Mechanisms of language change: vowel reduction in 15th century West Frisian
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| Beschreibung: | 368 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Mechanisms of language change
Autor: Versloot, Arjen P
Jahr: 2008
Mechanisms of Language Change
Vow e l Re duc tion in 15 b Century We st Frisian
1. Introduction -1-
1.1 Central research question: mechanisms of language change -1-
1.2 Introducing the subject -3-
1.2.1 The Frisian Language -3-
1.2.2 Main relevant sources -6-
1.2.3 The Periodisation of Frisian and terminology used -7-
1.2.4 Main relevant developments in West Frisian between 1300 and 1600
-9-
1.2.5 Basic views on the mechanisms of language change -12-
1.3 Methodological preliminaries -15-
1.3.1 Collecting the data -15-
1.3.2 Spelling and spelling tradition -19-
1.3.3 Phones, phonemes and graphemes -23-
1.3.4 Mapping the charter language -28-
1.3.5 Reading instruction for maps and graphs -33-
1.3.6 Original charters and copies -41-
1.3.7 Data size and statistical reliability -44-
1.3.7.1 The implications of counting features from an historical corpus
-44-
1.3.7.2 The concept of random -45-
1.3.7.3 Random preservation -45-
1.3.7.4 Random selection from language forms -46-
1.3.7.5 Central concepts: variation and variance -49-
1.3.7.6 Variation in time and space: testing the time trend -50-
1.3.7.7 Testing the spatial trend -55-
1.3.7.8 Variation and variance: statistical context -60-
1.3.7.9 Variant mixture in practice -64-
1.3.7.10 Token count or charter count? -67-
1.3.8 The language of Unia -70-
1.4 The Power of Algorithms -76-
2. Description of processes -81-
2.1 Vowel Balance as a phonetic and phonological tendency in Germanic -82-
2.2 Degemination -85-
2.2.1 The Germanic context -85-
2.2.2 The Frisian context -86-
2.2.3 The West Frisian charters -87-
2.3 Open Syllable Lengthening -94-
2.3.1 The Germanic context -94-
2.3.2 The Frisian context -99-
2.3.3 The West Frisian charters -102-
2.3.3.1 Old Frisian short root vowels, when not foliowed by an unstressed
/a/ -102-
2.3.3.2 Old Frisian /a/ and /O/ before /a/: regional diversity -110-
2.3.3.3 VVC O-spelling -116-
2.3.4 The reverse process: shortening before an /a/ -123-
2.3.4.1 Old Frisian föta -123-
2.3.4.2 Mónandei Monday -125-
2.3.5 Conclusion -128-
2.4 Reduction of unstressed vowels -129-
2.4.1 The Germanic context -130-
2.4.2 The Frisian context -132-
2.4.3. The West Frisian charters -138-
2.4.3.1 Old Frisian /a/ following a short root, foliowed by a consonant
-138-
2.4.3.2 Old Frisian /a/ following a long root, foliowed by a consonant
-143-
2.4.3.3 Summary: the development of Old Frisian /a/ in protected
position -155-
2.4.3.4 Old Frisian word-final /a/ following a short root -156-
2.4.3.5 Old Frisian word-final /a/ following a long root -161-
2.4.3.6 Summary: Old Frisian /a/ in word-final position -162-
2.4.3.7 Old Frisian /a/ in protected position -164-
2.4.3.8 Old Frisian word-final /d/ following a short root -171-
2.4.3.9 Old Frisian word-final /o/ following a long root -173-
2.4.3.10 Summary: Old Frisian /9 / in word-final position -181-
2.5 Vowel Balance -183-
2.5.1 The Frisian context -183-
2.5.2 The West Frisian charters -186-
2.6 Vowel Harmony -190-
2.6.1 The Germanic context -191-
2.6.2 The Frisian context -193-
2.6.3 The West Frisian charters -195-
3. Phonological Interpretation -203-
3.1 The phonological status of Old Frisian a , e u and i in current
studies -205-
3.2 Variation in time and space and phonological interpretations -208-
3.3 Phonetic and phonological contrast -213-
3.4 Phonological contrast of underlying /a/ and / / -216-
3.5 The nature of underlying /a/ -219-
3.6 The nature of protected i -221-
4. Late mediaeval Frisian as a tonal language -225-
4.1 The heavy impact of Old Frisian /a/ -225-
4.2 Finding typological parallels -228-
4.3 The character of tonal contrasts in Scandinavian dialects -232-
4.4 The prominence of unstressed /a/ -235-
4.5 Contrasting tone contours and quantitative effects -239-
4.5.1 Stress and duration -240-
4.5.2 Regional diversity in quantitative effects -243-
4.6 Qualitative impact of unstressed /a/ -247-
4.6.1 Vowel Harmony and Accent II -247-
4.6.2 Accent Shift -250-
4.7 The phonologisation of tone contours -252-
4.8 The dialect of Wünseradiel in the 14,h and 15 h century -254-
4.9 Conclusion -256-
5. Modelling Language Change -257-
5.1 Modelling the reduction of/a/ and /a/ as a phonetic process -258-
5.1.1 Vowel mass : reduction and erosion -258-
5.1.2 The controlling factors -259-
5.1.3 Making a forecast -262-
5.1.4 Checking the forecast -264-
5.1.5 Reverse engineering: The final proof -267-
5.1.6 Discussion -270-
5.1.7 Concluding remarks -275-
5.2 A bidirectional model of language change -276-
5.2.1 Introducing the Bidirectional Table -277-
5.2.2 Turning the table into a working algorithm -280-
5.2.3 Verifying the model -285-
5.2.4 A second case study: seke -290-
6. Concluding remarks -295-
6.1 Main developments in Frisian between 1300 and 1550 -295-
6.2 Theoretical implications -297-
References -305-
Appendix 1: Test data -315-
Appendix 1.1: y2 test for goodness of fit -315-
Appendix 1.2: Correlations -339-
Appendix 2: Computing trend surfaces in historical dialect maps -349-
Summary -351-
Samenvatting -357-
Index -363-
The author -368-
List of maps:
Map 1.1: Frisian language area around 1200 and present day. -3-
Map 1.2: Base map for dialect maps based on mediaeval charters. -29-
Map 1.3: Distribution of cases of plural of son . -34-
Map 1.4: Categorised data -36-
Map 1.5: Computing a trend surface -38-
Map 1.6: Adjusting the trend surface s grey tone scale. -39-
Map 1.7: Complete map of the plural of son in the 15 h and early 16lh centuries. -39-
Map 1.8: Mapping regions and number of original charters until 1430. -47-
Map 1.9: Balancing distortion in time and space. -47-
Map 1.10: Preference for the vowel o or e (/ i ) in the plural of son , computed
from data aggregated at regional level. -58-
Map 2.1: Open Syllable Lengfhening in the Germanic languages -94-
Map 2.2: Lengthening of /E/ in Old Frisian seke case . -107-
Map 2.3: Lengthening of Old Frisian /a/ in bitalad/ bitalia. -111-
Map 2.4: Open Syllable Lengthening in words ending in unstressed -a: -111-
Map 2.5: Vowel length in the word fót foot -124-
Map 2.6: Vowel length in Old Frisian mêna- in the simplex mêna(th) and the compound
monandei. -126-
Map 2.7: Size of the vowel inventory of unstressed syllables in modern Germanic
languages. -129-
Map 2.8: Apocope in Modern West Frisian -135-
Map 2.9: Geographical variations in the reduction of protected /a/, following a short
root -HO-
Map 2.10: Innovation in the plural ending of seka -159-
Map 2.11: Spelling the infinitive and present plural form of Old Frisian habba with final
a or e in the early 16,h century. -162-
Map 2.12: Geographical spread of retained final e -172-
Map 2.13: Geographical spread of the word-final e (and occasionally a ) in the ls
pers. sg. pres. of the verb habba to have -179-
Map 2.14: Vowel balance effects berween 1430 and 1460. -187-
Map 2.15: Dialectal alternation of/e/ ~ /a/ ~ /o/ (labialisation) in Old Frisian words
setta to set , sella to sell and fenne meadow . -195-
Map 2.16: Vowel Harmony/ a-mutation in seka case (pi.) and wesa(ne) to be (gerund) .
-196-
Map 4.1: Vowel Balance, Vowel Harmony and missing Open Syllable Lengthening in
Scandinavian dialects -228-
List of graphs:
Graph 1.1: Graphical depiction of the data in table 1.6. -34-
Graph 1.2: Ratio of plural forms of son with e and i , counted as e , or o
-36-
Graph 1.3: Archaic endings in original charters and copies -42-
Graph 1.4: Linear regression line for the dative plurals of seke on -Vm -53-
Graph 1.5: The correlation between binary raw data and time. -54-
Graph 1.6: Point and computed surface values for the sons -map -57-
Graph 1.7: Point and surface values for the sons map based on data per region -59-
Graph 1.8: Point and surface values for the bitalad / -/«««-map -60-
Graph 1.9: Correlation between the overall presence of variants in the language
(expressed in variant-probability, X-axis) and the level of variant mixture in
individual charters (Y-axis). -66-
Graph 1.10: Archaic spelling practices in Unia and the oldest charters -71-
Graph 2.0: Spectral diagrams of consonant length -85-
Graph 2.1: Proportion of tokens with one intervocalic consonant in words with an
historical short consonant. -90-
Graph 2.2: Spelling of Old Frisian fore for between 1379 and 1510. -102-
Graph 2.3: Increasing percentage of charters with VVCC -spelling. -118-
Graph 2.4: The rendering of Old Frisian /a/ in bitaladI bitalathl bitaliane. -140-
Graph 2.5: Different timings in the reduction of the unstressed /a/ -142-
Graph 2.6: The rendering of the Old Frisian /a/ in habbath/ habbane. -144-
Graph 2.7: The decline of an -146-
Graph 2.8: The alternation of sculta and scelta in the three oldest sub-sections of
Unia. -148-
Graph 2.9: The spelling of Old Frisian -a in the infinitive tvesa to be . -157-
Graph 2.10: The spelling of Old Frisian -a in protected and word-final position -157-
Graph 2.11: Nominative and accusative plural of seke. -158-
Graph 2.12: kap(i)a as infinitive and past participle of kdpia to buy . -160-
Graph 2.13: Syncope of the Old Frisian /8/. -169-
Graph 2.14: Development of unstressed /8/ in the word seke case . -171-
Graph 2.15: The gradual loss of the word ending -e m the 1 pers. sg. pres. ind. -179-
Graph 2.16: Apocope of Old Frisian /9/. -181-
Graph 2.17: A 3-D representation of apocope tendencies in Mainland North Frisian,
Modern West Frisian and 17th century Harlingerland dialects. -184-
Graph 2.18: Vowel balance in the reduction of Old Frisian protected /a/. -186-
Graph 2.19: Reduction trends for historical long and short-rooted words with a
protected ( aC ) and word-final ( a #) Old Frisian /a/ -188-
Graph 2.20: Vowel Balance in the reduction of final /a/. -188-
Graph 3.1: Spelling i in word-final and protected position. -223-
Graph 4.1: Accent realisations in Scandinavian dialects -232-
Graph 4.2: Old Frisian dora with a prosodie tone contour. -235-
Graph 4.3: Relative shift of the pitch peak as a consequence of vowel reduction.
-236-
Graph 5.1: Intensity Integral Volume of a vowel as the result of duration and intensity.
-259-
Graph 5.2: Correlation between logarithm of the Intensity Integral Volume and the
timing of the vowel reduction. -267-
Graph 5.3: Correlation between summation of a binary phonological score and the
timing of the vowel reduction -270-
Graph 5.4: Testing the working of the model during a shorter time frame -272-
Graph 5.5: Relationship between production and perceptional reliability ratios of
habbe as the 1 pers. sg. pres. of habba -287-
Graph 5.6: Relationship berween the production and perceptional reliability ratios of
habbe as an infinitive of habba -288-
List of tables:
Table 1.1: Period labels for Frisian -8-
Table 1.2: Example of a part of a data table from the charters -16-
Table 1.3: Example of a data table from the codex Unia -17-
Table 1.4: Interpretation of vowel length according to Latin and Middle Dutch spelling
practices -24-
Table 1.5: Interpretation of consonant and vowel length according to Latin and Middle
Dutch spelling practices -25-
Table 1.6: Number of attestations to the dative plural of seke -33-
Table 1.7: Case endings of ^^ in the 15,h century. -41-
Table 1.8: Deviation of actual point values from the trend surface value for the sons
map. -56-
Table 1.9: The probability of finding different distributions of variant A and B -62-
Table 1.10: Variance of the corpus according to model I (one variant per author) and
model II (variation within the texts). -63-
Table 1.11: Quantification of linguistic mixture -65-
Table 1.12: The impact of different counting techniques on the interpretation of
variation. -67-
Table 1.13: Linguistic criteria for the dating of the Unia sections -70-
Table 1.14: Relative dating of some of the older texts in the codex Unia (group A)
-73-
Table 2.1: Phonologised Vowel Balance in Old Swedish -82-
Table 2.2: Vowel Balance effects in the retention of final vowels in Old West Germanic
languages. -83-
Table 2.3: Correspondences between pronunciation and spellings -91-
Table 2.4: Geminated consonants and their phonological status. -92-
Table 2.5: Spelling vowel length with monographs or digraphs -104-
Table 2.6: Distribution of the dative plural endings um and em/im according to
word structure. -105-
Table 2.7: Old Frisian paradigm of skip ship -106-
Table 2.8: Middle Frisian paradigm of skip ship -106-
Table 2.9: Primary and secondary forms of the noun seke case in the period 1480-1550
-108-
Table 2.10: Possible scenarios for Open Syllable Lengthening for Old Frisian -an
-113-
Table 2.11: Skewed distribution of the sequence aell . -119-
Table 2.12: Paradigm of Old Frisian/»/in the archaic parts of Unia (group A) -123-
Table 2.13: Spelling of the first element in the word Monday -125-
Table 2.14: Vowel reduction and root structure in the modern Frisian varieties. -133-
Table 2.15: The geographical and temporal spread of the forms of Sunday . -150-
Table 2.16: Geographical stages in the development of unstressed /a/ in Old Frisian
sunnandei Sunday . -152-
Table 2.17: Development of Old Frisian abbate. -154-
Table 2.18: The Old Frisian and Middle Frisian paradigm of the noun seke case in the
14 and 15,h century. -156-
Table 2.19: The changing plural paradigm of seke in the 15,h century -159-
Table 2.20: Vowel Balance in the reduction of word-final /a/. -161-
Table 2.21: /9/-syncope in Old Frisian noun paradigms. -168-
Table 2.22: Writing a dative e in Old Frisian kap -176-
Table 2.23: Interference of morphology and phonology in the paradigm of skip ship
-177-
Table 2.24: Vowel Harmony types in Germanic and other languages. -192-
Table 2.25: Examples of different Vowel Harmony types in several stages of West
Frisian. -194-
Table 2.26: The distribution of sack according to case and ending. -197-
Table 2.27: The distribution of deg / dag according to case and ending. -200-
Table 3.1: Possible interpretations of spelling variation -208-
Table 3.2: Phonemes in unstressed syllables in the 15 h century. -214-
Table 4.1: Vowel Balance in Alvdalsk and Open Syllable Lengthening in Icelandic.
-229-
Table 4.2: Vowel Harmony in Alvdalsk and Open Syllable Lengthening in Icelandic.
-230-
Table 4.3: Gradually differing types of tone contours in 15 1 century West Frisian.
-243-
Table 4.4: Pitch peak delay as an additional plural marker of feminine nouns. -245-
Table 5.1: Scores for the Intensity Integral Volumes of the vowel, based on
extrapolation of modern phonetic measurements. -263-
Table 5.2: Correlation between Intensity Integral values and years of vowel reduction.
-266-
Table 5.3: Defining the average year of reduction for [8] versus [a] -268-
Table 5.4: Defining the average years of vowel reduction in protected versus word-final
position -268-
Table 5.5: Measured and reconstructed phonetic inctease ratios -269-
Table 5.6: Number of written endings in the original charters from 1390 to 1430
detailing the 1 pers. sg. present and the infinitive of habba to have -278-
Table 5.7: Production ratios for full and reduced forms during the period 1390 to 1430
-279-
Table 5.8: Production and perception of [hab], [hab:9] and [hab:a] -280-
Table 5.9: Idealised Bidirectional Table: Stage one -281-
Table 5.10: Bidirectional table with application of noise: Stage two -281-
Table 5.11: Bidirectional table with calculation of the new production ratios -283-
Table 5.12: Bidirectional table with new intentionalproduction figures and corresponding
perception ratios. -283-
Table 5.13: New production ratios from table 5.12, now including phonetic noise.
-284-
Table 5.14: New production rates after 16 runs -284-
Table 5.15: New production rates after 45 runs -285-
Table 5.16: Observed and computed prod(uction) and perc(eption reliability) ratios for
habbe as the form of the lst pers. sg. pres. of habba -287-
Table 5.17: Observed and computed prod(uction) and perc(eption reliability) ratios for
habbe as a form of the infinitive habba -288-
Table 5.18: Observed (obs.) and computed (comp.) production ratios for secke and
seck as a singular form of the word seke case . -291-
Table 5.19: Observed and computed production ratios for secke as a form of the
singular or plural of seke case in charters from the south and west. -292-
Table 5.20: Observed and computed production ratios for secka as a form of the
singular and plural of seke case in charters from the south and west. -292-
Table 5.21: Observed and computed production ratios for secken as a form of the
plural of seke case in charters from the south and west. -293-
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Versloot, Arjen P. 1965- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)138688451 |
| author_facet | Versloot, Arjen P. 1965- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Versloot, Arjen P. 1965- |
| author_variant | a p v ap apv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV026671228 |
| classification_rvk | GV 4040 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)729937243 (DE-599)BVBBV026671228 |
| discipline | Germanistik / Niederlandistik / Skandinavistik |
| era | Geschichte 1300-1550 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1300-1550 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV026671228 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:16:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789078328698 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022217321 |
| oclc_num | 729937243 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 |
| physical | 368 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | LOT |
| record_format | marc |
| series | LOT |
| series2 | LOT |
| spelling | Versloot, Arjen P. 1965- Verfasser (DE-588)138688451 aut Mechanisms of language change vowel reduction in 15th century West Frisian door Arianus Pieter Versloot Utrecht LOT 2008 368 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier LOT 195 Zugl.: Groningen, Univ., Diss. Geschichte 1300-1550 gnd rswk-swf Rückgang (DE-588)4229059-4 gnd rswk-swf Vokal (DE-588)4063778-5 gnd rswk-swf Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd rswk-swf Westfriesisch (DE-588)4120391-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Westfriesisch (DE-588)4120391-4 s Vokal (DE-588)4063778-5 s Rückgang (DE-588)4229059-4 s Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 s Geschichte 1300-1550 z DE-604 LOT 195 (DE-604)BV026387263 195 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022217321&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Versloot, Arjen P. 1965- Mechanisms of language change vowel reduction in 15th century West Frisian LOT Rückgang (DE-588)4229059-4 gnd Vokal (DE-588)4063778-5 gnd Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd Westfriesisch (DE-588)4120391-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4229059-4 (DE-588)4063778-5 (DE-588)4056508-7 (DE-588)4120391-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Mechanisms of language change vowel reduction in 15th century West Frisian |
| title_auth | Mechanisms of language change vowel reduction in 15th century West Frisian |
| title_exact_search | Mechanisms of language change vowel reduction in 15th century West Frisian |
| title_full | Mechanisms of language change vowel reduction in 15th century West Frisian door Arianus Pieter Versloot |
| title_fullStr | Mechanisms of language change vowel reduction in 15th century West Frisian door Arianus Pieter Versloot |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanisms of language change vowel reduction in 15th century West Frisian door Arianus Pieter Versloot |
| title_short | Mechanisms of language change |
| title_sort | mechanisms of language change vowel reduction in 15th century west frisian |
| title_sub | vowel reduction in 15th century West Frisian |
| topic | Rückgang (DE-588)4229059-4 gnd Vokal (DE-588)4063778-5 gnd Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd Westfriesisch (DE-588)4120391-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rückgang Vokal Sprachwandel Westfriesisch Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022217321&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV026387263 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT verslootarjenp mechanismsoflanguagechangevowelreductionin15thcenturywestfrisian |