Research methods for communication science:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boston [u.a.]
Allyn and Bacon
1995
|
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XI, 468 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0205140262 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Watt, James H. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Research methods for communication science |c James H. Watt and Sjef A. van den Berg |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston [u.a.] |b Allyn and Bacon |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a XI, 468 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Van den Berg, Sjef A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021997704&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021997704 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804144949745156096 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Preface ix
PART I: Philosophy of Science,
Empiricism, and the
Scientific Method 1
1 Nature and Utility of Scientific Theory 3
Naive Science and Theory 3
Naive Inquiry Versus Scientific Method 6
Development of Theories 6
Testing of Theories 7
Control of Alternative Explanations 8
Nature of Relationships 8.
Testing Theories with Observable
Evidence 9
Methods of Knowing 10
Contrasting the Methods of Knowing 11
Scientific Method 12
Use and Selection of Concepts 12
Linking Concepts by Propositions 13
Testing Theories with Observable
Evidence 13
Definition of Concepts 13
Publication of Definitions and
Procedures 13
iv Contents
3 Elements of Scientific Theories:
Relationships 33
Types of Relationships 33
Null Relationships 33
Covariance Relationships 34
Causal Relationships 37
Theoretical and Operational Linkages 41
Theory and Hypotheses 45
Observation and Hypotheses 45
Summary 51
4 Testing Hypotheses: Confounds
and Controls 53
Multiple Variables and Confounds 53
Controlling for Confounding Variables 56
Identifying Control Variables 56
Internal Validity, External Validity,
and Information 58
Methods for Controlling Confounding
Variables 59
Manipulated Control 60
Statistical Control 62
Randomization 63
Summary 65
5 Populations and Samples: The Principle
of Generalization 67
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Generalization 68
Samples and Populations 69
Sample Bias 70
Sampling Error 72
Sample Size 77
Summary 80
Part II: Basic Took of Research:
Sampling, Measurement,
Distributions, and Descriptive
Statistics 81
6 Sampling 83
Basic Ideas 83
Population or Universe 83
Census 84
Sampling 84
What Are Random Choice
Processes? 84
Aids for Drawing Random Samples 89
True Probability Samples 92
Simple Probability Sample 92
Stratified or Known Quota Sample 93
Quasi-Probability Samples 95
Systematic Random Sample 95
Multistage Sample 97
Nonprobability Samples 99
Convenience Sample 99
Cluster Sample 101
Unrepresentative Quota Sample 103
How Big Should the Sample Be ? 104
Detecting Error or Bias in a Sample 106
Checking against Census Values 106
Checking against Known
Relationships 106
Summary 107
7 Measurement 109
Levels of Measurement 109
Nominal Measurement 110
Ordinal Measurement 111
Interval Measurement 112
Ratio Measurement 113
Choosing the Level of Measurement 114
Scaling 117
Counting Frequencies 117
Measuring Magnitude 118
Reliability 122
Stability 122
Consistency 124
Validity 126
Concurrent Validity 127
Discriminant Validity 127
Summary 128
8 Describing Data: Measures of Central
Tendency and Dispersion 133
Describing Distributions 133
Description by Enumeration 133
vi Contents
Type 1 Error and the Correct Conclusion
of No Relationship 230
Type 2 Error and Statistical Power 232
Alpha (a) and Beta (p) Error, Effect Size,
and the Number of Observations 233
Power Analysis 236
Summary 237
Part III: Research Designs, Settings,
and Procedures 239
13 Principles of Research Design 241
Research Design and Internal and
External Validity 241
Experimental Research 242
Field Research 245
Observational Research 247
Natural Manipulations and Confounding
Variables 249
Threats to Internal and External
Validity 253
Single-Time Point Issues in Internal
Validity 253
Over-Time Issues in Internal
Validity 255
Single-Time Point Issues in External
Validity 261
Over-Time Issues in External
Validity 263
Summary 263
14 Controlled Environments: Experimental
Research 265
Typical Experimental Designs 265
Case Studies and Single-Group
Designs 265
Premanipulation/Postmanipulation
Control Group and Postmanipulation
Only Control Group Designs 266
Multiple Independent Variable
Designs 271
Other Experimental Research
Designs 273
Units of Analysis 273
Examples of Experimental Research in
Communication 274
Example of Experimental Research Using
the Individual as the Unit of Analysis:
The Bandura Study of Media and
Child Aggression 275
Example of Experimental Research Using
the Social System as the Unit of
Analysis: The Leavitt Study of
Communication Networks and
Group Efficiency 275
Example of Experimental Research Using
Message Measurement and Individual
Units of Analysis: The Donohue Study
of Conflict and Language Use 275
Similarities and Differences Among
the Examples 282
Control over the Research Setting 282
Manipulation of the Independent
Variables 284
Factors Affecting External Validity 285
Sample Representativeness 285
Representativeness of Experimental
Manipulations 286
Dependent Variable Measures 288
Summary 288
15 Semi-Controlled Environments:
Field Research 291
Typical Field Research Designs 291
Examples of Field Research
in Communication 296
Example of Experimental Field Research
Using the Individual as the Unit of
Analysis: The Douglas, Westley and
Chaffee Study of the Effects of a Public
Health Information Campaign 296
A Second Example of Field Research
Using the Individual as the Unit of
Analysis: The Ellsworth, Carlsmith,
and Henson Study of the Effect of
Staring on Flight 300
Example of Field Research Using the Social
System as the Unit of Analysis: The
viii Contents
Communication as Practical Action:
Ethnomethodology 418
Categorization Practices 419
Communication as Formal
Structures 420
The Logic of Categories 424
Implications through Contrastive
Category-Sets 426
Summary 428
Appendix A: Table of Areas Under the
Standard Normal Curve 431
Appendix B: Power Tables 441
Appendix C: Table of Chi Square 449
Appendix D: Table of/-Values 451
Appendix E: Table of F-Values 455
Index 462
Contents
Control of Alternative Explanations 13
Unbiased Selection of Evidence 14
Reconciliation of Theory and
Observation 14
Limitations of the Scientific Method 14
Summary 14
2 Elements of Scientific Theories: Concepts
and Definitions 17
Concepts and Constructs 17
Definitions 18
Concept Labels 19
Theoretical Definitions 19
Operational Definitions 21
Units of Measurement 23
Level of Measurement 23
Statements of Combination 25
Variables 25
Definitions and Validity 25
Benefits of Using Definitions 29
Following the Rules 29
Better Validity 30
Improving Conceptualization
and Measurement 30
Connecting Our Research to the Work
of Others 30
Summary 31
iii
Description by Visual Presentation 134
Descriptive Statistics 136
Measures of Central Tendency 13 8
Mean 138
Mode 141
Median 142
Comparing Mean, Mode and
Median 143
Shape of the Distribution: Skewness 144
Measures of Dispersion 145
Between-Points Measures
of Dispersion 147
Around-Point Measures
of Dispersion 148
Variance 149
Standard Deviation 150
Shape of a Distribution: Kurtosis 151
Measurement Requirements for Measures of
Central Tendency and Measures
of Dispersion 152
Central Tendency and Dispersion
Considered Together 153
Z-score 154
Summary 156
9 Distributions: Population, Sample, and
Sampling Distributions 159
Population Distribution 160
Sample Distribution 161
Sampling Distribution 164
Utility of a Sampling Distribution 166
Sampling Distributions as Distributions
of Sampling Error 166
Sampling Distributions as Distributions
of Probability 172
Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis
Testing 173
Other Sampling Distributions 175
Summary 176
10 Sampling Distributions and the Central
Limit Theorem 179
Central Limit Theorem 180
Mean of the Sampling Distribution of
Means: Parameter Known 180
Contents V
Variance of the Sampling Distribution of
Means: Parameter Known 181
Mean of the Sampling Distribution of
Means: Parameter Unknown 182
Variance of the Sampling Distribution of
Means: Parameter Unknown 182
Sampling Distribution of Means and
Probability 184
Normal Distribution and Areas Under
the Curve 185
Table of Areas Under the Normal
Curve 188
Sampling Distribution of Means and the
Sample Size 189
Summary 193
11 Describing Bivariate Relationships 195
Relationships and Levels of
Measurement 196
Describing Relationships by Comparing
Nominal Groups 198
Describing Relationships by Comparing
Groups Created from Ordinal or
Interval Variables 208
Describing Relationships by Measures
of Association 208
Summary 214
12 Testing Hypotheses 215
Testing a Comparative Hypothesis 217
Null Hypothesis and the Sampling
Distribution of Means 218
Null Hypothesis and the Region of
Rejection 220
Size of the Region of Rejection 221
Where to Locate the Region of Rejection:
Directional and Nondirectional
Hypotheses 222
Testing a Relationship Hypothesis 225
Null Hypothesis of No Relationship and
the Sampling Distribution of the
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
Coefficient 227
Errors and Power in Hypothesis
Testing 229
Fredin Study of the Effect of Interactive
Telecommunication in Schools 303
Summary 306
16 Natural Environments: Observational
Research 309
Typical Observational Research
Designs 310
Statistical Control Requirements 313
Examples of Observational Research
in Communication 314
Example of Observational Research Using
the Individual as the Unit of Analysis:
Gerbner s Mean World and
Cultivation Analysis 314
Example of Observational Research Using
the Social System as the Unit of
Analysis: Steeves s Study on
Coorientation in Small Groups 317
Example of Observational Research
Using the Message as the Unit of
Analysis: Stempel s Study of the
Prestige Press 317
Summary 322
17 Over-Time Research Designs 325
Panel Observations or Repeated
Measurements vs. Equivalent
Samples 325
Contrasting Panel Designs and Equivalent
Samples: Observational Studies 328
Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Panel and Equivalent Samples
Observational Designs 329
Contrasting Repeated Measures and
Equivalent Samples: Experimental
Studies 332
Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Repeated Measures and Equivalent
Samples Experimental Designs 333
Using Over-Time Observation to Investigate
Causality and Time Lags 334
Experimental Designs 334
Observational Designs 334
Summary 343
Contents vii
18 Research Procedures 347
Measurement Techniques 347
Behavioral Observation 347
Surveys and Interviews 352
Calculating Response Rates 357
Choosing the Type of Survey 358
Interviewer Requirements 359
Focus Group Interviews 360
Questionnaire Design 362
Questionnaire Introduction 363
Question Wording 363
Structuring Questions 365
Questionnaire Architecture 368
Pilot and Pretest Studies 372
Content Analysis 372
Units of Analysis 372
Content Categories 373
Intercoder Reliability 374
Coder Training 376
Computer Content Analysis 377
Ethical Issues 378
Summary 380
19 Selecting Statistical Tests 383
The Six Questions 383
Common Statistical Tests 391
Contingency Table and Chi-Square 391
The t-Test 394
Analysis of Variance 398
Correlation 402
Summary 408
20 Qualitative Research
Methodologies 411
Authors Note 411
Introduction 411
The Matter of Assumptons 412
Some Major Modes of Nonquantitative
Research 413
Elements of Qualitative Communication
Research Methods 414
Symbolic lnteractionism 414
Research as Unfolding the Drama 416
The Phenomenological Turn 417
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author_facet | Watt, James H. Van den Berg, Sjef A. |
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| isbn | 0205140262 |
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| spelling | Watt, James H. Verfasser aut Research methods for communication science James H. Watt and Sjef A. van den Berg Boston [u.a.] Allyn and Bacon 1995 XI, 468 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Van den Berg, Sjef A. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021997704&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Watt, James H. Van den Berg, Sjef A. Research methods for communication science |
| title | Research methods for communication science |
| title_auth | Research methods for communication science |
| title_exact_search | Research methods for communication science |
| title_full | Research methods for communication science James H. Watt and Sjef A. van den Berg |
| title_fullStr | Research methods for communication science James H. Watt and Sjef A. van den Berg |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research methods for communication science James H. Watt and Sjef A. van den Berg |
| title_short | Research methods for communication science |
| title_sort | research methods for communication science |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021997704&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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