Practical ophthalmology: a manual for beginning residents
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
San Francisco, Calif.
American Academy of Ophthalmology
2005
|
Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XIX, 396 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 156055455X |
Internformat
MARC
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Practical ophthalmology |b a manual for beginning residents |c executive ed.: Fred M. Wilson II ; contributing authors, Preston H. Blomquist ... |
250 | |a 5. ed. | ||
264 | 1 | |a San Francisco, Calif. |b American Academy of Ophthalmology |c 2005 | |
300 | |a XIX, 396 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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650 | 4 | |a Eye |x Examination |v Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
650 | 4 | |a Ophthalmology |v Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
650 | 4 | |a Eye Diseases |x diagnosis | |
650 | 4 | |a Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological | |
650 | 4 | |a Ophthalmology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
one Introduction to the Practice of Ophthalmology 1
Practicing Ophthalmology 2
Responsibilities of the Resident 3
Stress During Residency Training 4
Recognizing Stress and Its Sources 5
Dealing With Early Discouragement 6
Ethical Considerations 7
About This Manual 8
Beyond This Manual: Education and Training 8
Pitfalls and Pointers 9
Suggested Resources 10
two Overview of the Ophthalmic Evaluation 11
History 12
Examination 12
Ophthalmic Equipment 13
Physician Demeanor and Approach to the Patient 14
Pediatric Patients 15
Elderly Patients 15
Medical Record Keeping 16
Pitfalls and Pointers 17
Suggested Resources 17
three History Taking 19
Goals of the History 20
Methods of Recording the History 21
Components of the History 21
Chief Complaint 22
Present Illness 22
Past Ocular History 25
Ocular Medications 26
General Medical and Surgical History 27
Systemic Medications 27
Allergies 28
Social History 28
Family History 29
Pitfalls and Pointers 29
Suggested Resources 30
four Visual Acuity Examination 31
Testing Conventions and Materials 32
Measurement Notation 32
Test Targets 33
Standard Abbreviations 34
Testing Procedures 35
Distance Acuity Test 36
Pinhole Acuity Test 36
Near Acuity Test 37
Other Tests of Near Vision 3 8
Acuity Tests for Special Patients 38
Low-Vision Testing 39
Testing Children and Special Adults 39
Variables in Acuity Measurements 42
Uncorrectable Visual Acuity 45
Other Tests of Sensory Visual Function 47
Contrast Sensitivity, Glare, and Color Vision Tests 48
Pitfalls and Pointers 50
Suggested Resources 50
five Refraction 59
Overview of Refraction 60
Overview of Ophthalmic Optics 61
Principles of Vergence 61
Types of Lenses 62
Refractive States of the Eye 65
Lens Notation 67
Lens Transposition 67
Spherical Equivalent 68
Lensmeter 68
Retinoscopy and Refinement 69
Instrumentation 70
Retinoscopy Technique 74
Neutralization With a Retinoscope 75
Determining Cylinder 77
Refinement 79
Cycloplegic Refraction 83
Duochrome Test 84
Binocular Balancing 85
Near Point and Reading Add 87
Guidelines for Prescribing Glasses 89
General Prescribing Guidelines 89
Prescriptions for Myopia 90
Prescriptions for Hyperopia 90
Prescriptions for Astigmatism 91
Prescriptions for Presbyopia 92
Optical Fitting Considerations 94
Pantoscopic Tilt 94
Interpupillary Distance 94
Pitfalls and Pointers 95
six Ocular Motility Examination 101
Strabismus Terminology 102
Motility Terminology 105
Function of the Extraocular Muscles 105
Ocular Motility Examination 108
Overview of Examination 108
Tests of Binocularity and Fusion 109
Stereopsis 109
Other Tests of Binocular Status 109
Tests of Alignment 111
Red Reflex Test 112
Corneal Light Reflection Test 112
Cover Tests 114
Other Considerations With Alignment Tests 116
Evaluation of Eye Movements (Motility) 118
Pitfalls and Pointers 118
Suggested Resources 119
seven Pupillary Examination 123
Anatomy of Pupillary Pathways 124
Parasympathetic Pathway (Light-Reflex Pathway) 124
Near-Reflex Pathway 125
Sympathetic Pathway 126
Examination of the Pupils 127
General Pupillary Observation 127
Light-Reflex Test 128
Swinging Flashlight Test 128
Near-Reflex Test 129
Abnormal Pupils 129
Iris Abnormalities 129
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect 131
Light-Near Dissociation 131
Horner Syndrome 132
The Fixed and Dilated Pupil 133
Pitfalls and Pointers 135
Suggested Resources 135
eight Visual Field Examination 139
The Visual Field 140
Screening Tests 141
Confrontation Fields Testing 141
Special Situations 142
Amsler Grid Test 143
Manual Perimetry 144
Tangent Screen Testing 145
Goldmann Perimetry 146
Automated Perimetry 147
Test Targets and Strategies 147
Patient Preparation 148
Test Selection 149
Interpretation of a Computerized Printout 150
Common Visual Field Defects 153
Eye and Shape 153
Location 155
Symmetry 155
Localizing Visual Field Defects 155
Progression 155
Pitfalls and Pointers 156
Suggested Resources 159
nine External Examination 167
Situating the Patient 168
General Observation 168
Inspection 169
Head and Face 169
Orbit 172
Eyelids 174
Lacrimal System 176
Globe 176
Palpation 178
Head and Face 179
Orbit 180
Eyelids 180
Lacrimal System 181
Globe 181
Auscultation 182
Pitfalls and Pointers 182
Suggested Resource 183
ten Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy 201
Uses of the Slit Lamp 202
Parts of the Slit Lamp 202
The Viewing Arm 202
The Illumination Arm 203
The Patient-Positioning Frame 204
The Base 204
Other Attachments 205
Preparing and Positioning the Patient 205
Principles of Slit-Lamp Illumination 206
Diffuse Illumination 207
Direct Focal Illumination 208
Specular Reflection 209
Transillumination 210
Indirect Lateral Illumination 210
Sclerotic Scatter 211
Oscillatory Illumination 212
Special Techniques 212
The Slit Lamp as a Measuring Device 212
Gonioscopy 213
Fundus Examination With the Slit Lamp 214
Goldmann Tonometry 215
Slit-Lamp Photography 215
Pitfalls and Pointers 215
eleven Anterior Segment Examination 217
Overview of the Anterior Segment Examination 218
Lacrimal Gland and Skin 218
Eyelids and Eyelashes 220
Tumors 221
Blepharitis 222
Conjunctiva 225
Palpebral Conjunctiva 225
Limbal Conjunctiva 230
Bulbar Conjunctiva 231
Other Conjunctival Abnormalities 235
Episclera and Sclera 235
Episcleritis 236
Scleritis 236
Pigmentations 238
Involutional Hyaline Plaques 238
Tear Film 239
Overall Wetness 239
Tear Meniscus 239
Tear Film Breakup Time 240
Other Tear Film Abnormalities 240
Cornea 240
Epithelium 241
Bowman s Layer 243
Stroma 244
Descemet s Membrane 247
Endothelium 247
Anterior Chamber 248
Anterior Chamber Depth 248
Flare and Cell 249
Blood and Other Foreign Matter 249
Iris 250
Nodules 251
Neovascularization 251
Cysts and Tumors 251
Persistent Pupillary Membrane Remnants 251
Other Abnormalities 252
Crystalline Lens 252
Cataract 253
Subluxation and Luxation 256
Other Conditions 256
Retrolental Space and Anterior Vitreous 256
Gonioscopy 257
Stains 261
Fluorescein 261
Rose Bengal 262
Pitfalls and Pointers 263
Suggested Resources 263
twelve Tonometry 269
IOP Measurement Conventions and Population Means 270
Types of Tonometers 270
Applanation Tonometers 270
Indentation Tonometers 271
Goldmann Applanation Tonometry 272
Disinfection of the Applanating Tip 273
Schi0tz Indentation Tonometry 273
Disinfection of the Schi0tz Tonometer 274
Pitfalls and Pointers 274
Suggested Resources 276
thirteen Posterior Segment Examination 281
Anatomic Landmarks 282
Pupillary Dilation 286
Instrumentation for Examination 286
Indirect Ophthalmoscope 287
Slit-Lamp Biomicroscope 289
Direct Ophthalmoscope 289
Indirect Ophthalmoscopy 290
Headset Adj ustment 291
Choosing and Positioning the Condensing Lens 292
Changing Position to View Different Fundus Areas 294
Sequence of the Complete Examination 296
Scleral Depression 297
Transillumination 300
Posterior Segment Examination With the Slit Lamp 300
Indirect Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy 300
Hruby Lens Biomicroscopy 301
Contact Lens Biomicroscopy 303
Direct Ophthalmoscopy 303
Overview of the Examination 304
The Fundus Record 306
Drawing the Indirect Ophthalmoscopic View 309
Drawing the Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopic View 311
Drawing the Direct Ophthalmoscopic View 311
Imaging Studies 311
Photography 311
Angiography 312
Optical Coherence Tomography 312
Ultrasonography 313
The Normal Fundus and Its Common Variations 314
Optic Disc 314
Posterior Pole 317
Retinal Blood Vessels 317
Fundus Background 318
Peripheral Fundus 319
Vitreous Humor 320
Pitfalls and Pointers 321
Suggested Resources 323
fourteen Ophthalmic Emergencies 335
Emergency Equipment and General Evaluation 336
Pediatric Evaluation 337
Ocular Trauma in the Emergency Setting 337
Corneal Abrasion 338
Corneal Foreign Body 339
Globe Laceration 340
Eyelid Laceration 342
Blunt Ocular Trauma 342
Traumatic Hyphema 344
Orbital Fracture 345
Ocular Infections in the Emergency Setting 346
Ophthalmia Neonatorum 347
Acute Conjunctivitis 348
Endophthalmitis 348
Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis 349
True Ocular Emergencies 350
Ocular Chemical Burn 350
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion 351
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma 352
Pitfalls and Pointers 354
Suggested Resources 355
fifteen Common Ocular Medications 361
Anesthetic Agents 362
Dyes 362
Anti-Infective Agents 362
Anti-Inflammatory Agents 362
Corticosteroids 365
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 366
Mydriatics and Cycloplegics 366
Glaucoma Medications 367
Cholinergic Agonists 367
Adrenergic Agonists 367
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists 370
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors 370
Prostaglandin Analogues 371
Decongestant, Vasoconstrictive, and Anti-Allergy Agents 371
Lubricating Medications and Tear Substitutes 371
Corneal Dehydration Medications 372
Suggested Resources 372
Index 373
Tables
3.1 Questions for Eliciting the Chief Ophthalmologic
Complaint 22
4.1 Visual Acuity Notations and Abbreviations 35
4.2 Visual Impairment and Estimates of Visual Disability 46
5.1 Typical Spectacle Prescription Notations 67
5.2 Frequently Used Refractor Controls 73
5.3 Systemic Effects of Cycloplegic Drugs 85
5.4 Average Accommodative Amplitudes for Different
Ages 88
6.1 Types of Heterophoria and Heterotropia 104
6.2 Clinical Abbreviations Used in Evaluation of
Strabismus 104
6.3 Actions of Extraocular Muscles from Primary
Position 107
6.4 Sample Recording Results of Alternate Cover
Testing 115
7.1 Pupillary Findings in Common Clinical Situations 130
8.1 Suggested Near Addition for Manual or Automated
Perimetry 149
8.2 Examples of Testing Parameters for Automated
Perimetry 149
8.3 Terms Used to Describe Visual Field Defects 153
9.1 Equipment for Examining the External Eye 170
9.2 Common Skin Abnormalities and Characteristics 171
9.3 Common Abnormalities of the Eyelids, Eyelashes, and
Eyebrows 175
9.4 Normal Adult Values of Eyelid Structure and
Function 175
9.5 Method of Grading Degree of Upper Eyelid
Blepharoptosis 176
9.6 Method of Grading Degree of Upper Eyelid
Retraction 176
9.7 Method of Grading the Anterior Chamber Angle 178
11.1 Grading of Retrolental and Vitreal Flare and Cell 257
11.2 Shaffer Method of Grading Anterior Chamber
Angles 260
12.1 Conversion Table for Schietz Tonometers 275
13.1 Anatomic Features of the Posterior Pole 283
13.2 Agents for Pupillary Dilation and Constriction 286
13.3 Comparison of Instruments for Posterior Segment
Examination 287
13.4 Illumination Openings of the Direct
Ophthalmoscope 304
13.5 Focusing the Direct Ophthalmoscope 305
13.6 Color Code for Fundus Drawing 308
13.7 Major Features of the Posterior Segment 315
13.8 Normal Degenerative Changes of the Aging Eye 316
13.9 Common Problems During Indirect
Ophthalmoscopy 322
15.1 Topical Ophthalmic Antibacterial Agents 363
15.2 Antiviral Medications 364
15.3 Antifungal Agents 365
15.4 Mydriatics and Cycloplegics 368
15.5 Glaucoma Medications 369
Clinical Protocols
4.1 Testing Distance Visual Acuity 51
4.2 Testing Pinhole Visual Acuity 52
4.3 Testing Near Visual Acuity 52
4.4 Testing for NPA and NPC 53
4.5 Testing Acuity for Patients With Low Vision 53
4.6 Testing an Infant s Fixing and Following Behavior 55
4.7 Performing the Induced Tropia Test in Nonstrabismic
Infants 55
4.8 Testing Fixation Preference in Strabismic Patients 56
4.9 Testing for Stereoacuity 56
5.1 Using the Manual Lensmeter 96
5.2 Measuring Bifocal Power 98
5.3 Measuring Prism Power and Orientation 98
5.4 Measuring Optical Centration of Spectacle Lenses 99
5.5 Measuring Vertex Distance 100
6.1 Performing the Corneal Light Reflection Test,
Hirschberg 119
6.2 Performing the Corneal Light Reflection Test,
Krimsky 119
6.3 Performing the Cover-Uncover Test 120
6.4 Performing the Alternate Prism and Cover Test 120
6.5 Determining Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation
Ratio 121
6.6 Assessing the Ocular Movements 122
7.1 Performing the Light-Reflex Test 136
7.2 Performing the Swinging Flashlight Test 136
7.3 Performing the Near-Reflex Test 137
8.1 Performing the Confrontation Fields Test 159
8.2 Performing the Amsler Grid Test 161
8.3 Performing the Tangent Screen Test 161
8.4 Performing Goldmann Perimetry 164
9.1 Performing a Neurosensory Examination of the Head and
Face 183
9.2 Measuring Binocular Interpupillary Distance 185
9.3 Performing Exophthalmometry 185
9.4 Measuring Globe Displacement 187
9.5 Measuring Eyelid Position 188
9.6 Everting the Eyelid 190
9.7 Estimating Anterior Chamber Depth 194
9.8 Illuminating the Inner Eye for External Viewing 195
9.9 Palpating the Orbit 196
9.10 Measuring Lacrimal Outflow in the Tearing Patient 198
9.11 Conducting Tear Production Tests for the Dry Eye 199
10.1 Measuring Lesions Linearly With the Slit-Lamp
Beam 216
11.1 Sweeping the Conjunctival Sac for Foreign Bodies 264
11.2 Measuring Tear Film Breakup Time 264
11.3 Evaluating Flare and Cell 265
11.4 Performing Gonioscopy 266
12.1 Performing Goldmann Applanation Tonometry 277
12.2 Disinfecting the Applanating Tip 278
12.3 Performing Schiotz Indentation Tonometry 279
12.4 Disinfecting the Schi0tz Tonometer 280
13.1 Obtaining a Fundus Image in Indirect
Ophthalmoscopy 323
13.2 Performing Scleral Depression 326
13.3 Performing Indirect Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy 328
13.4 Performing Hruby Lens Biomicroscopy 330
13.5 Performing Contact Lens Biomicroscopy 330
13.6 Evaluating the Fundus With the Direct
Ophthalmoscope 332
13.7 Drawing the Indirect Ophthalmoscopic Fundus 333
14.1 Applying Patches and Shields 356
14.2 Removing Corneal Foreign Bodies 357
14.3 Irrigating the Ocular Surface 358
14.4 Performing Anterior Chamber Paracentesis 358
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spelling | Practical ophthalmology a manual for beginning residents executive ed.: Fred M. Wilson II ; contributing authors, Preston H. Blomquist ... 5. ed. San Francisco, Calif. American Academy of Ophthalmology 2005 XIX, 396 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Eye Examination Handbooks, manuals, etc Ophthalmology Handbooks, manuals, etc Eye Diseases diagnosis Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological Ophthalmology Augenkrankheit (DE-588)4112627-0 gnd rswk-swf Diagnose (DE-588)4012040-5 gnd rswk-swf Augenkrankheit (DE-588)4112627-0 s Diagnose (DE-588)4012040-5 s 1\p DE-604 Wilson, Fred M. 1940- Sonstige (DE-588)139878440 oth American Academy of Ophthalmology Sonstige (DE-588)94387-3 oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip054/2004027701.html Inhaltsverzeichnis HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022096590&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Practical ophthalmology a manual for beginning residents Eye Examination Handbooks, manuals, etc Ophthalmology Handbooks, manuals, etc Eye Diseases diagnosis Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological Ophthalmology Augenkrankheit (DE-588)4112627-0 gnd Diagnose (DE-588)4012040-5 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4112627-0 (DE-588)4012040-5 |
title | Practical ophthalmology a manual for beginning residents |
title_auth | Practical ophthalmology a manual for beginning residents |
title_exact_search | Practical ophthalmology a manual for beginning residents |
title_full | Practical ophthalmology a manual for beginning residents executive ed.: Fred M. Wilson II ; contributing authors, Preston H. Blomquist ... |
title_fullStr | Practical ophthalmology a manual for beginning residents executive ed.: Fred M. Wilson II ; contributing authors, Preston H. Blomquist ... |
title_full_unstemmed | Practical ophthalmology a manual for beginning residents executive ed.: Fred M. Wilson II ; contributing authors, Preston H. Blomquist ... |
title_short | Practical ophthalmology |
title_sort | practical ophthalmology a manual for beginning residents |
title_sub | a manual for beginning residents |
topic | Eye Examination Handbooks, manuals, etc Ophthalmology Handbooks, manuals, etc Eye Diseases diagnosis Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological Ophthalmology Augenkrankheit (DE-588)4112627-0 gnd Diagnose (DE-588)4012040-5 gnd |
topic_facet | Eye Examination Handbooks, manuals, etc Ophthalmology Handbooks, manuals, etc Eye Diseases diagnosis Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological Ophthalmology Augenkrankheit Diagnose |
url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip054/2004027701.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022096590&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT wilsonfredm practicalophthalmologyamanualforbeginningresidents AT americanacademyofophthalmology practicalophthalmologyamanualforbeginningresidents |
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