Environmental factors and asthma: what we learned from epidemiological studies
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia [u.a.]
Saunders
2008
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Immunology and allergy clinics of North America
28,3 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI S., S. 486 - 690 |
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| adam_text | ENVERONMENTAL FACTORS AND ASTHMA: WHAT WE LEARNED
FROM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
CONTENTS
Foreword: Environmental Factors in Asthma xiii
Rafeul Alam
Preface xv
Mark D. Eisner
Dampness and Mold in the Indoor Environment: Implications
for Asthma 485
N.M. Sahakian, J.-H. Park, and J.M. Cox-Ganser
This article presents epidemiologic findings pertinent to asthma
and asthma-like symptoms in relation to exposure to dampness/
mold in homes, schools, and workplaces. With regard to specific
agents found in damp indoor environments that may play a role in
asthma, it concentrates on mold (used synonymously with fungi)
and includes some findings on bacteria. The literature on asthma in
relation to dust mite or cockroach allergens is not addressed.
Indoor Combustion and Asthma 507
Kathleen Belanger and Elizabeth W. Triche
Indoor combustion produces both gases (eg, nitrogen dioxide,
carbon monoxide) and particulate matter that may affect the
development or exacerbation of asthma. Sources in the home
include both heating devices (eg, fireplaces, woodstoves, kerosene
heaters, flued [ie, vented! or nonflued gas heaters) and gas stoves
for cooking. This article highlights the recent literature examining
associations between exposure to indoor combustion and asthma
development and severity. Since asthma is a chronic condition
affecting both children and adults, both age groups are included in
this article. Overall, there is some evidence of an association
between exposure to indoor combustion and asthma, particularly
asthma symptoms in children. Some sources of combustion such as
coal stoves have been more consistently associated with these
outcomes than other sources such as woodstoves.
VOLUME 28 • NUMBER 3 • AUGUST 2008 vii
Passive Smoking and Adult Asthma 521
Mark D. Eisner
Asthma is a common chronic health condition, affecting 5% of the
United States adult population. In most developed countries, the
prevalence of asthma and its severity continues to increase.
Understanding the factors contributing to asthma morbidity and
mortality has important clinical and public health implications.
This article evaluates the evidence that secondhand smoke
exposure is a risk factor for new-onset asthma among adults and
exacerbates pre-existing adult asthma, resulting in greater symp¬
tom burden and morbidity.
The Impact of Respiratory Viral Infection on Wheezing
Illnesses and Asthma Exacerbations 539
Kecia N. Carroll and Tina V. Hartert
The etiology and morbidity associated with asthma are thought to
stem from both genetic factors and potentially modifiable environ¬
mental factors, such as viral infections. Although it is unclear
whether respiratory viral infections cause asthma, observational
studies have demonstrated a high rate of asthma in children with a
history of severe viral lower respiratory tract infections during
infancy, and viruses are associated with the majority of asthma
exacerbations among both children and adults. This article
discusses the pathogens associated with virus-induced wheezing
illnesses during infancy and early childhood, the association of
bronchiolitis during infancy with an increased risk of childhood
asthma, and the association of respiratory viruses with asthma
exacerbations in older children and adults.
Occupational Exposures and Adult Asthma 563
Susan M. Tarlo
Occupational exposures can cause a new onset of asthma in a
subset of susceptible workers on the basis of sensitization to
a specific work agent or a high-level irritant exposure. Epidemio-
logic studies give insight into the natural history of occupational
asthma, including host factors and environmental factors leading
to the development of occupational asthma, the progression, and
the potential role of preventive measures. Work-exacerbated
asthma has been a focus of studies only recently but is recognized
as common among asthmatic workers and is a potential cause of
significant morbidity and socioeconomic impact.
Traffic, Outdoor Air Pollution, and Asthma 577
Fernando Holguin
The epidemiology of asthma and outdoor air pollution has shown
that respiratory health effects can vary in relation to different
emission sources, types of pollutants, underlying nutritional status,
viii CONTENTS
medication use, and genetic polymorphisms. Using sophisticated
exposure assessment methods in conjunction with clinical tests and
biomarkers that provide mechanistic information, the study of
outdoor epidemiology and asthma has evolved into a complex
multidisciplinary field. This article presents an overview of the
mechanisms by which outdoor air pollution and traffic-related
emissions lead to changes in respiratory health and lung function
in subjects with asthma.
Obesity and Asthma 589
E. Rand Sutherland
Over the last two decades, the convergence of secular trends
indicating increases in the prevalence of obesity and asthma has led
to a hypothesis that these two disorders might be related. Although
the mechanisms underlying a putative relationship between
obesity and asthma have not been fully described, a relatively
mature body of literature suggests that obesity increases the risk of
incident asthma. This article addresses studies that could be
interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that obesity leads to
asthma. We evaluate animal studies that provide biological
underpinnings to an association between the two disorders and
clinical and epidemiologic studies that suggest that the relationship
between these two disorders is clinically important.
Dietary Factors and the Development of Asthma 603
Augusto A. Litonjua
Asthma and allergies continue to be major public health problems in
affluent westernized countries. Changes in dietary habits dating
from before the increase in asthma prevalence may have a role in the
development of asthma and allergies. Many studies have inves¬
tigated the role of specific nutrients in asthma and allergies, and
intervention studies with supplementation of particular nutrients
have been conducted, but results have been mixed. It is likely that
nutrients may exert their strongest effect early in life, when both the
immune system and the lungs are not yet fully developed.
Living on a Farm: Impact on Asthma Induction
and Clinical Course 631
Erika von Mutius and Katja Radon
Exposure to a farming environment protects individuals from
respiratory allergy. The timing and duration of exposure seem to
play critical roles. The largest reduction in risk of developing
respiratory allergies is seen among those who are exposed
prenatally and continuously thereafter. Contact with farm animals,
at least in childhood, likely confers protection; other factors have
not been completely identified. Also, the consumption of milk
directly from the farm during childhood has been shown to be
beneficial with respect to childhood asthma and allergies.
CONTENTS ix
Increased levels of microbial substances may contribute to the
protective effects. The mechanisms by which such environmental
exposures confer protection from respiratory allergies are not well
understood. A number of gene-by-environment interactions have
been observed with polymorphisms in genes of innate immunity
receptors and exposure to farming environments. Increased levels
of microbial exposures recognized by innate immune responses
may affect adaptive immune responses resulting in decreased
levels of atopic sensitization and asthma.
Does the Social Environment Contribute to Asthma? 649
Edith Chen and Hannah M.C. Schreier
The impact of the social environment on asthma has recently begun
to receive increasing attention. This article reviews the current
literature to investigate the impact of the social environment at
three levels—the neighborhood level, the peer level, and the family
level—and to explore pathways through which the social environ¬
ment gets under the skin to impact asthma onset and morbidity.
Research to date suggests that adverse social conditions at the
neighborhood and family levels impact asthma morbidity through
direct effects on physiologic systems as well as by altering health
behaviors. The impact on asthma of social networks, such as
friendships, is less clear and will need to be investigated further.
Future research will need to take into account the impact of the
social environment to develop more comprehensive models of
asthma pathogenesis.
Asthma in the Inner City and the Indoor Environment 665
Elizabeth C. Matsui, Nadia N. Hansel, Meredith C. McCormack,
Robert Rusher, Patrick N. Breysse, and Gregory B. Diette
Inner-city residents continue to suffer disproportionate asthma
morbidity despite recent progress in reducing asthma morbidity
and mortality in other strata of the United States population.
Studies over the past decade indicate that the indoor environment
is a strong contributor to poor asthma control and asthma-related
health care use in inner-city populations. Certain indoor exposures
are more common and occur in higher concentrations in inner-city
communities than in suburban communities. Identification of
asthmagenic indoor exposures has paved the way for the
development of intervention strategies aimed at reducing asthma
morbidity. This article reviews the growing body of evidence that
certain indoor environmental exposures contribute to the burden of
asthma in the inner city.
Index 687
x CONTENTS
|
| adam_txt |
ENVERONMENTAL FACTORS AND ASTHMA: WHAT WE LEARNED
FROM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
CONTENTS
Foreword: Environmental Factors in Asthma xiii
Rafeul Alam
Preface xv
Mark D. Eisner
Dampness and Mold in the Indoor Environment: Implications
for Asthma 485
N.M. Sahakian, J.-H. Park, and J.M. Cox-Ganser
This article presents epidemiologic findings pertinent to asthma
and asthma-like symptoms in relation to exposure to dampness/
mold in homes, schools, and workplaces. With regard to specific
agents found in damp indoor environments that may play a role in
asthma, it concentrates on mold (used synonymously with fungi)
and includes some findings on bacteria. The literature on asthma in
relation to dust mite or cockroach allergens is not addressed.
Indoor Combustion and Asthma 507
Kathleen Belanger and Elizabeth W. Triche
Indoor combustion produces both gases (eg, nitrogen dioxide,
carbon monoxide) and particulate matter that may affect the
development or exacerbation of asthma. Sources in the home
include both heating devices (eg, fireplaces, woodstoves, kerosene
heaters, flued [ie, vented! or nonflued gas heaters) and gas stoves
for cooking. This article highlights the recent literature examining
associations between exposure to indoor combustion and asthma
development and severity. Since asthma is a chronic condition
affecting both children and adults, both age groups are included in
this article. Overall, there is some evidence of an association
between exposure to indoor combustion and asthma, particularly
asthma symptoms in children. Some sources of combustion such as
coal stoves have been more consistently associated with these
outcomes than other sources such as woodstoves.
VOLUME 28 • NUMBER 3 • AUGUST 2008 vii
Passive Smoking and Adult Asthma 521
Mark D. Eisner
Asthma is a common chronic health condition, affecting 5% of the
United States adult population. In most developed countries, the
prevalence of asthma and its severity continues to increase.
Understanding the factors contributing to asthma morbidity and
mortality has important clinical and public health implications.
This article evaluates the evidence that secondhand smoke
exposure is a risk factor for new-onset asthma among adults and
exacerbates pre-existing adult asthma, resulting in greater symp¬
tom burden and morbidity.
The Impact of Respiratory Viral Infection on Wheezing
Illnesses and Asthma Exacerbations 539
Kecia N. Carroll and Tina V. Hartert
The etiology and morbidity associated with asthma are thought to
stem from both genetic factors and potentially modifiable environ¬
mental factors, such as viral infections. Although it is unclear
whether respiratory viral infections cause asthma, observational
studies have demonstrated a high rate of asthma in children with a
history of severe viral lower respiratory tract infections during
infancy, and viruses are associated with the majority of asthma
exacerbations among both children and adults. This article
discusses the pathogens associated with virus-induced wheezing
illnesses during infancy and early childhood, the association of
bronchiolitis during infancy with an increased risk of childhood
asthma, and the association of respiratory viruses with asthma
exacerbations in older children and adults.
Occupational Exposures and Adult Asthma 563
Susan M. Tarlo
Occupational exposures can cause a new onset of asthma in a
subset of susceptible workers on the basis of sensitization to
a specific work agent or a high-level irritant exposure. Epidemio-
logic studies give insight into the natural history of occupational
asthma, including host factors and environmental factors leading
to the development of occupational asthma, the progression, and
the potential role of preventive measures. Work-exacerbated
asthma has been a focus of studies only recently but is recognized
as common among asthmatic workers and is a potential cause of
significant morbidity and socioeconomic impact.
Traffic, Outdoor Air Pollution, and Asthma 577
Fernando Holguin
The epidemiology of asthma and outdoor air pollution has shown
that respiratory health effects can vary in relation to different
emission sources, types of pollutants, underlying nutritional status,
viii CONTENTS
medication use, and genetic polymorphisms. Using sophisticated
exposure assessment methods in conjunction with clinical tests and
biomarkers that provide mechanistic information, the study of
outdoor epidemiology and asthma has evolved into a complex
multidisciplinary field. This article presents an overview of the
mechanisms by which outdoor air pollution and traffic-related
emissions lead to changes in respiratory health and lung function
in subjects with asthma.
Obesity and Asthma 589
E. Rand Sutherland
Over the last two decades, the convergence of secular trends
indicating increases in the prevalence of obesity and asthma has led
to a hypothesis that these two disorders might be related. Although
the mechanisms underlying a putative relationship between
obesity and asthma have not been fully described, a relatively
mature body of literature suggests that obesity increases the risk of
incident asthma. This article addresses studies that could be
interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that obesity leads to
asthma. We evaluate animal studies that provide biological
underpinnings to an association between the two disorders and
clinical and epidemiologic studies that suggest that the relationship
between these two disorders is clinically important.
Dietary Factors and the Development of Asthma 603
Augusto A. Litonjua
Asthma and allergies continue to be major public health problems in
affluent westernized countries. Changes in dietary habits dating
from before the increase in asthma prevalence may have a role in the
development of asthma and allergies. Many studies have inves¬
tigated the role of specific nutrients in asthma and allergies, and
intervention studies with supplementation of particular nutrients
have been conducted, but results have been mixed. It is likely that
nutrients may exert their strongest effect early in life, when both the
immune system and the lungs are not yet fully developed.
Living on a Farm: Impact on Asthma Induction
and Clinical Course 631
Erika von Mutius and Katja Radon
Exposure to a farming environment protects individuals from
respiratory allergy. The timing and duration of exposure seem to
play critical roles. The largest reduction in risk of developing
respiratory allergies is seen among those who are exposed
prenatally and continuously thereafter. Contact with farm animals,
at least in childhood, likely confers protection; other factors have
not been completely identified. Also, the consumption of milk
directly from the farm during childhood has been shown to be
beneficial with respect to childhood asthma and allergies.
CONTENTS ix
Increased levels of microbial substances may contribute to the
protective effects. The mechanisms by which such environmental
exposures confer protection from respiratory allergies are not well
understood. A number of gene-by-environment interactions have
been observed with polymorphisms in genes of innate immunity
receptors and exposure to farming environments. Increased levels
of microbial exposures recognized by innate immune responses
may affect adaptive immune responses resulting in decreased
levels of atopic sensitization and asthma.
Does the Social Environment Contribute to Asthma? 649
Edith Chen and Hannah M.C. Schreier
The impact of the social environment on asthma has recently begun
to receive increasing attention. This article reviews the current
literature to investigate the impact of the social environment at
three levels—the neighborhood level, the peer level, and the family
level—and to explore pathways through which the social environ¬
ment "gets under the skin" to impact asthma onset and morbidity.
Research to date suggests that adverse social conditions at the
neighborhood and family levels impact asthma morbidity through
direct effects on physiologic systems as well as by altering health
behaviors. The impact on asthma of social networks, such as
friendships, is less clear and will need to be investigated further.
Future research will need to take into account the impact of the
social environment to develop more comprehensive models of
asthma pathogenesis.
Asthma in the Inner City and the Indoor Environment 665
Elizabeth C. Matsui, Nadia N. Hansel, Meredith C. McCormack,
Robert Rusher, Patrick N. Breysse, and Gregory B. Diette
Inner-city residents continue to suffer disproportionate asthma
morbidity despite recent progress in reducing asthma morbidity
and mortality in other strata of the United States population.
Studies over the past decade indicate that the indoor environment
is a strong contributor to poor asthma control and asthma-related
health care use in inner-city populations. Certain indoor exposures
are more common and occur in higher concentrations in inner-city
communities than in suburban communities. Identification of
"asthmagenic" indoor exposures has paved the way for the
development of intervention strategies aimed at reducing asthma
morbidity. This article reviews the growing body of evidence that
certain indoor environmental exposures contribute to the burden of
asthma in the inner city.
Index 687
x CONTENTS |
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| spelling | Environmental factors and asthma what we learned from epidemiological studies guest ed. Mark D. Eisner Philadelphia [u.a.] Saunders 2008 XVI S., S. 486 - 690 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Immunology and allergy clinics of North America 28,3 Umwelt Asthma Environmental aspects Asthma Epidemiology Asthma etiology Environmental Exposure adverse effects Allergisches Asthma (DE-588)4275602-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Allergisches Asthma (DE-588)4275602-9 s DE-604 Eisner, Mark D. Sonstige oth Immunology and allergy clinics of North America 28,3 (DE-604)BV000645505 28,3 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016681908&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Environmental factors and asthma what we learned from epidemiological studies |
| title_auth | Environmental factors and asthma what we learned from epidemiological studies |
| title_exact_search | Environmental factors and asthma what we learned from epidemiological studies |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Environmental factors and asthma what we learned from epidemiological studies |
| title_full | Environmental factors and asthma what we learned from epidemiological studies guest ed. Mark D. Eisner |
| title_fullStr | Environmental factors and asthma what we learned from epidemiological studies guest ed. Mark D. Eisner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental factors and asthma what we learned from epidemiological studies guest ed. Mark D. Eisner |
| title_short | Environmental factors and asthma |
| title_sort | environmental factors and asthma what we learned from epidemiological studies |
| title_sub | what we learned from epidemiological studies |
| topic | Umwelt Asthma Environmental aspects Asthma Epidemiology Asthma etiology Environmental Exposure adverse effects Allergisches Asthma (DE-588)4275602-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelt Asthma Environmental aspects Asthma Epidemiology Asthma etiology Environmental Exposure adverse effects Allergisches Asthma Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016681908&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000645505 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT eisnermarkd environmentalfactorsandasthmawhatwelearnedfromepidemiologicalstudies |