Statistics for social and health research: with a guide to SPSS
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
Sage
2000
|
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 538 S. zahlr. graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 0761968172 0761968180 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Argyrous, George |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Statistics for social and health research |b with a guide to SPSS |c George Argyrous |
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Sage |c 2000 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 538 S. |b zahlr. graph. Darst. |e 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface
Part 1 Univariate Descriptive Statistics
1 Variables and their Measurement 3
The conceptualization and operationalization of variables 5
Levels of measurement 9
Discrete and continuous variables 13
Summary 14
Exercises 15
2 Setting up an SPSS Data File 18
The SPSS Data Editor window 19
The Define Variable command 22
Generating the variable definitions on SPSS 30
The SPSS Viewer window 31
Data entry 32
Saving a data file 34
Summary 36
Exercises 36
3 The Tabular Description of Data 38
Types of descriptive statistics 39
Frequency tables 41
Class intervals 48
Deciles 53
Frequency tables using SPSS 53
Valid cases and missing values 57
The SPSS Recode command 58
Exercises 61
4 The Numerical Description of Data: Measures of Central Tendency and
Measures of Dispersion 64
Measures of central tendency 64
Measures of dispersion 73
Measures of central tendency and dispersion using SPSS 86
Summary 88
Exercises 88
vi Contents
5 The Graphical Description of Data 92
Some general principles 92
Pie graphs 93
Bar graphs 98
Histograms 102
Frequency polygons 104
Common problems and misuses of graphs 106
Exercises 109
6 The Normal Curve 112
The normal distribution 112
Using normal curves to describe a distribution 115
Normal curves on SPSS 125
Exercises 129
Part 2 Bivariate Descriptive Statistics
7 Investigating the Relationship Between Two Variables: The Tabular
Description of Nominal and Ordinal Data 135
The relationship between variables 135
Modeling relationships between variables 137
Describing categorical data with crosstabulations 138
Crosstabulations with relative frequencies 141
Crosstabulations using SPSS 142
Interpreting a crosstabulation: the pattern and strength of a relationship 144
Interpreting a crosstabulation when both variables are ordinal 145
Summary 148
Exercises 149
8 Numerical Description of Nominal Data: Measures of Association 152
Measures of association as descriptive statistics 153
Measures of association for nominal variables 155
Properties of lambda 159
Lambda using SPSS 161
Limitations on the use of lambda 165
Exercises 169
9 Numerical Description of Ordinal Data 172
Concordant pairs 173
Discordant pairs 175
Measures of association for ordinal variables 176
Gamma 177
Somers d 180
Kendall s tau-fo 181
Kendall s tau-c 182
Measures of association using SPSS 183
Spearman s rank-order correlation coefficient 189
Contents vii
Spearman s rho using SPSS 190
Summary 193
Exercises 194
10 Graphical and Numerical Description of Interval/Ratio Data: Scatter
Plots and Linear Regression 199
Scatter plots 199
Linear regression 201
Pearson s product moment correlation coefficient 209
Explaining variance: the coefficient of determination 211
Plots, correlation, and regression using SPSS 214
The assumptions behind regression analysis 221
Summary 223
Exercises 224
Part 3 Inferential Statistics: The One-sample Case
11 Sampling Distributions 231
Random samples 233
The sampling distribution of a sample statistic 235
The central limit theorem 240
Generating random samples using SPSS 241
Summary 244
Exercises 244
12 Estimation and Confidence Intervals 246
Estimation 247
Changing the confidence level 252
Changing the sample size 255
Estimation using SPSS 257
Choosing the sample size 259
Exercises 260
13 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing: One-sample z-test for a Mean 262
Hypothesis testing: the general idea 262
Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses 268
Step 2: Choose the test of significance 270
Step 3: Calculate the sample score 272
Step 4: Establish the critical score(s) and critical region(s) 272
Step 5: Make a decision: comparing sample and critical scores 277
What does it mean when we fail to reject the null hypothesis ? 279
What does it mean to reject the null hypothesis ? 279
A two-tail z-test for a single mean 280
A one-tail z-test for a single mean 283
Summary 285
Exercises 285
viii Contents
14 The One-sample /-test for a Mean 288
The Student s /-distribution 289
The one-sample /-test for a mean 290
The one-sample /-test using SPSS 298
Summary 300
Exercises 300
15 One-sample Tests for a Binomial Distribution 303
The sampling distribution of sample percentages 305
The z-test for a binomial percentage 306
The z-test for a binomial percentage using SPSS 309
Estimating a population percentage 311
Inference using the confidence interval for a percentage 312
The runs test for randomness 313
The runs test using SPSS 318
Exercises 319
16 One-sample Tests for a Frequency Distribution 322
The chi-square goodness-of-fit test 322
Chi-square goodness-of-fit test using SPSS 327
The chi-square goodness-of-fit test for normality 331
Summary 333
Exercises 334
Part 4 Inferential Statistics: Two or More Independent
Samples
17 The Two-sample /-test for the Equality of Means 339
Dependent and independent variables 341
The sampling distribution of the difference between two means 342
The two-sample /-test for the equality of means 349
The two-sample /-test using SPSS 347
One-tail and two-tail tests 350
Exercises 351
18 The F-test for the Equality of More Than Two Means: Analysis of
Variance 355
Hypothesis testing with more than two samples: the general idea 355
The one-way analysis of variance F-test 359
ANOVA using SPSS 364
Exercises 370
19 Rank-order Tests for Two or More Samples 374
The rank sum and mean rank as descriptive statistics 375
The two-sample z-test for the rank sum 380
Wilcoxon s rank-sum z-test using SPSS 386
Other non-parametric tests for two or more samples 388
Contents ix
Appendix: the Mann-Whitney U test 389
Exercises 390
20 The Chi-square Test for Independence 393
The chi-square test and other tests of significance 393
Statistical independence 395
The chi-square test for independence 396
The distribution of chi-square 402
The chi-square test using SPSS 404
Problems with small samples 409
Problems with large samples 411
Appendix: hypothesis testing for two percentages 415
Exercises 418
21 The Mest for a Correlation Coefficient 421
The Mest for Pearson s correlation coefficient 421
Testing the significance of Pearson s correlation coefficient using SPSS 424
The Mest for Spearman s rank-order correlation coefficient 425
Testing the significance of Spearman s correlation coefficient using SPSS 428
Exercises 429
Part 5: Inferential Statistics: Two Dependent Samples
22 The Mest for the Mean Difference 433
Dependent and independent samples 433
The dependent-samples Mest for the mean difference 434
The dependent-samples Mest using SPSS 438
Exercises 442
23 Non-parametric Tests for Two Dependent Samples 445
The McNemar chi-square test for change 445
The McNemar test using SPSS 448
The sign test 450
The Wilcoxon signed-ranks z-test 451
The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test using SPSS 455
Exercises 456
Part 6 Multivariate Descriptive Statistics
24 Elaborating Crosstabs: Adding Control Variables 461
Direct relationship 461
Elaboration of crosstabs using SPSS 463
Spurious or intervening relationship 465
Conditional relationship 468
Summary 471
Exercises 472
x Contents
25 Multiple Regression 475
Review of bivariate regression 475
Introduction to multiple regression 477
Multiple regression with SPSS 479
Testing for the significance of the multivariate model 483
Stepwise regression 483
The assumptions behind multiple regression 487
Exercises 487
Appendix 489
Table Al Area under the standard normal curve 489
Table A2 Critical values for ^-distributions 490
Table A3 Critical values for F-distributions (a = 0.05) 491
Table A4 Critical values for chi-square distributions 492
Key Equations 493
Glossary 501
Answers 507
Index 528
|
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| id | DE-604.BV026364818 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:10:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0761968172 0761968180 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021944998 |
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| physical | XIII, 538 S. zahlr. graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2000 |
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| publisher | Sage |
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| spelling | Argyrous, George Verfasser aut Statistics for social and health research with a guide to SPSS George Argyrous London [u.a.] Sage 2000 XIII, 538 S. zahlr. graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021944998&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Argyrous, George Statistics for social and health research with a guide to SPSS |
| title | Statistics for social and health research with a guide to SPSS |
| title_auth | Statistics for social and health research with a guide to SPSS |
| title_exact_search | Statistics for social and health research with a guide to SPSS |
| title_full | Statistics for social and health research with a guide to SPSS George Argyrous |
| title_fullStr | Statistics for social and health research with a guide to SPSS George Argyrous |
| title_full_unstemmed | Statistics for social and health research with a guide to SPSS George Argyrous |
| title_short | Statistics for social and health research |
| title_sort | statistics for social and health research with a guide to spss |
| title_sub | with a guide to SPSS |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021944998&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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