The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: from Jihad to Dhimmitude: seventh - twentieth century
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Madison [u.a.]
Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press
1996
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 522 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0838636780 0838636888 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | The Decline
of Eastern Christianity
under Islam
From Jihad to Dhimmitude
Seventh-Twentieth Century
Bat Ye or
With a Foreword by
Jacques Ellul
Translated from the French by
Miriam Kochan and David Littman
Madison • Teaneck
Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
London: Associated University Presses
Contents
List of Abbreviations 15
Foreword
JACQUES ELLUL 17
Author s Note 23
Acknowledgments 25
Introduction 27
1 THE PRE-ISLAMIC ORIENT 33
The Origin of Jihad 37
The Jihad: Dogma and Strategies 39
2 THE ERA OF CONQUESTS 43
The First Wave of Islamization (632-750) 43
Expansion Overland 43
Jihad on the Seas 50
The Second Wave of Islamization 52
The Emergence and Consolidation of the Muslim State 56
Administration of the Conquered Territories 60
3 DHIMMITUDE: LEGALISTIC FOUNDATION AND
HISTORIC CONDITIONING 69
The Characters of the Conquered Lands 70
Religious Character 70
Fiscal Character 71
Jhya 77
Other Taxes (Awarid: Irregular Taxes) 79
Public Office 80
Inequality before the Law 81
Worship 83
Places of Worship 83
Ritual 87
Forced Conversions 88
Segregation and Humiliation 91
3 THE DECLINE OF EASTERN CHRISTIANITY
4 THE CONQUERED LANDS: PROCESSES OF
ISLAMIZATION 100
The Nomads: Factors of Islamization 100
Slavery: Demographic, Religious, and Cultural Aspects 108
Devshirme 113
Political Instability 115
The Dhimmi: Economic Function 121
The Tribute: Factor of Recuperation and of Collusion 123
The Caliphate: Protecting Power of the Dhimmis 124
Oppression and Collaboration 128
Other Processes of Islamization 131
Conclusion 136
5 RELATIONS BETWEEN DHIMMI COMMUNITIES 141
Intrinsic Factors of Interaction 141
Extraneous Factors of Interaction 147
Domination and Interference of the Islamic State 147
Interference by the Christian States 152
Religious Protection 153
Commercial Protection 158
Political Protection 162
6 FROM EMANCIPATION TO NATIONALISM
(1820-1876) 165
The European Humanist Movement 165
The Policy of the Western Powers 166
The Islamic Reaction 171
Opposition to Europe 171
Opposition to Ottomanism 172
Opposition to Emancipation 173
Emancipation 174
7 NATIONALISMS (1820-1918) 181
Anatolia and European Turkey: Common Characters 182
The Cultural Renaissance 182
Reorganization of the Millets 184
Uprisings 186
Different Characters 187
Armenia 192
The Massacres 195
Ottoman Arab Provinces 198
Christian Emancipation: Arabism 200
Jewish Dhimmi Nationalism: Zionism 204
Contents 9
8 SOME ASPECTS OF THE PAST S REVIVAL IN MODERN
TIMES 211
The Legacy of the Colonial Era 211
The Roots of Modern Islamism 215
Dhimmitude of the West? 217
9 CHARACTERS OF DHIMMITUDE 221
Factors in the Ruling Group Imposing Dhimmitude 221
The Realm of Dhimmitude 222
Structures within the Targeted Groups Conducive to
Dhimmitude 223
The Communities: Organization within Dhimmitude 224
The Role of the Notables 226
Patronage and Golden Age 227
The Islamic-Judeo-Christian Cultural Current 231
The Dhimmi Syndrome 235
Dissymmetrical Relationships: Oppression-Gratitude 236
Manageability of the Dhimmi 236
The Exclusion and Concealment of History 239
10 CONCLUSION 242
Conquered Peoples or Tolerated Religious Minorities? 243
Political Character of Dhimmitude 244
The Problem of Tolerance 244
Tolerance in the Political Context 246
Relative Tolerance or Absolute Tolerance? 246
The Globalizing Historical Trend 248
The Practice of Evasion or Amalgamation 250
Practice and Theory: Laws and Customs 251
The Alibi of the deus ex machina 254
The Method of Comparative History 255
The Choice of Sources and Their Credibility 257
Epilogue 261
DOCUMENTS
PART I: JIHAD
1 THE ERA OF CONQUESTS (SEVENTH TO ELEVENTH
CENTURY) 271
Egypt, Palestine, Tripolitania (640-646) 271
JohnofNikiou 271
The Capture of the Fayyum 271
After the Flight of the Greek Army near Nikiou 271
10 THE DECLINE OF EASTERN CHRISTIANITY
Iraq 272
al-Baladhuri 272
Utter from Umar Ibn al-Khattab (633-643) 272
Iraq, Syria, and Palestine 273
Abu Yusuf 273
Umar Replies to the Muslim Soldiers from Iraq and Syria 273
Armenia (642) 274
Sepeos 274
Cyprus, the Greek Islands, and Anatolia (649-654) 275
Michael the Syrian 275
Cilicia and Cesarea of Cappadocia (650) 276
Michael the Syrian 276
Armenia (ca 705) 277
Elegy of Saint Vahan of Gogh ten 277
The Extermination of the Armenian Nobles 277
al-Baladhuri 280
These Same Events Described by a Muslim Chronicler 280
Cappadocia 281
[Pseudo] Dionysius of Tell-Mahre 281
Under the Caliphs Sulayman and Umar II (715-720) 281
Spain and France (793-860) 281
Ibn al-Athir 281
Anatolia 282
Michael the Syrian 282
The Taking of Amorium (838) 282
Bar Hebraeus 284
Exchange of Prisoners (September 845) 284
Armenia 286
Thomas Ardzruni 286
Under the Caliph al-Mutawakkil (847-861) 286
Sicily and Italy (835-851 and 884) 289
Ibn al-Athir 289
Mesopotamia 290
Michael the Syrian 290
Causes of the Invasions by the Turks (Eleventh Century) 290
Pillage ofMelitene (Malatia) (1057) 290
Armenia 292
Matthew of Edessa 292
Samuel of Ani 292
The Taking of Ani by Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan (1064) 292
Syria and Palestine 292
Michael the Syrian 292
Contents 11
2 THE THEORY OF JIHAD 295
Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 296
Ibn Khaldun 296
Ibn Taymiya 296
Booty 296
The Fay 297
Abu Yusuf 301
Battle Procedures 301
PART II THE PEASANTRY S CONDITION
1 ACTUAL LIFE 305
Mesopotamia-Iraq (ca 767-773) 305
[Pseudo] Dionysius of Tell-Mahre 305
Depopulation 305
On Exile 305
On Poll Tax (Jizya) 308
On Torture 308
Exodus of the Peasants 312
Egypt 314
Michael the Syrian 314
Journey of the Jacobite Patriarch Dionysius of Tell-Mahre
to Egypt (826 or 827) 314
Second Journey to Egypt by Dionysius of Tell-Mahre (832) 317
Under the Caliph Harun al-Wathiq (842-847) 320
2 JURISTS OPINIONS 322
Abu Yusuf 322
Concerning the Costume and Appearance of the Tributaries 322
al-Mawardi 324
Poll Tax and Land Tax 324
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 327
Ibn an-Naqqash 328
PART III SEDITION, NOMADISM, AND DHIMMITUDE
Iraq-Mesopotamia (Early Ninth Century) 333
Michael the Syrian 334
The Troubles Continue 334
Abbasid and Fatimid Empires 337
Bar Hebraeus 337
Baghdad (1100) 339
Obadyah 339
12 THE DECLINE OF EASTERN CHRISTIANITY
North Africa and Andalusia
al-Maliki
Ibn al-Athir
Ibn Abdun
al-Marrakushi
Under the Almohades (1130-1269)
Mesopotamia-Iraq (Twelfth to Thirteenth Century)
Michael the Syrian
Bar Hebraeus
Ibn al-Fuwati
Obligations of the Dhimmi, According to Ibn Fadlan
Ghazi b al-Wasiti
Bar Hebraeus
Religious Celebrations
Anarchy and Banditry
Destitution of the Jewish Vizier, Sa d al-Dawla (1292)
After the Conversion of the Mongols to Islam (1295)
Egypt
Ibn Taghribirdi
Morocco
Ibn Askar
Collection of the Poll Tax (Jizya)
al-Maghili
al-Adawi
Persia (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Century)
Arakel of Tauriz
Deportation of the Population of Armenia by Shah Abbas I
(1604)
The Hunt for Fugitives
Conversion of the Jews of Persia (1656—1661) under Shah
Abbas II
Abraham of Crete
Deportation of Armenians from Ararat (1735)
Palestine
Gedaliah of Siemiatyc
Jews and Christians in Jerusalem (1700)
Egypt
al-Djabarti
Coptic Pilgrimage from Egypt to Jerusalem in 1756
al-Damanhuri
Opinion of an Eighteenth-Century Egyptian Jurist
Turkey
Letters from British Ambassadors to Constantinople
(1662-1785)
Contents 13
Morocco (Nineteenth Century) 389
Eugene Fumey 389
Letter from the Sultan of Morocco Mulay Abd ar-Rahman
(1822-1859) to the French Consulate at Tangiers (1841) 389
Abbe Leon Godard 390
Afghanistan 390
Mattatya Garji 390
Expulsion of the Jews from Mashhad (1839) and from Herat
(1857-1859) 390
PART IV THE ERA OF EMANCIPATION
Ottoman Empire 395
Reports by British Diplomats (1850-1876) 395
Beirut, October 1850 395
Jerusalem, November 1858 397
Jerusalem, November 1858 399
Aleppo, March 1859 399
Report on the Massacres of the Christians at Hasbeya and
Rasheya, Lebanon, June 1860 401
Damascus, July 1860 404
Damascus, July 1860 407
Damascus, August 1860 407
Papers Relating to the Condition of Christians in Turkey
(1860) 409
Salonica, July 1860 409
Belgrade, July 1860 412
Rustchuk, July 1860 415
Jerusalem, July 1860 416
Pristina, July 1860 417
Aleppo, August 1860 420
Bosna-Serai (Sarajevo), July 1860 421
Correspondence Respecting Disturbances in Herzegovina
and Montenegro in 1861-1862 427
Correspondence Concerning Cases of Alleged Religious
Persecution in Turkey (1873-1875) 427
Part I Correspondence Respecting Affairs in The
Herzegovina (July to December 1875) 429
Part II Further Correspondence Respecting Affairs in The
Herzegovina (January to March 1876) 430
Jihad and Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Sudan 433
The Armenian Question 437
The Massacres of 1894-1896 437
14 THE DECLINE OF EASTERN CHRISTIANITY
Two Eye-Witness Accounts of the Armenians during
World War I 439
Palestine, 1915 439
Iraq, 1915-1917 441
Appendix A: Muslim Historians and Theologians 447
Appendix B: Non-Muslim Historians and Authors 450
Appendix C: British Ministers, Ambassadors, and Diplomats 452
Notes 454
Glossary 472
Bibliography 475
Index of Persons, Peoples, Tribes, and Institutions 498
Index of Places 513
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| publisher | Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bat Ye'or Verfasser aut Chrétientés d'Orient entre jihâd et dhimmitude The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam from Jihad to Dhimmitude: seventh - twentieth century Bat Ye'or Madison [u.a.] Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press 1996 522 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 631-1500 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 632-1995 gnd rswk-swf Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd rswk-swf Quelle (DE-588)4135952-5 gnd rswk-swf Ostkirche (DE-588)4044087-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd rswk-swf Islamisierung (DE-588)4138592-5 gnd rswk-swf Orient (DE-588)4075699-3 gnd rswk-swf Orient (DE-588)4075699-3 g Islamisierung (DE-588)4138592-5 s Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 s Geschichte 632-1995 z 1\p DE-604 Ostkirche (DE-588)4044087-4 s Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s Quelle (DE-588)4135952-5 s 2\p DE-604 Geschichte 631-1500 z 3\p DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022056479&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Bat Ye'or The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam from Jihad to Dhimmitude: seventh - twentieth century Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Quelle (DE-588)4135952-5 gnd Ostkirche (DE-588)4044087-4 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd Islamisierung (DE-588)4138592-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027743-4 (DE-588)4135952-5 (DE-588)4044087-4 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4010074-1 (DE-588)4138592-5 (DE-588)4075699-3 |
| title | The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam from Jihad to Dhimmitude: seventh - twentieth century |
| title_alt | Chrétientés d'Orient entre jihâd et dhimmitude |
| title_auth | The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam from Jihad to Dhimmitude: seventh - twentieth century |
| title_exact_search | The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam from Jihad to Dhimmitude: seventh - twentieth century |
| title_full | The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam from Jihad to Dhimmitude: seventh - twentieth century Bat Ye'or |
| title_fullStr | The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam from Jihad to Dhimmitude: seventh - twentieth century Bat Ye'or |
| title_full_unstemmed | The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam from Jihad to Dhimmitude: seventh - twentieth century Bat Ye'or |
| title_short | The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam |
| title_sort | the decline of eastern christianity under islam from jihad to dhimmitude seventh twentieth century |
| title_sub | from Jihad to Dhimmitude: seventh - twentieth century |
| topic | Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Quelle (DE-588)4135952-5 gnd Ostkirche (DE-588)4044087-4 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd Islamisierung (DE-588)4138592-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Islam Quelle Ostkirche Geschichte Christentum Islamisierung Orient |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022056479&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT batyeor chretientesdoriententrejihadetdhimmitude AT batyeor thedeclineofeasternchristianityunderislamfromjihadtodhimmitudeseventhtwentiethcentury |