVOURABLE TERMS
OF SERVICE 326 18.4 EXPLOITATIVE CONDUCT BY A COLLECTIVELY DOMINANT
GROUP OF LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 327 18.4.1 INTRODUCTION 327 18.4.2
JOINT FIXING OF TARIFFS AND OTHER EXPLOITATIVE CONDUCT 328 18.4.2.1
OVERVIEW 328 18.4.2.2 IMPOSITION OF UNFAIR RATES OR CONDITIONS OF
SERVICE 328 18.4.2.3 INDIVIDUAL ABUSE OF COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITION
331 18.4.3 IMPLICATIONS OF ARTICLE 81(3) EC ON APPLICABILITY ) OF
ARTICLE 82 EC TO EXPLOITATIVE CONDUCT OF LINER CARRIERS 332 ?' 18.4.3.1
OVERVIEW 332 18.4.3.2 INDIVIDUAL APPLICABILITY OF ARTICLE 81(3) EC AND
ABUSE 332 18.4.3.3 IMPLICATIONS OF BLOCK EXEMPTION 333 CHAPTER 19 :
UNFAIRLY LOW TARIFF RATES IN LINER SHIPPING 337 19.1 INTRODUCTION *. 337
19.2 PREDATORY PRICING POLICY BY DOMINANT LINER SHIPPING COMPANIES 339
19.2.1 INTRODUCTION 339 19.2.2 TARIFF RATE LEVELS WHICH ARE PER SE
PREDATORY 340 19.2.2.1 OVERVIEW 340 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI 19.2.2.2
TARIFF RATES BELOW AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS IN LINER SHIPPING 341 19.2.2.3
TARIFF RATES BELOW AVERAGE AVOIDABLE COSTS IN LINER SHIPPING 345
19.2.2.4 OTHER COST BENCHMARKS 347 19.2.3 PREDATORY RATES AND
ELIMINATORY INTENT OF CARRIER 348 19.2.3.1 OVERVIEW 348 19.2.3.2 TARIFF
RATE BELOW AVERAGE TOTAL COST OF LINER SHIPPING SERVICE 349 19.2.3.3
INTENTION TO ELIMINATE COMPETITORS 350 19.2.4 ANTICOMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF
PREDATORY TARIFF POLICY AND RECOUPING OF LOSSES 352 19.3 UNFAIRLY LOW
TARIFF RATES ABOVE COST LEVEL OF DOMINANT CARRIER 355 19.3.1
INTRODUCTION 355 19.3.2 THE PRACTICE OF 'FIGHTING SHIPS' 358 19.3.3
SPECIAL FACTORS LEADING TO A FINDING OF PREDATION 360 19.3.3.1 OVERVIEW
360 19.3.3.2 COLLECTIVE AND SUPER-DOMINANCE 361 19.3.3.3. EXCESS
CAPACITY AND 'LIMIT PRICING' IN LINER SHIPPING 362 19.3.3.4 OTHER
FACTORS 363 19.4 OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION OF TARIFF RATE DECREASES BY
DOMINANT CARRIERS 365 19.4.1 INTRODUCTION 365 19.4.2 MEETING PRICE
COMPETITION FROM OTHER CARRIERS 366 19.4.3 TARIFF DECREASE IN RESPONSE
TO FALL IN DEMAND 369 19.4.4 PROMOTIONAL TARIFF RATES AND COMPETITION IN
A NEW MARKET 370 CHAPTER 20 PRICE DISCRIMINATION IN LINER SHIPPING 371
20.1 INTRODUCTION 371 20.2 APPLICATION OF DISSIMILAR TARIFF RATES TO
EQUIVALENT SHIPPING SERVICES ( 373 20.2.1 INTRODUCTION ' . 373 20.2.2
DISCOUNTS BASED ON CARRIER'S COST SAVINGS 374 20.2.3 OTHER FACTORS WHICH
MAKE SHIPPING SERVICES 'NON-EQUIVALENT' 377 20.3 DISCRIMINATION IN LINER
SHIPPING RESULTING IN COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGE 379 20.3.1 INTRODUCTION
379 XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS 20.3.2 'COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGE' CAUSED BY
DISCRIMINATORY TARIFF RATES 380 20.3.3 LIMITATIONS OF ARTICLE 82(2)(C)
IN LINER SHIPPING 383 20.4 OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION OF DISCRIMINATORY
TARIFF RATES 384 20.4.1 INTRODUCTION 384 20.4.2 EFFICIENT PRICE
DISCRIMINATION IN LINER SHIPPING 386 CHAPTER 21 LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS
WITH SHIPPERS 391 21.1 INTRODUCTION 391 21.2 LOYALTY CLAUSES AS
EXCLUSIVE ARRANGEMENTS 393 21.3 REBATES CONDITIONAL ON SHIPPER'S LOYALTY
403 21.4 OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION OF LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS 407 21.4.1
INTRODUCTION 407 21.4.2 BENEFITS PRODUCED BY LOYALTY ARRANGEMENTS 408
CHAPTER 22 REGULATION OF COOPERATION WITH COMPETING CARRIERS 411 22.1
INTRODUCTION 411 22.2 REGULATION OF MEMBERSHIP IN LINER CARTELS AND
JOINT VENTURES 412 22.3 REFUSAL OF ACCESS TO DOMINANT CARRIERS'
FACILITIES 415 22.4 ABUSIVE ALTERATION OF THE COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE OF
THE LINER SHIPPING MARKET 424 PART VII NEW COMPETITION REGULATION OF
LINER SHIPPING 431 LIST OF SOURCES 437 I INDEX 461 |
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| geographic | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| geographic_facet | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| id | DE-604.BV035020896 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:46:25Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:20:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789041127174 9041127178 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008274751 |
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| physical | XXIV, 466 S. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
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| publisher | Kluwer Law International |
| record_format | marc |
| series | International competition law series |
| series2 | International competition law series |
| spelling | Pozdnakova, Alla Verfasser aut Liner shipping and EU competition law Alla Pozdnakova Liner shipping and European Union competition law Alphen aan den Rijn Kluwer Law International c2008 XXIV, 466 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International competition law series 34 Based on the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universitetet i Oslo, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. [437]-459) and index Maritime law European Union countries Antitrust law European Union countries Competition, Unfair European Union countries Restraint of trade European Union countries Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten International competition law series 34 (DE-604)BV014209489 34 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016690016&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pozdnakova, Alla Liner shipping and EU competition law International competition law series Maritime law European Union countries Antitrust law European Union countries Competition, Unfair European Union countries Restraint of trade European Union countries |
| title | Liner shipping and EU competition law |
| title_alt | Liner shipping and European Union competition law |
| title_auth | Liner shipping and EU competition law |
| title_exact_search | Liner shipping and EU competition law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Liner shipping and EU competition law |
| title_full | Liner shipping and EU competition law Alla Pozdnakova |
| title_fullStr | Liner shipping and EU competition law Alla Pozdnakova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Liner shipping and EU competition law Alla Pozdnakova |
| title_short | Liner shipping and EU competition law |
| title_sort | liner shipping and eu competition law |
| topic | Maritime law European Union countries Antitrust law European Union countries Competition, Unfair European Union countries Restraint of trade European Union countries |
| topic_facet | Maritime law European Union countries Antitrust law European Union countries Competition, Unfair European Union countries Restraint of trade European Union countries Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016690016&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV014209489 |
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